第五節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有表示能夠、愿意、請(qǐng)求等多種意思,比助動(dòng)詞用法要相對(duì)復(fù)雜些,TOEFL考試中,首先要記住語(yǔ)法上的要點(diǎn),即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后必須接動(dòng)詞原形
常見(jiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:
must, may, might, can, could, need, shall, should, ought to, will, would, dare, dared
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示現(xiàn)在對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事的猜測(cè)、想法時(shí)應(yīng)該用 (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞),表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng) / 一直……”,“想必已經(jīng) / 一直……”。使用不同的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,存在著語(yǔ)氣、意思上的區(qū)別。
must + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞:表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的肯定性推測(cè),意思為“一定”,“必定”。
It’s ten o’clock now, they must have arrive in Beijing.
�。ìF(xiàn)在10點(diǎn)了,他們肯定已經(jīng)到了北京。)
He is quite tired, he must have been overworking last night.
�。ㄋ哿�,準(zhǔn)是昨晚加班了。)
may/might /can/could + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞
(1) 均表示不肯定的推測(cè),注意與must 肯定語(yǔ)氣的比較。
He is so depressed, I’m afraid that he might have failed in the test.
�。ㄋ那檫@么沮喪,恐怕考試沒(méi)有過(guò)。)
(2) 另外表示責(zé)備“本來(lái)可以(而竟沒(méi)有)之意。
(3)注意cannot / couldn’t + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞,表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情進(jìn)行肯定性的否定推測(cè),意思為“不可能干/做”,“肯定沒(méi)有做……”。
He couldn’t have finished the homework in such a short time.
他不可能在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)作完家庭作業(yè)。
should / shouldn’t / ought to / ought not to + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞:
用于表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,意思為“應(yīng)該做而未做 / 不應(yīng)該做卻做了”(參考“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”章節(jié))
I should have brought the wallet with me. 我該帶上錢包的。
He oughtn’t to have been complaining about such a trivial matter. 他不應(yīng)該為這件小事而抱怨不休。
needn’t + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞;表示做了不必要的事,意思是“原本不必”。注意與cannot / couldn’t + 完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞 進(jìn)行比較。
You needn’t have told him the matter. 你其實(shí)不必告訴他這件事。
You couldn’t have told him the matter. 你不可能把這件事告訴他了。
區(qū)別于 would + 動(dòng)詞完成時(shí),用于與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的假設(shè)。(參考“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”章節(jié))
If I had enough money on me, I would have bought the book. 如果我?guī)У腻X夠,我就把那本書(shū)買下來(lái)了。
例題:
(1)
A fish must constantly to gulp water in order to keep a current flowing throughits delicate gills.
應(yīng)改為:gulp.
解釋:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must之后用動(dòng)詞原形, 不能接不定式
(2)
Before the retina of the eye can be examined, the pupil must to be artificially dilated.
應(yīng)改為:must be
解釋:must是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 直接接動(dòng)詞原形, 而不能接不定式