考點(diǎn)二 過去分詞
1. 過去分詞作定語
與現(xiàn)在分詞類似,過去分詞作定語�?珊投ㄕZ從句替換, 通常表示被動(dòng)的含義.
如:a theory derived from rich experience
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience
a gas composed of four chemical elements
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
單個(gè)分詞可放在被修飾詞之前,如:distinguished guests, unexpected trouble
改錯(cuò)題中常考現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的混用,關(guān)鍵看被修飾詞和分詞代表的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
例如: boiling water (沸騰的水,表示正在沸騰); boiled water(開水, 表示已經(jīng)燒開)
2. 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別
有時(shí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞尾分別加上-ing和-ed就構(gòu)成了一組同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞, 這樣的例子在英語里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 這些由動(dòng)詞變化而來的分詞已經(jīng)被人們視為形容詞了. 但是, 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞做定語時(shí)有什么區(qū)別呢?
現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示某個(gè)事物的特性, 通常用來修飾某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
過去分詞通常表示人的感受或狀態(tài), 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦慮的神情)
試比較: an interesting boy (一個(gè)有趣的男孩 - 讓人覺得很有趣)
an interested boy (一個(gè)產(chǎn)生了興趣的男孩
同樣, 當(dāng)同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞做表語時(shí), 在意思上也存在同樣的區(qū)別, 如:
The results are very disappointing. (結(jié)果很讓人失望)
We are very disappointed at the results. (我們對(duì)這樣的結(jié)果很失望)
例題:
(1)
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
(A) chartered
(B) was chartered
(C) it was chartered
(D) to be chartered
答案:A
解釋:本句主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整, 缺少的是主語的修飾成分, A構(gòu)成過去分詞短語作定語;B C 的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)與原句謂語沖突; D 不定式一般表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 與in 1785不符
(2)
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
應(yīng)改為:fixed
解釋:fix是動(dòng)詞,不能修飾名詞period, 依句意改為分詞fixed, “一段固定時(shí)間”
(3)
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
(A) called
(B) to call
(C) is called
(D) call as
答案:A
解釋:此句主謂完整, 句中又無連詞, 需填的只可能是非謂語成分, A 是過去分詞短語作定語, 等效于which is called, 符合題意. C D 屬謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 與原句謂語沖突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
3. 過去分詞作狀語
過去分詞也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的狀語,常表示事件發(fā)生的背景或原因,
如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.
特別注意:分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致. 選擇題中, 經(jīng)常要求考生在分詞狀語部分填入合適的過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞. 到底選擇哪種分詞, 考生可以采取這樣的作題方法: 首先根據(jù)“分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致”的原則確定狀語部分的主語, 再判斷這個(gè)主語和分詞是什么關(guān)系, 若是主動(dòng)關(guān)系則應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞, 若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系則要用過去分詞.
例題:
(1)
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
(C) To found
(D) Having founded
答案:A
解釋:分詞部分的邏輯主語也應(yīng)當(dāng)是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 所以空格處應(yīng)填入過去分詞
(2)
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over the next three year.
應(yīng)改為:Almost destroyed
解釋:by是被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志詞, 動(dòng)詞destroy應(yīng)用過去分詞destroyed, 這樣既表被動(dòng)又構(gòu)成句子的狀語