第五章 動(dòng)詞
　　動(dòng)詞是表達(dá)句意的精髓，句子的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等全依靠動(dòng)詞來體現(xiàn)。
　　動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞（如：go, do, make）、系動(dòng)詞（如：be, remain, seem）、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（見第七章）
　　實(shí)意動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞，即可接賓語的詞，如：yield, resist, discover；和不及物動(dòng)詞，即不能直接接賓語的詞，如：go, begin, happen。有很多詞既是及物動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞，如：drop, grow, fail
　　第一節(jié) 不定式
　　不定式是動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式，它的構(gòu)成為：to+動(dòng)詞原形，to可視為不定式的標(biāo)志詞，兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞常用to連接構(gòu)成不定式。
　　不定式可以有多種形式，如：主動(dòng)式（to drink, to see）、被動(dòng)式（to be continued, to be understood）、完成式（to have completed, to have been adopted）、進(jìn)行式（to be leaving）等
　　不定式在句中常作下列成分：
　　考點(diǎn)一 不定式作賓語、主語或表語
　　1. 作賓語：不定式多接在謂語動(dòng)詞后作賓語
　　如：He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting.
　　I didn’t expect to hear from you so soon.
　　常用的可接不定式賓語的動(dòng)詞有：decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc.
　　例：Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.
　　2. 作主語：不定式短語可作主語
　　如：To see is to believe (百聞不如一見)
　　To work hard should be your major concern.
　　注意：由于英文不習(xí)慣句子主語過長(zhǎng)，不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第十七章)
　　例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋?It should be your major concern to work hard.
　　又如： It is very nice of you to help me.
　　It is hard for you to carry this heavy box.
　　3. 作表語：當(dāng)句子的主語是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意圖”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的詞時(shí)，一般由不定式作表語
　　如：His only purpose in life is to seek truth.
　　Our plan was to raise money for the new project.
　　例題：
　　(1)
　　Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to tell time.
　　應(yīng)改為：rely.
　　解釋：此處to是構(gòu)成不定式的標(biāo)志詞, 之后應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞原形
　　(2)
　　Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century.
　　(A) come
　　(B) to come
　　(C) to have come
　　(D) have come
　　答案：B
　　解釋：空格處需要began的賓語，可以是動(dòng)名詞或不定式，A, D是動(dòng)詞原形，可先排除；C是不定式的完成式，不符合begin的用法；只有B正確
　　(3)
　　The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a carefully chosen goal.
　　應(yīng)改為：to make
　　解釋：主語purpose決定應(yīng)用不定式作表語，故改為to make