新托福閱讀考試指代類考題答題技巧。每次IBT考試我們都能看到一個(gè)熟悉的詞組"refer to "，這便是新托福閱讀考試每次必考題型的標(biāo)志：指代類題。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，3篇IBT閱讀題目中會(huì)有2至3道這種類型的題目。在此，專家將帶領(lǐng)廣大IBT考生解密Reference Questions ，以助考生考到理想成績(jī)。

    問(wèn)題形式

    考試的到文章中會(huì)有一個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)用陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)，這個(gè)詞通常是一個(gè)代詞。然后考生會(huì)被問(wèn)到：

    ◆ The word X in the passage refers to

    四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都來(lái)自于文章中的單詞或短語(yǔ)，但只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是被陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)的單詞或短語(yǔ)所指代的內(nèi)容（referent）。

    考查目的

    此類問(wèn)題考查考生辨認(rèn)文章中但此間指代關(guān)系的能力。通常這種關(guān)系是代詞與其先行詞之間的關(guān)系，有時(shí)也考查其他語(yǔ)法的指代關(guān)系（如：which或this）。

    代詞類型

    考查的代詞通常為：

    Subject Pronouns he she it they

    Object Pronouns him her it them

    Possessive Adjectives his her its their

    Demonstrative pronouns this that these those

    Relative Pronouns who whom which whose

    Other Pronouns all either none the first

    another a few one any

    both many others each

    most either some the other

    解題步驟

    1. 看題干，確定指代詞類型。

    2. 帶著題干主線索回原文找到陰影代詞，根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容確定答案。（注意：在文章中，指代內(nèi)容通常在代詞之前出現(xiàn)，但有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在帶代詞后。指代內(nèi)容可能與代詞在同一個(gè)句子，也可能在另一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)。）

    3. 將所選的答案替代被標(biāo)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ)放回原文，利用語(yǔ)法檢驗(yàn)它能否使句子表達(dá)通順。

    我們以O(shè)G Practice Set 6中的question 2為例：

    Passage： Tunas， mackerels， and billfishes have made streamlining in to an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas， in fact， are nearly ideal from engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body， making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not produce at all. They are also covered with a slick， transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff， smooth， and narrow， qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use， the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours…

    The word they in the passage refers to

    ○ qualities

    ○ fins

    ○ grooves

    ○ depressions

    解題：首先根據(jù)題干我們可以看出此題中考查的是人稱代詞they的指代內(nèi)容；然后在文中定位到陰影they 所在句子。而我們都知道在主從句中，從句的代詞主語(yǔ)通常指代主句的名詞主語(yǔ)，而主句的代詞主語(yǔ)通常指代從句的名詞主語(yǔ)，因此我們可以初步得出答案為 fins；把fins放回原文利用語(yǔ)法檢查，它能夠使句子表達(dá)通順，因此可以確定正確答案為fins.

    解題技巧

    ◆ 就近原則。所謂就近原則即為代詞（尤其關(guān)系代詞）一般指代離它最近的名詞或代詞。例：

    Passage： … The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette， established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia's first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760， Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia， 2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution， if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…

    The word which in the passage refers to

    ○ distribution

    ○ sale

    ○ newspaper

    ○ postal service

    解題：首先根據(jù)題干我們可以看出此題中考查的是關(guān)系代詞which的指代內(nèi)容；然后在文中定位到陰影which所在句子，根據(jù)就近原則搜索，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)指代內(nèi)容在代詞之前出現(xiàn)，并且與代詞在同一句子中，postal service可以初步定為答案；把postal service放回原文檢查，語(yǔ)法正確并且符合語(yǔ)義和邏輯，因此可以確定正確答案為postal service.

    ◆ 數(shù)格一致原則。所謂數(shù)格一致原則即為被指代對(duì)象通常與指代詞在數(shù)（單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）和格（第一人稱、第二人稱、第三人稱）兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞it指代第三人稱的單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代第三人稱的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例：

    Passage： Most Americans still get married at some point in their lives， but even that group， is shrinking. Among current generations of adults - starting with those born in the 1920s - more than 90 percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives. However， based on recent patterns of marriage and mortality， demographers calculate that a growing share of the younger generation is postponing marriage for so long that an unprecedented number will never marry at all. Data on cohabitation and unmarried childbearing suggests that marriage is becoming less relevant to Americans. 2.8 million of the nation's households are unmarried couples， and one-third of them are caring for children ， according to the Census Bureau.