第二節(jié) 分詞
分詞是動詞的又一種非謂語形式,主要分為現(xiàn)在分詞(ing為詞尾)和過去分詞(主要以ed結(jié)尾),他們在句中可作定語、狀語或表語。
由于作表語的分詞往往被視為形容詞的用法,其用法比較簡單,這里只著重介紹前兩種用法如:
exciting news (激動人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),
promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),
broken bottle(破碎的瓶子)
考點一 現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在分詞表主動意義;過去分詞表被動意義。
現(xiàn)在分詞較過去分詞形式靈活,除部分能接賓語之外,可有被動形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 當(dāng)然being done和having been done也可理解成過去分詞變形為進行式
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
現(xiàn)在分詞常接在名詞之后作定語,經(jīng)�?膳c定語從句替換
如:the man sitting behind me, 相當(dāng)于:the man who is sitting behind me
the kids running about in the garden, 相當(dāng)于:
the kids who are running about in the garden
單個的分詞作定語可放在被修飾詞之前,如:the sleeping baby, a running nose
改錯題中若出現(xiàn)名詞之后直接接動詞,且之間是主謂關(guān)系,但不是句子主謂語,此處必定有錯,可改為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
例題:
(1)
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
應(yīng)改為:boiling.
解釋:沸點的英文表達應(yīng)該是boiling point. 類似的表達如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的狀態(tài), 如boiled water意為白開水, 即已沸騰過的水
(2)
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
(C) are represented
(D) they are representing
答案:A
解釋:空格前是句子的主謂成分,空格處需要marks的定語,C, D可先排除;B是被動式,無法接賓語numbers; 因此A正確,是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
分詞還可在句中作狀語,可放在句首、句中或句尾。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,通常都表示主語正在進行的動作/伴隨動作或者表示原因。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以作時間狀語,相當(dāng)于when, while, as soon as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如:Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying.
= When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.
2.現(xiàn)在分詞短語也可以表示原因,代替由since, as等所引導(dǎo)的從句
如:Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
=Since she didn’t know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to go to school.
3.如果分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前,那么此時分詞就需要用完成形式
如:Having finished the work, she went to the park.
=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.
特別注意:分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致
如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
此句是一個錯誤的句子, 因為根據(jù)分詞狀語的邏輯主語和句子的主語要保持一致的原則, seeing的邏輯主語也應(yīng)該是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 應(yīng)改為Seen from the mountain.
例題:
(1)
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.
(A) to save the seeds
(B) saving the seeds
(C) which saves the seeds
(D) the seeds saved
答案:B
解釋:thereby一詞習(xí)慣上接現(xiàn)在分詞作句子的結(jié)果狀語,只有B符合要求