51. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數火山不同的是，它們(熱點)并不總是在由構成地球表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現；相反，它們中有許多位于一個板塊較縱深的內部。
52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.
[參考譯文]攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對運動已經能夠被詳細地表述出來，但是這些板塊相對于另一些板塊的運動還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對于地球內部的運動。
53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
（略）
54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的危險提出警告--許多警告還是按州或聯邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的，然而(我們)并不清楚，如果顧客受到傷害時，這些警告是不是確實可以使得生產者和銷售者豁免責任。
55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
[參考譯文]與此同時，美國法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成，他們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導方針，宣稱公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見的危險，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意一些可能會出現的危險。
56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
[參考譯文]但是，在過去的一年間，軟件公司已經開發(fā)出工具，使得公司可以直接將信息"推出"給顧客，直接把營銷訊息傳遞給目標顧客。
57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
[參考譯文]像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon．com這樣的先驅網站表明，一個將交互性、熱情服務和安全性合理結合以銷售同類商品的網址是可以吸引網上客戶注意的。
58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
[參考譯文]有些人為了學生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯，有些人為教育的徹底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯，這兩群人之間有一條無形的界線。
59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
[參考譯文]我們更應該具有的是作為美國公民的某種觀念，這個公民人物如果不能很恰當地認識到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
[參考譯文]另外，在我們這么一個大國里，經濟延展到這么多的州、涉及到這么多的國際公司，因而要按照數量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類專業(yè)人員是不大可能的 。 61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
[參考譯文]但是，對一個小部分學生來說，職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因為在其他因素相同的情況下，技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關鍵。
62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[參考譯文]他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術來克隆人類，并下令．不準聯邦政府基金用于做此類試驗--盡管還沒有人建議這么做--他還請一個以普林斯頓大學校長哈羅得?夏皮羅為首的獨立的專家組在90天內向白宮匯報關于制定有關克隆人的國家政策的建議。
63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
參考譯文]在5月17日的會議上所討論的這份建議書的序言草案中，夏皮羅提出，專家組已經達成廣泛共識，那就是"試圖通過成人細胞核克隆來制造人類幼兒的做法在道德上是不可接受的"。
64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
[參考譯文]因為現今的聯邦法律已經禁止使用聯邦基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生前的最早階段)用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究上將保持沉默。
65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
[參考譯文]如果試驗是像科學雜志上的報告所示的那樣如實地根據計劃規(guī)劃和實施的話，那么對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產生可以用金錢衡量的結果是完全合理的。
66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準備做什么、怎么做的科學家不應該因為必須一只眼盯著收銀機，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。
67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
[參考譯文]如果科學家對標準式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的"思維與眾不同的人"，喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的"善于團隊合作"的思想者而受到指責了。
68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
[參考譯文]當今人與人在很大程度上的平等--即面對自然淘汰法則人人機會均等，并且連子嗣的數目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比，印度中上層階級中已喪失了80％的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢。
69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[參考譯文]當藝術領域的一個新運動發(fā)展成某種流行時尚時，最好應該弄清這場運動倡導者的真正意圖，因為，不管他們的原則在今天看來多么牽強無理，很可能多年以后他們的理論會被視為正常。
70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.
[參考譯文]然而就未來主義詩歌來說，情況則不這么簡單了，因為不管未來主義詩歌是什么--就算承認它賴以存在的理論基礎都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學。 71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
[參考譯文]但當我們先是從注釋中得知某詩行講述了一個土耳其軍官和一個保加利亞軍官在橋上動手打架并雙雙掉進河里，而后卻發(fā)現該行詩中不過只充斥著"撲通，撲通，185公斤重"這類對他們落水時的動靜以及對軍官們體重的描寫時，我們不免感到困惑不安。
72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導的勞動力市場使得青少年的發(fā)展機會變得極為有限，他們已經在不停地質疑為了爬上日本國內那通往優(yōu)秀學校和體面工作的嚴酷的社會階梯而做出的巨大的個人犧牲。
73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
[參考譯文]去年，當擔任教育部長職務的瀨戶光夫爭辯說二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領當局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品質"的時候，輿論嘩然。
74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.
[參考譯文]隨著經濟的增長，出現了集中化：全國1.19億公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在這里，原來的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄，取而代之的是與外界疏于往來的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。
75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力，那么這傳統(tǒng)必會為許多人分享；尤其會受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞，在這些人中受過良好教育的可不占少數。
76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
[參考譯文]當然，人們現在對成功及其各種標志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車--地點、地名以及品牌或許會有變化，但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會亞于一二十年前。
77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
[參考譯文]相反，我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象，他們似乎比以前的任何時候都更供應充足：美國式物質主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊：激進書籍的出版商卻在三星級餐廳享用一日三餐；倡導在人生各個階段的參與民主制的記者，他的子女卻就讀于私立學校。
78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.
[參考譯文]科學領域的專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線：因為任何規(guī)則都有例外。然而，"業(yè)余"一詞的確意味著相關人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學界，尤其未能分享科學圈子的價值。
79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.
[參考譯文]很自然，這種趨勢會在尤以數學或實驗室訓練為基礎的自然學科領域表現最為明顯，并且可以英國的地質學發(fā)展作例證來說明。
80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
[參考譯文]將過去一個半世紀英國地質學領域的出版物做一下比較，(我們)就會發(fā)現不僅對科研的主導地位的強調不斷攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內容的定義也有所變化。 81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.
[參考譯文]這樣一來總的結果便是業(yè)余愛好者想在專業(yè)地質學期刊…卜發(fā)表文章就更難了，而被廣泛使用的論文評審推薦制度又進一步強化了這一結果，該種制度先是出現在19世紀的國家級刊物上，后又在20世紀被幾家地方級地質學刊物所使用。
82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
[參考譯文]一個頗為相似的分化過程已經導致專業(yè)的地質學家走到一起組成一到兩個全國性的專科學術社團，而業(yè)余地質愛好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團，要么也以另一種方式組成全國性機構。
83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[參考譯文]遺憾地講，這次新聞機構可信度調查計劃結果只獲得了一些十分低層次的發(fā)現，比如新聞報道中的事實錯誤，拼寫或語法錯誤(和這些低層次發(fā)現)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑，譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.
[參考譯文]我認為巨大的并購浪潮背后的最重要的推動力同時也就是促成全球化進程的那方基石：即降低交通運輸成本，逐漸減少貿易投資壁壘，以及大。幅度拓展市場，這些都要求更大規(guī)模的經營管理以滿足消費者需求。
85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."
[參考譯文]一次側面的不光明磊落的攻擊傷害了我的自尊，阻礙了我事業(yè)的發(fā)展， 使我不得不拋棄了那份引人注目的工作，盡管表面上我還要以一個蒙受屈辱的政府部長的姿態(tài)，通過聲稱"我只不過是想多和家人呆在一起"來掩蓋我的退出。
86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
[參考譯文]或許正像凱爾西在不堪積勞重負而公開地辭去她在《她》雜志社的編輯一職之后一樣，我已經發(fā)現，放棄那種"為生活忙碌"的人生信條并轉而追求比較悠閑的生活帶給你的回報遠遠大于經濟成功和社會地位。
87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
[參考譯文]在美國，這一返樸趨勢是以經濟衰落的反應為開始的--那是在80年代末期裁員而引起大量的失業(yè)之后一一現在依然與提倡節(jié)儉的政綱相關；而在英國，最起碼在我所熟識的中產階級返樸歸隱者中，追求簡約；生活的原因就多種多樣了。
88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.
[參考譯文]對于我這一代曾在整個80年代為生活奔波的女人來說，90年代中期出現的歸隱恬退與其說是我們尋求一種神話般的美好生活--用有機肥種；植蔬菜，并且自己放棄一切的風險--不如說是我們清醒地認識到自身；能力是有限的這一事實。
89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties.
[參考譯文]如果你是你講話對象中的一員，那么你就身處一種(有利)位置宋了解對你們來說都很普遍的經歷和問題，而且你對餐廳中難以下咽的食物或老總臭名昭彰的領帶品位進行隨意評判也是合適的。
90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone
[參考譯文]現在已有一些機器人系統(tǒng)能夠進行精確到毫米以下的腦部和骨骼手術這要比極具技巧的醫(yī)生單單用手精確得多。 91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least' a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.
[參考譯文]但是如果機器人要達到節(jié)省人工的下一個階段，它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作，而且還要能夠自己作出至少幾個決定--這些目標才會引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。
92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
[參考譯文]但是人類的頭腦可以只迅速地瞟一眼一個快速改變的場面，然后立刻放棄98％的不相關部分，而馬上聚焦于一條崎嶇森林道路邊的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。
93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.
[參考譯文]OECD在其最近的《經濟望》中估計，如果石油價格與1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每22美元，這也只會給富裕的經濟體的石油進口賬單上增加GDP的0.25％到0.5％。
94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
[參考譯文]另外一個不應因油價上漲而失眠的原因是，這次不像70年代的那些次上漲，它并不是在普遍的商品價格暴漲和全球需求過旺的背景之下發(fā)生的。
95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[參考譯文]盡管它裁決并沒有憲法權利來支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為，最高法院實際上支持了被稱為"雙重效果"的醫(yī)療原則；這個已有幾個世紀歷史的道德原則認為一個可能有兩個效果的行為--一個想要達到的好的效果和一個已經預見到的有害的效果是被允許的，如果行為的實施者想要的只是好的效果的話。
96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
[參考譯文]Nancy Dubler，Montehore醫(yī)療中心的主任，認為這一原則將會保護這樣一些醫(yī)生，他們到目前為止還強烈堅持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來控制他們的疼痛，如果這么做會加速他們的死亡的話。
97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted―suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[參考譯文]在另一個層面上，很多醫(yī)療界的人承認，關于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因為病人的絕望情緒，對他們來說，現代醫(yī)學已經延長了死亡的身體痛苦。
98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care.
[參考譯文]它把對疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用"有可能延長死亡時間甚至讓死亡過程蒙羞的無效并且強迫性的醫(yī)療手段"視為生命臨終醫(yī)護的兩個問題。
99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.
[參考譯文]換句話說，在媒介機構的新聞采編室文化中存在著--套約定俗成的寫作模式，為新聞報道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的敘述結構。若沒有這些，新聞內容就會一團混亂，讓人摸不著頭腦。
100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[參考譯文]如果新聞界真的注意到了問題的關鍵，它就應該進一步開放其多樣化項目，這個項目現在還只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工，而進一步尋找那些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層大相徑庭的各種記者。
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