韓國(guó)加大反間諜力度
在去年11月的北京車展上，韓國(guó)現(xiàn)代汽車(Hyundai Motor)公司的管理人員看到了被他們稱為"令人震驚"的一幕。
At the Beijing motor show last November, officials of South Korea's Hyundai Motor Company saw what they describe as a "shocking" scene.
在他們眼里，中國(guó)汽車制造商們展示的一些新車型--例如遼寧曙光汽車集團(tuán)(SG Automotive)的"旗勝"和天馬汽車集團(tuán)(Tianma Auto)的"英雄"--看上去與現(xiàn)代的圣達(dá)菲(Santa Fe)和下屬企業(yè)起亞汽車(Kia Motors)的索蘭托(Sorento)很相似。
To their eyes, some of the new models displayed by Chinese carmakers - such as the Qisheng by Liaoning SG Automotive and the Yingxiong by Tianma Auto - looked similar to Hyundai's Santa Fe and its affiliate Kia Motors' Sorento.
現(xiàn)代汽車的管理人員Jake Jang回憶道："當(dāng)我們看到中國(guó)的展車時(shí)，我們認(rèn)為那是一模一樣的復(fù)制品。前后外飾看上去與我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)型多功能汽車(SUV)非常相似。"
"The moment we saw the Chinese models, we thought they were replicas. The front and rear exteriors looked so similar to our sports utility vehicles," recalls Jake Jang, a Hyundai official.
中國(guó)汽車制造商否認(rèn)了現(xiàn)代的指控。遼寧曙光汽車集團(tuán)的管理人員高彥龍(音譯)表示："現(xiàn)代汽車工作人員對(duì)我們的旗勝車型發(fā)表的言論毫無(wú)根據(jù)，我們自己造出了這些汽車。"天馬汽車發(fā)表的言論同樣直接，一位管理人員表示："我們無(wú)需對(duì)現(xiàn)代汽車方面的言論進(jìn)行任何回復(fù)。他們?cè)趺聪胧撬麄兊淖杂伞５铱梢愿嬖V你，我們的英雄車型完全是自主開(kāi)發(fā)的。我們還向政府注冊(cè)了相關(guān)的專利。"
The Chinese carmakers reject Hyundai's accusation. "What the people at Hyundai said about our Qisheng is completely groundless. We made the vehicles ourselves," says Gao Yanlong, an official at Liaoning. Tianma was equally blunt. "We don't need to make any response to the comments by Hyundai. It is their freedom to think that way. But I can tell you, our Yingxiong is fully self-developed. We also registered its related patents with the government," an official says.
然而，現(xiàn)代汽車的高管回到韓國(guó)后，越來(lái)越擔(dān)心中國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手正在科技和設(shè)計(jì)方面縮小與韓國(guó)的差距，對(duì)該公司而言，這種發(fā)展可能是災(zāi)難性的。
Still, Hyundai executives returned home with growing fears that their Chinese rivals are closing the technological and design gap with South Korea - a development that could be disastrous for the company.
上月，起亞汽車發(fā)生了部分工人因涉嫌向中國(guó)出售汽車技術(shù)而被捕的事情，突顯出韓國(guó)汽車業(yè)的這種危機(jī)感。他們被指控盜竊了索蘭托以及一款將于12月推出的新車型的關(guān)鍵信息。目前尚不清楚是誰(shuí)涉嫌購(gòu)買了這些技術(shù)。
The sense of crisis in South Korea's automotive industry was heightened last month when it emerged that some of Kia's workers had been arrested for allegedly selling car technology to China. They?were accused of stealing crucial information on the Sorento and a new model that will be launched in December. It is not known who the alleged buyers of the technology were.
"盡管我們?cè)诔杀痉矫嫦鄬?duì)較弱，但我們認(rèn)為，我們?cè)谫|(zhì)量和科技方面領(lǐng)先中國(guó)，"韓國(guó)商工會(huì)議所(Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry)的Kim Hyun-soo表示，"但是，當(dāng)技術(shù)外泄可能使中國(guó)迅速追趕我們的優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，這種信心受到了動(dòng)搖。"
"We believe that we are ahead of China on quality and technology, although we are relatively weak on the cost side," says Kim Hyun-soo at the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry. "But the belief is being shaken as technology leaks may allow China to quickly catch up on our strengths."
對(duì)中國(guó)制造商可能迅速趕上的擔(dān)憂，已在許多實(shí)業(yè)家和立法者中間造成了一種被圍攻的感覺(jué)--盡管韓國(guó)自己也是通過(guò)復(fù)制日本和美國(guó)的技術(shù)(至少在其發(fā)展初期是這樣)，成長(zhǎng)為世界第11大經(jīng)濟(jì)體的。
The fear that Chinese manufacturers are fast catching up has generated a sense of siege among many industrialists and lawmakers, even though South Korea itself grew into the world's 11th largest economy by replicating Japanese and US technology, at least in its initial development stage.韓國(guó)國(guó)家情報(bào)局(National Intelligence Service)表示，在2003年至2007年5月間，共查獲了101起工業(yè)間諜案，據(jù)稱這些案件為國(guó)家?guī)?lái)的潛在損失高達(dá)1435億美元。上月，檢察部門逮捕了浦項(xiàng)制鐵(Posco)子公司Posdata的研究員，原因是其涉嫌試圖將韓國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)的無(wú)線寬帶技術(shù)Wibro走私到美國(guó)。
The National Intelligence Service says it identified 101 cases of industrial espionage between 2003 and May 2007, which it claims cost the country $143.5bn (?106bn, ￡72bn) in potential losses. Last month prosecutors arrested researchers at Posdata, an affiliate of Posco, the steelmaker, for allegedly attempting to smuggle Wibro - a wireless broadband technology developed by Korea - into the US.
韓國(guó)國(guó)家情報(bào)局的一位官員表示："世界正在進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，因此，我們正在努力阻止技術(shù)外泄，以使我們的國(guó)家成為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)超級(jí)強(qiáng)國(guó)。"
"The world is engaged in an economic war so we are trying hard to prevent technology outflows to make our country an economic superpower," says an NIS official.
隨著不安全感的日益加劇，韓國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)已經(jīng)立法規(guī)定，如果韓國(guó)公司要向海外轉(zhuǎn)移核心技術(shù)，需要得到政府的許可，以防技術(shù)泄露。
Prodded by the increasing sense of insecurity, parliament has legislated to prevent technology leaks by requiring Korean companies to get government permission if they want to transfer core technologies overseas.
法律還規(guī)定，工業(yè)間諜將被判處高達(dá)7年的有期徒刑，或最高罰款75.5萬(wàn)美元。然而，對(duì)于強(qiáng)硬派議員而言，即便是這種懲罰也不足以保護(hù)韓國(guó)。
The law also provides for industrial spies to be sentenced to up to seven years' jail or fined up to $755,000. For hardline?legislators,?however, even this is not enough to protect South Korea.
由反對(duì)黨--大國(guó)家黨(Grand National party)的樸槿惠(Park Geun-hye)牽頭，一些韓國(guó)議員最近提交了一項(xiàng)法律修正案，旨在阻止外國(guó)人收購(gòu)擁有關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的韓國(guó)公司。
A group of lawmakers, led by Park Geun-hye of the opposition Grand National party, recently submitted a revised bill aimed at blocking foreigners from taking over domestic companies holding key technologies.
根據(jù)這項(xiàng)法案，如果并購(gòu)交易或與外國(guó)公司建立的合資公司有可能導(dǎo)致本土公司的技術(shù)外泄，本土公司就必須向政府商務(wù)部門報(bào)告。如果政府認(rèn)定可能的技術(shù)外流會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)家安全或經(jīng)濟(jì)造成危害，那么，它就可能暫停或否決這些交易。
Under the bill, local companies must report to the commerce ministry if their technology could be leaked through a merger or acquisition or through joint ventures with foreign companies. The government could then suspend or block such deals if the possible technology outflow was deemed harmful to national security or the economy.
如果國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)這項(xiàng)修正案，外國(guó)投資者就幾乎不可能對(duì)三星電子(Samsung Electronics)、海力士半導(dǎo)體公司(Hynix Semiconductor)、大宇造船和船舶工程公司(Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering)等知名制造商發(fā)起敵意收購(gòu)。
The revised bill, if passed by the national assembly, would make it almost impossible for foreign investors to launch hostile bids for high-profile manufacturers such as Samsung Electronics, Hynix Semiconductor or Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering.
樸槿惠的顧問(wèn)Lee Choon-sang表示："我們并不是要阻止外國(guó)投資。我們只是要保護(hù)擁有新技術(shù)的本國(guó)公司，因?yàn)樵谖覀兊那把丶夹g(shù)和管理戰(zhàn)略方面，我們面臨著來(lái)自不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家日益加劇的挑戰(zhàn)。"
"We don't mean to block foreign investment. We just want to protect our companies with new technologies, because we face growing challenges from under-developed countries as well as advanced ones, regarding our cutting-edge technology and management strategies," says Lee Choon-sang, an adviser to Ms Park.
預(yù)計(jì)這項(xiàng)法案將會(huì)引發(fā)外國(guó)投資者的強(qiáng)烈不滿，有些外國(guó)投資者將其視為一種"保護(hù)主義"舉措。駐首爾的歐盟商會(huì)(European Chamber of Commerce)秘書長(zhǎng)讓-雅克o格勞爾(Jean-Jacques Grauher)表示，這項(xiàng)法案會(huì)抑制外國(guó)對(duì)這個(gè)亞洲第三大經(jīng)濟(jì)體的投資。
The bill is expected to spark strong complaints from foreign investors, some of whom have dismissed it as a "protectionist" move. Jean-Jacques Grauher, secretary-general of the European Chamber of Commerce in Seoul, says the bill would damp foreign investment in Asia's third-largest economy.
他表示："對(duì)韓國(guó)而言，結(jié)果可能完全適得其反。工業(yè)間諜是一種犯罪行為，顯然應(yīng)該得到非常嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。但他們必須明確區(qū)分工業(yè)間諜與(合法)商業(yè)活動(dòng)。"
"It could be very counterproductive for Korea. They have to make a clear distinction between industrial espionage, which is a crime and should be very heavily sanctioned obviously, and [legal] business practices," he says
