第二節(jié) 平行結(jié)構(gòu)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)作為考點的出題率奇高,平均每套題中都有2-4道題目,因此必須引起高度重視。平行結(jié)構(gòu)指的就是并列成分,不難理解和掌握。只要形成對and, or等詞的敏感,牢記上面的固定搭配使用的并列連詞(both…and, as well as 等),一看到這些詞就首先考慮平行結(jié)構(gòu),無論作填空還是改錯都是行之有效的方法。
平行結(jié)構(gòu)可能是并列的名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、謂語動詞、分詞等
例題:
(1)
During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement.
應(yīng)改為:became.
解釋:and連接兩個并列謂語, 前者是過去時(struggled), 后者應(yīng)相呼應(yīng)使用過去式。
注意:在同一個時間背景下(本題中是During most of this century ),平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接詞所對應(yīng)的動詞必須采取一致的時態(tài)
(2)
Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.
應(yīng)改為:true.
解釋:and連接兩個并列表語, 詞性必須相一致, good是形容詞, 此處truth也應(yīng)該用形容詞true。
注意:平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接詞所對應(yīng)的各個連接單位的詞性必須相一致,再如例題4
(4)
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
應(yīng)改為:effectively.
解釋:句中and連接的是幾個修飾動詞write的副詞, 它們的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是平行的. effective是形容詞, 無法與simply, directly并列使用
(5)
Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40 percent of what is now the state of Illinois.
應(yīng)改為:roads
解釋:and連接作為for的并列賓語,和farms, cities平行的應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞roads
注意:平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接詞所連接的名詞,其單復(fù)數(shù)形式必須相同,除非有的式可數(shù)名詞,有的是不可數(shù)名詞。
(5)
Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.
(A) reforming society
(B) social reformer
(C) who reformed society
(D) her social reform
答案:B
解釋:and連接的是主語Lillian D. Wald(人名)的兩個并列同位語, public health nurse 是形容人的名詞詞組, 需填的部分應(yīng)與其一致, A屬分詞詞組, C屬定語從句,D雖是名詞詞組, 中心詞是reform,它們均不符合題意.
注意:平行結(jié)構(gòu)連接詞所連接的幾個單位在結(jié)構(gòu)上,形式上應(yīng)該盡量一致,比如上題的
public health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容詞修飾名詞。 再如例題6
(6)
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska is
應(yīng)改為:Nebraska does
解釋:題目中實際上是兩個句子在用than連接進(jìn)行比較, 它們比較的內(nèi)容是receives the snow, 因此D中應(yīng)該用does而不是is 來代替前面的receives