2002年5月TOEFL試題

　　Section One: Listening Comprehension

　　1. (A) She'll get the things the man needs.

　　(B) Sally wants to go to the bookstore too.

　　(C) There isn't enough time to go to the bookstore.

　　(D) The student center closes at four o'clock.

　　2. (A) He doesn't feel qualified for the job.

　　(B) He'd like a higher salary.

　　(C) He's completely satisfied with his job.

　　(D) He'd like to be able to work more hours per week.

　　3. (A) Try to get a ride with Pete.

　　(B) Take an airplane to Boston.

　　(C) Ask Pete the name of his hotel.

　　(D) Drive her car to Boston.

　　4. (A) She'll give the man the newspaper after class.

　　(B) She doesn't read the newspaper for her class.

　　(C) She doesn't have a newspaper to give the man.

　　(D) She only reads one section of the newspaper.

　　5. (A) His roommate doesn't like to talk much.

　　(B) He's upset with his roommate.

　　(C) Someone other than his roommate caused the problem.

　　(D) He doesn't want the woman to be friendly with his roommate.

　　6. (A) The book was very interesting.

　　(B) He hasn't read the book yet.

　　(C) The book is too long.

　　(D) He doesn't usually read spy thrillers.

　　7. (A) She hurt her foot.

　　(B) Her health problem has come back again.

　　(C) She's feeling better now.

　　(D) She needs an operation soon.

　　8. (A) He has been working outdoors lately.

　　(B) He'd like to get some exercise over the weekend.

　　(C) He's a good tennis player.

　　(D) He rarely uses his computer.

　　9. (A) More doctors should be doing research.

　　(B) He is studying to be a doctor.

　　(C) An important new medical treatment may be available soon.

　　(D) He has already tried the new medicine.

　　10. (A) She couldn't find her watch.

　　(B) She feels bad about being late.

　　(C) She forgot what time the library closed.

　　(D) She had never agreed to meet the man.

　　11. (A) She's a professional photographer.

　　(B) She'll take the camera to her car before the concert.

　　(C) She just had an argument with her roommate.

　　(D) She's concerned about leaving the camera with the man.

　　12. (A) Decide against sending the application.

　　(B) Order his checks by mail.

　　(C) Enclose a twenty-dollar bill with his application.

　　(D) Buy a money order to send with the application.

　　13. (A) She's too busy to run for class president.

　　(B) She hasn't considered running for class president.

　　(C) She plans to apply for a part-time job.

　　(D) She wants the man to help her with her studies.

　　14. (A) She wants the man to meet her brother

　　(B) She's going to Chicago with her brother

　　(C) She won't be able to prepare lunch.

　　(D) She can't accept the man's invitation.

　　15. (A) The books were sent out late.

　　(B) The books were sent to the wrong place.

　　(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move.

　　(D) He doesn't know the woman's new address.

　　16. (A) It's approximately twelve o'clock.

　　(B) She'll meet the man at exactly twelve o'clock.

　　(C) She has to be somewhere soon.

　　(D) She doesn't have time to talk.

　　17. (A) The woman's meal tastes better than his.

　　(B) The woman shouldn't eat her food.

　　(C) The woman shouldn't be laughing.

　　(D) The woman and he should go to another restaurant.

　　18. (A) Mary had a long drive to the airport.

　　(B) His flight arrived late.

　　(C) Mary had trouble finding the airport.

　　(D) His flight took three hours.

　　19. (A) He doesn't want the woman to fill out the survey form.

　　(B) He just got the results of the survey.

　　(C) He wants to make the dorm a better place for students.

　　(D) He hadn't heard about the survey.

　　20. (A) She has been on the trip herself and has enjoyed it.

　　(B) She wouldn't consider going on the field trip.

　　(C) She thinks the class is too advanced for the man.

　　(D) She thinks there's a good reason to go on the field trip.

　　21. (A) Watch the news on TV.

　　(B) Turn the TV on at six o'clock.

　　(C) Turn the TV off in a few minutes.

　　(D) Watch another comedy show.

　　22. (A) She hasn't prepared the course outline yet.

　　(B) She'll distribute the course outline during the next class.

　　(C) There aren't any copies of the course outline left.

　　(D) The man can get the course outline after class.

　　23. (A) He had planned to attend Jason's presentation but couldn't.

　　(B)He preferred Jason's previous presentation.

　　(C) He'd like to do the next presentation himself.

　　(D) Jason won't give any more presentations.

　　24. (A) She might know someone who needs a car.

　　(B) She doesn't know many people.

　　(C) Most of her friends don't drive.

　　(D) She'll try to borrow a car from one of her friends.

　　25. (A) He doesn't know the answer to the question.

　　(B) He doesn't like to travel in the area.

　　(C) He doesn't ride on buses.

　　(D) He'll ask someone else for directions.

　　26. (A) She's worried about the approaching snowstorm.

　　(B) She won't have time to go outside tomorrow.

　　(C) She doesn't believe the weather report,

　　(D) She's pleased about the weather report.

　　27. (A) He always liked reading more than watching television.

　　(B) He used to watch television more than he does now.

　　(C) It's important to select television programs carefully.

　　(D) The woman should do more reading.

　　28. (A) He thinks the woman looks better in the green hat.

　　(B) He wants the woman to buy both hats,

　　(C) He thinks the green hat is much too expensive.

　　(D) He doesn't care which hat the woman chooses.

　　29. (A) The shirt belongs to her sister.

　　(B) The shirt was purchased during a trip.

　　(C) She bought a similar shirt for the man.

　　(D) The shirt is her favorite color.

　　30. (A) He wants to get a job in a smaller company.

　　(B) He's looking forward to working on the West Coast.

　　(C) He hopes to keep working where he now lives.

　　(D) He expects his company to promote him soon.

　　31. (A) Two different types of bones in the human body.

　　(B) How bones help the body move.

　　(C) How bones continuously repair themselves.

　　(D) The chemical composition of human bones.

　　32. (A) They defend the bone against viruses.

　　(B) They prevent oxygen from entering the bone.

　　(C) They break down bone tissue.

　　(D) They connect the bone to muscle tissue.

　　33. (A) They have difficulty identifying these cells.

　　(B) They aren't sure how these cells work.

　　(C) They've learned how to reproduce these cells.

　　(D) They've found similar cells in other species.

　　34. (A) To learn how to prevent a bone disease.

　　(B) To understand differences between bone tissue and other tissue.

　　(C) To find out how specialized bone cells have evolved.

　　(D) To create artificial bone tissue.

　　35. (A) A new fuel for buses.

　　(B) The causes of air pollution.

　　(C) A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses.

　　(D) Careers in environmental engineering.

　　36. (A) Her car is being repaired.

　　(B) She wants to help reduce pollution.

　　(C) Parking is difficult in the city.

　　(D) The cost of fuel has increased.

　　37. (A) A fuel that bums cleanly.

　　(B) An oil additive that helps cool engines.

　　(C) A material from which filters are made.

　　(D) An insulating material sprayed on engine parts.

　　38. (A) The high temperatures required for its use.

　　(B) The high cost of materials used in its production.

　　(C) The lack of trained environmental engineers.

　　(D) The opposition of automobile manufacturers.

　　39. (A) To present an award to a musician.

　　(B) To thank the organizers of "Time Out for the Arts."

　　(C) To invite musicians to join the concert tour.

　　(D) To introduce the guest speaker for the evening.

　　40. (A) The pianist is an old friend of hers.

　　(B) Many people have come to the presentation.

　　(C) The auditorium has an excellent sound system.

　　(D) She enjoys going to concerts.

　　41. (A) When he was a child.

　　(B) When he finished his studies.

　　(C) When he began his concert touring.

　　(D) When he was invited to a musical competition.

　　42. (A) Discuss his experiences on the concert tour.

　　(B) Explain why he agreed to give the lecture.

　　(C) Comment on his musical training at the Juilliard School.

　　(D) Talk about how he learned to compose music.

　　43. (A) The effect of advertising on world markets.

　　(B) Modem advertising techniques.

　　(C) Forms of communication in the American colonies.

　　(D) The early history of advertising.

　　44. (A) An educated population.

　　(B) A large supply of goods and services.

　　(C) A large number of publications.

　　(D) An industrialized society.

　　45. (A) Samples of products.

　　(B) Signs on shops.

　　(C) Pictures of products painted on walls.

　　(D) Free paper pamphlets.

　　46. (A) How the President proposes new laws.

　　(B) How a bill is passed by lawmakers in Congress.

　　(C) How the President can reject a proposed law.

　　(D) How lawmakers can force the President to sign a bill.

　　47. (A) Why the President opposes a bill.

　　(B) How lawmakers want to revise a bill.

　　(C) Why a deadline has not been met.

　　(D) When lawmakers plan to end their session.

　　48. (A) They send the message to the President within ten days.

　　(B) They officially state reasons for rejecting the message.

　　(C) They meet with the President.

　　(D) They revise the vetoed bill.

　　49. (A) The bill becomes law immediately.

　　(B) The bill can't become law unless the whole process begins again.

　　(C) Lawmakers must review the bill within ten days.

　　(D) The President must sign the 'bill if it's passed again.

　　50. (A) Just after a new President is elected.

　　(B) Just before Congress takes any short break.

　　(C) When Congress has just ended an entire session.

　　(D) Anytime during a session of Congress.

　　Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

　　1.__of pottery is dependent on the durability of clay after firing.

　　(A)To make

　　(B)The making

　　(C)When to make

　　(D)It is making

　　2.Pig iron, wrought iron, and steel contain iron carbides made up of __ of carbon.

　　(A) amounts are different

　　(B) different amounts that

　　(C) different amounts

　　(D) which amounts are different

　　3.The Arctic fox is found throughout the Arctic , usually on tundra or mountains __ the sea.

　　(A) by which near

　　(B) near of

　　(C) because near

　　(D) near

　　4.The midge __ to any of several species of small flies, refers to a mosquito-like insect with slender wings and body, long legs, and antennae.

　　(A)which a term applied

　　(B)a term applied

　　(C)is a term applied

　　(D)applied a term

　　5. The face is the most __ of a human being.

　　(A)part is distinctly

　　(B)distinction in part

　　(C)distinctive part

　　(D)part of distinction

　　6.The chemical facts __ as a by-product of their search for gold became the basis for modem chemistry.

　　(A)that had been accumulated by alchemists

　　(B)were accumulated by alchemists

　　(C)alchemists accumulating them

　　(D)had been accumulated by alchemists

　　7.The fluoroscope makes __ for medical doctors to view a silhouette of the bones and internal organs of a patient's body.

　　(A)being possible

　　(B)possibly

　　(C)it is possible

　　(D)it possible

　　8.The second-oldest continuously occupied governor's mansion in the United States __ Jackson, Mississippi.

　　(A) the location in

　　(B) is the location

　　(C) is located in

　　(D) located in

　　9.A television camera produces an image by convening __ receives into a series of bright and dark dots.

　　(A) and it

　　(B) it

　　(C) what it

　　(D) that it

　　10.In so-called nonfiction novels, a documentary style is combined with fictional techniques __actual events and people.

　　(A)that they describe

　　(B)to describe

　　(C)and in describing

　　(D)are describing

　　11.Managers often receive considerable training in the "technical" aspects of their jobs __ very little in the "people management" aspects.

　　(A)so

　　(B)just as

　　(C)yet

　　(D)and that

　　12.Areas of fertile soil called deltas, usually __ are formed by mud deposited at the mouth of a river.

　　(A)triangular in shape

　　(B)their shape is triangular

　　(C)they have a triangular shape

　　(D)triangular shape

　　13.Though a respected educator, Alexander Graham Bell __ the inventor of the telephone.

　　(A)as is best known

　　(B)best known as is

　　(C)is best known as

　　(D)best is known as

　　14. Not until the First World War __ to improve the road system in the United States.

　　(A)a determined effort was made

　　(B)made a determined effort

　　(C)when a determined effort was made

　　(D)was a determined effort made

　　15. Often invisible, always in motion, gas is __ of matter.

　　(A)the state is most energetic

　　(B)stating the most energetic

　　(C)the most energetic state

　　(D)the state that most energetic

　　16. Some fish have whiskers, which are sensory organs used for touching and tasting,

　　        A                                                     B

　　and which are helpful when are they searching for food in sand and mud.

　             　C                D

　　17.Cement is produced commercially by to heat a mixture of limestone and clay

　                             　A          B

　　in a large,slowly rotating cylindrical furnace.

　　C                      D

　　18.In addition to appropriating the subject matter of mass culture, the pop art movement

　                       　A                   B

　　of the 1950's utilized various technique of mass production.

　                 　C                 D

　　19. Practical problems limit the ability of astronomers to determine the mass

　        　A                            B

　　of asteroids,who are small planetary bodied orbiting the Sun.

　              　C                                 D

　　20.An accomplished saxophonist and composer, John Coltrane begun his career playing

　                                  　A                          B             C

　　in the big bands of the early 1950's.

　                       　D

　　21.Bacteria and similar one-celled organisms reproduce by cell division, each of the daughter

　                   　A

　　cell then beginning a new life as a distinct organism.

　 　B         C                     D

　　22.Many species of birds that breed in temperate latitudes often show particular patterns

　                     　A          B                                          C

　　 of migration while the year.

　                　D

　　23.Quebec, the most oldest city in Canada, lies on the north bank of the St. Lawrence

　　                   A             B          C                        D

　　 River.

　　24.Because of the need to maintain the correct balance of salts and minerals in the water,

　                　A                                                B

　　keeping saltwater fish in aquariums requires more work that keeping freshwater fish.

　  　C                                                     D

　　25. Addressing themes that were unique American, the poet Walt Whitman celebrated

　         　A                        B                                         C

　　the lives of ordinary people.

　                     　D

　　26.Many museums have been founded by private benefactors, and a few have received

　                      　A                                        B

　　 endowments that help to support theirs routine operations.

　                　C                  D

　　27.The Bessemer process for converting iron to steel was invention of enormous importance

　                           　A                            B

　　because it led to many significant changes in industrial processes.

　　  C                         D

　　28. Painters have been portraying the sea for centuries, and in the United States a

　       　A                                     B

　　rich tradition of marine painting been developed during the nineteenth century.

        　　C                             D

　　29.The city of Memphis, Tennessee, was a important Confederate military center during

　                                       　A                               B

　　the American Civil War and served as the temporary state capital in 1862.

　                              　C              D

　　30. Although all sedimentary rocks contain iron, but the deposits that are richest in iron

　                                                            　A                 B

　　consist predominantly of minerals such as iron oxides, carbonates, silicates, and sulfides.

　   　C                                  D

　　31.In the United States, the attorney general is a cabinet member in charge with the

　       　A                                                      B               C

　　 administration of the Department of Justice.

　        　D

　　32.The Atlantic cable, which began to operating in 1866,linked the United States to London

　                                     　A

　　and to another cable stretching eastward to India and beyond.

　          　B             C                            D

　　33. Many folk songs were originated to accompany manual work or to mark a

　           　A                                        B          C

　　specific ceremonies.

　　             D

　　34.The shell of the abalone, a marine snail, is especially suited by its hardness and

　              　A                                           B

　　various of colors for the manufacture of jewelry.

　    C                D

　　35.Geraldine Farrar, who debuted as an opera singer in 1901,later appeared both on

　                      　A              B                                      C

　　stage and in several silent film.

　                             　D

　　36.The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North in

　                                                                       　A

　　 the early 1900's were the biggest internal migration in American history.

　　　  B              C              D

　　37.Searching for alternate forms of energy does not necessary mean the abandonment

                      　　A                                 B                  C

　　of fossil fuels as an energy source.

                               　　D

　　38. The flamingo constructs a cylindrical mud nest for its egg, which both parents

     　　A                B                                 C

　　care for it.

        　　D

　　39. Due to persistent inbreeding, self-pollinating plants have genetically more uniform

　　       A                                                    B

　　than cross-pollinated plants, which harbor more genetic variability.

　                                 　C                           D

　　40. Metaphysical philosophy is concerned with the principles, structures, and

　　                             A            B

　　meaningful that underlie all observable reality.

　　C                               D

　　Section Three: Reading Comprehension

　　Questions 1-9

　　The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a

　　good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the

　　International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people,

　　Line which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from

　　(5)  the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many

　　performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either

　　through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a

　　song by the community in which it evolves).

　　When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible

　　(10) to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of

　　friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves

　　one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while"

　　the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and

　　improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many

　　(15) different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would

　　become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk

　　music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though

　　widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music.

　　The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for

　　(20) further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they

　　belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.

　　The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In

　　such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's

　　life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to

　　(25) calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.

　　1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Themes commonly found in folk music

　　(B) Elements that define folk music

　　(C) Influences of folk music on popular music

　　(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council

　　2. Which of the following statements about the term "folk song" is supported by the passage?

　　(A) It has been used for several centuries.

　　(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.

　　(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.

　　(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.

　　3. The word "it" in line 8 refers to

　　(A) community

　　(B) song

　　(C) acceptance

　　(D) memory

　　4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folk

　　song?

　　(A) It is constantly changing over time.

　　(B) it is passed on to other people by being performed.

　　(C) It contains complex musical structures.

　　(D) It appeals to many people.

　　5. The word "subjected" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) reduced

　　(B) modified

　　(C) exposed

　　(D) imitated

　　6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of the

　　following?

　　(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time

　　(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers

　　(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song

　　(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song

　　7. According to the passage, why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?

　　(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.

　　(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.

　　(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.

　　(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.

　　8. The word "essence" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) basic nature

　　(B) growing importance

　　(C) full extent

　　(D) first phase

　　9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because

　　(A) the original composer can be easily identified

　　(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community

　　(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers

　　(D) the composers write the music in rural communities

　　Questions 10-20

　　Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special attention to the speech they

　　hear around them. Within the first month of their lives, babies' responses to the sound of

　　the human voice will be different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli.

　　Line They will stop crying when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the

　　(5)  sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that

　　receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances. By the time

　　they are six or seven weeks old, babies can detect the difference between syllables

　　pronounced with rising and falling inflections. Very soon, these differences in adult stress

　　and intonation can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before they

　　(10) develop actual language comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playful or

　　angry, attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of

　　cues such as the rate, volume, and melody of adult speech.

　　Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating

　　such cues. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diverse cultures and

　　(15) found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and

　　nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have

　　noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate

　　the pitch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial

　　expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words.

　　(20) More significant for language development than their response to general intonation is

　　observation that tiny babies can make relatively fine distinctions between speech sounds.

　　other words, babies enter the world with the ability to make precisely those perceptual

　　discriminations that are necessary if they are to acquire aural language.

　　Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input, too: even as young as nine months

　　(25) they will listen to songs or stories, although the words themselves are beyond their

　　understanding. For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to

　　prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.

　　10.What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and other sounds

　　(B) The differences between a baby's and an adult's ability to comprehend language

　　(C) How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their earliest stages of language development

　　(D) The response of babies to sounds other than the human voice

　　11. Why does the author mention a bell and a rattle in lines 4-5 ?

　　(A) To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds

　　(B) To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry

　　(C) To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds

　　(D) To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like

　　12. Why does the author mention syllables pronounced with rising and falling inflections in lines

　　7-8 ?

　　(A) To demonstrate how difficult it is for babies to interpret emotions

　　(B) To illustrate that a six-week-old baby can already distinguish some language differences

　　(C) To provide an example of ways adults speak to babies

　　(D) To give a reason for babies' difficulty in distinguishing one adult from another

　　13. The word "diverse" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) surrounding

　　(B) divided

　　(C) different

　　(D) stimulating

　　14…… The word"noted" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) theorized

　　(B) requested

　　(C) disagreed

　　(D) observed

　　15. The word "They" in line 18 refers to

　　(A) mothers

　　(B) investigators

　　(C) babies

　　(D) words

　　16. The passage mentions all of the following as ways adults modify their speech when talking to

　　babies EXCEPT

　　(A) giving all words equal emphasis

　　(B) speaking with shorter sentences

　　(C) speaking more loudly than normal

　　(D) using meaningless sounds

　　17. The word "emphasize" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) stress

　　(B) repeat

　　(C) explain

　　(D) leave out

　　18. Which of the following can be inferred about the findings described in paragraph 2 ?

　　(A) Babies who are exposed to more than one language can speak earlier than babies exposed

　　to a single language.

　　(B) Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in similar ways.

　　(C) Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending aural language.

　　(D) The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their babies to speak.

　　19. What point does the author make to illustrate that babies are born with the ability to acquire

　　language?

　　(A) Babies begin to understand words in songs.

　　(B) Babies exaggerate their own sounds and expressions.

　　(C) Babies are more sensitive to sounds than are adults.

　　(D) Babies notice even minor differences between speech sounds.

　　20. According to the author, why do babies listen to songs and stories, even though they cannot

　　understand them?

　　(A) They understand the rhythm.

　　(B) They enjoy the sound.

　　(C) They can remember them easily.

　　(D) They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.

　　Questions 21-29

　　Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are

　　deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or

　　look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay

　　Line along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.

　　(5)  What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that

　　gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of

　　trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers——all

　　of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller

　　pieces that eventually become clay.

　　(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the

　　most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and

　　alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.

　　Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay.

　　When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can

　　(15) then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative

　　coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat,

　　fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply

　　heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need

　　different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and

　　(20) watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat

　　without losing its shape throughsagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the

　　temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance

　　between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.

　　21. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits

　　(A) conceal layers of rock

　　(B) can be found in various places

　　(C) are usually small

　　(D) must be removed from construction sites

　　22. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the

　　following areas?

　　(A) In desert sand dunes

　　(B) In forests

　　(C) On hillsides

　　(D) Near rivers

　　23. The word "accessible" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) buried

　　(B) improved

　　(C) available

　　(D) workable

　　24. According to the passage, rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions

　　EXCEPT when

　　(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing

　　(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks

　　(C) it is combined with alkalies

　　(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust

　　25. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?

　　(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.

　　(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.

　　(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay.

　　(D) It is a major component of clay.

　　26. The word "it" in line 13 refers to

　　(A) iron

　　(B) feldspar

　　(C) granite

　　(D) clay

　　27. Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST

　　appropriate for making objects that

　　(A) must be strong

　　(B) can be porous

　　(C) have a smooth texture

　　(D) are highly decorated

　　28. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) reduce

　　(B) explain

　　(C) combine with

　　(D) list all of

　　29. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?

　　(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.

　　(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.

　　(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china teacups.

　　(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.

　　Questions 30-40

　　The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals,

　　most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is

　　estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples

　　Line of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as

　　(5)  a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide,

　　resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex

　　of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular

　　colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor

　　as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this

　　(10) odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have

　　different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony

　　integrity.

　　Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency,

　　and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant

　　(15) queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond

　　by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates

　　a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.

　　Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private

　　messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source

　　(20) is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to

　　others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing.

　　On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants

　　perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.

　　If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.

　　30. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants

　　(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals

　　(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources

　　(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones

　　31. The phrase "smooth operation" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) daily activity

　　(B) effective functioning

　　(C) delicate balance

　　(D) permanent location

　　32. According to the passage, carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?

　　(A) It protects the queen.

　　(B) It attracts other ant species.

　　(C) It informs workers of possible danger.

　　(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.

　　33. The word "cluster" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) organ

　　(B) activity

　　(C) group

　　(D) cycle

　　34.According to the passage, each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to

　　(A) find the location of the nest in the dark

　　(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants

　　(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants

　　(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack

　　35. The word "alert" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) allow

　　(B) transport

　　(C) ware

　　(D) provide

　　36. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?

　　(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.

　　(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be

　　abandoned.

　　(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.

　　(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.

　　37. The word "scurrying" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) agreeing

　　(B) appearing

　　(C) competing

　　(D) rushing

　　38. The word "others" in line 21 refers to

　　(A) private messages

　　(B) species

　　(C) trails

　　(D) signals

　　39. Why does the author mention "dead insects" in line 23 ?

　　(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects

　　(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter

　　(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects

　　(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants

　　40. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?

　　(A) pheromones (line 2)

　　(B) colony integrity (lines 11-12)

　　(C) mass migrations (line 14)

　　(D) private messages (lines 18-19)

　　Questions 41-50

　　The Homestead Act of 1862 gave beads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or

　　older the right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years

　　of residence and improvement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers

　　Line and to prevent land from being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large

　　(5)  landholders. An early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from

　　filing separate claims. The West, land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many

　　160-acre family farms.

　　They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to

　　become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a

　　(10) family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools,

　　draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come

　　to $1,000——a formidable barrier. As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was

　　supposed to provide a "safety valve," they had neither the skills nor the inclination to

　　become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier

　　(15) conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators often managed to obtain large

　　tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they had fulfilled the

　　conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the land over to

　　their employers.

　　Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of

　　(20) commercial agriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national

　　government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders

　　by passing the Timber Culture Act of 1873, which permitted individuals to claim an

　　additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years.

　　This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely treeless states of Kansas,

　　(25) Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the 245,000 who

　　took up land under the Act obtained final title to the property.

　　41. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of

　　1862 does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) How it transformed the western United States into a place of small farms

　　(B) Why it was an improvement over previous attempts at land reform

　　(C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide land for small farmers

　　(D) How it failed in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas

　　42. An amendment added to the Homestead Act of 1862 specified that

　　(A) five years of residence was required for landownership

　　(B) husbands and wives could not file separate claims

　　(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000

　　(D) land could not be resold for a profit

　　43. The word "formidable" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) obvious

　　(B) predictable

　　(C) difficult

　　(D) manageable

　　44. It can be inferred that the "safety valve" in line 13 refers to

　　(A) a new kind of machinery

　　(B) an alternative for urban workers

　　(C) an area in a factory

　　(D) a procedure designed to protect workers

　　45. The word "intent" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) purpose

　　(B) power

　　(C) effect

　　(D) invention

　　46. According to the passage, why did the government pass the Timber Culture Act of 1873 ?

　　(A) To make larger tracts of land available to small farmers

　　(B) To settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas

　　(C) To encourage land speculation west of the Mississippi

　　(D) To increase the variety of trees growing in the western states

　　47. The word "they"in line 23 refers to

　　(A) larger holdings

　　(B) individuals

　　(C) 160 acres

　　(D) trees

　　48. According to the passage, how many of the farmers who settled land under the Timber Culture

　　Act of 1873 received final title to the property?

　　(A) Fewer than 25%

　　(B) More than 160

　　(C) 10% per year

　　(D) 245,000

　　49. The passage mentions all of the following as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not

　　achieve its aims EXCEPT:

　　(A) Most landless Americans could not afford the necessary tools and provisions.

　　(B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary fanning skills.

　　(C) The farms were too large for single families to operate successfully.

　　(D) Homesteaders usually came from areas relatively close to the frontier.

　　50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Timber Culture Act of 1873?

　　(A) It especially helped farmers with large holdings of land.

　　(B) It was most important to farmers living in states that had plenty of trees.

　　(C) The majority of farmers did not benefit significantly from it.

　　(D) The majority of farmers did not need the extra 160 acres it provided.

　　TWE

　　When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new

　　country. Others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.

　　0205 answer

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