| Text A American Men Don't Cry �、�.New words 1.帶有前綴的單詞： disapprove v. 不贊成（of） disapproval n. discourage vt. 1.使泄氣，使沮喪；2.阻攔 encourage v. 鼓舞，鼓勵 unable a. 不能的，不會的（to + v.） incapacity n. 無能力的，不能 inability n. 無能，無能為力 unnecessary adj. 不必要的， 多余的 disequilibrate vt. 打破…的平衡 restore vt. 使恢復(fù)，（使）回復(fù) 2.帶有后綴的單詞： weakness n. 軟弱；缺點 ←→ advantage/merit 優(yōu)點，優(yōu)勢 childishness n. 幼稚 dependence n. 依靠 permit v. 準許，允許 permission n. 允許 permissive a. 準許的，允許的 stable a. 穩(wěn)定的 stability n. 穩(wěn)定性，穩(wěn)定；堅定，恒心 intend v. 準備，打算 intention n. 打算，計劃 confuse v. 混淆，混亂 confusion n. 混亂，慌亂；混淆 necessity n. 需要，必要性；必需品 necessary a. 需要的 interference n. 干涉，干預(yù)；妨礙 maintenance n. 維持，保持；維修；堅持，維護 animated a. 栩栩如生的；生氣勃勃的 lessen vt. 減輕，減少；縮小，貶低 vi. 變少 核心詞匯： 1.childlike 孩子般的，天真無邪 eg： It is difficult for us to have the childlike enjoyment now. 現(xiàn)在對于我們來說，想要享受孩子般的歡樂實在是太難了。 childish 幼稚的，傻里傻氣的 eg： Don't be so childish. 不要再這么孩子氣了。 2.disapprove of 不贊成…（但不一定表示反對） Eg： She wants to be an actress， but her parents disapprove of her intentions. The father disapproved of his daughter's marriage to the poor fellow. 3.discourage 使泄氣，使沮喪； 阻攔 discourage …。 from…。 Eg： Tom was discouraged with life when the beautiful girl refused his love. Parents should discourage their children from smoking. 4.restore 使恢復(fù)，使回復(fù) �、� 將（失物）歸還原主 Eg： Police restored the stolen jewels to the owner. �、� 使某人/某物回復(fù)到原處或原位 Eg： He restored his dictionary to the shelf. ③ 使某人/某物恢復(fù)原先的狀況 Eg：After the operation， he restored his sight. （視力） interfere in sth. 在某件事上打擾 interfere with sb. 打擾了某人 interference（n.）in/with sth. eg： Don't interfere in matters that don't concern you. 不要干預(yù)與你無關(guān)的事情。 We can't understand his interference in/with the other's domestic （家庭的） matters. 6.damage n. do /cause damage to 對某人或某物造成部分性的損傷。 eg： The accident did/caused a lot of damage to the car. 7.lessen v. eg： We should gradually lessen the difference between the city and the countryside. 8.defect /fault /error /mistake 都可以表示沒有做對事情或事情做得不妥。 1）Mistake在四個詞中表意最籠統(tǒng)，可以用在日常的各種情況當(dāng)中 Eg： Your essay is full of mistakes. It was a mistake to go there on holiday. 2）Error比mistake更書面化，通常用于書面語或比較正規(guī)的情況下。 Eg： It is a technical error. 3）Fault側(cè)重于造成錯誤的個人責(zé)任。 Eg： The child broke the window， but it was his parents' fault for letting him playing indoors. He has many faults， but laziness is not one of them. 4）Defect指嚴重的缺陷 The new car has to be withdrawn from the market because of a mechanical defect. 9.intend to do = plan to do 打算做某事 intention n. Eg： If I've hurt your feelings it was quite without intention. 如果我傷害了你的感情，完全是出于無意。 10.confusion n. confuse v. Eg： Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion. 她來得很突然，使我們完全不知所措。 They confused me by asking so many questions. 11.necessity n. Eg： Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要是發(fā)明之母。 Food， clothing and shelter are all basic necessities of life. 衣、食、住是生活的基本必需品。 Phrase： 1.in the least 一點，絲毫（不）（用于否定句） Eg： They are not in the least interested in skiing. 2.to disapprove （of） 不同意 3.with regard to關(guān)于…，對于… = in regard to = in regard of Eg： With regard to price， we think it is too high. 4.feel like sth./ doing sth. 想做某事，愿意做某事 Eg： I feeling like （having） a drink. 5.not that …… but that … 不是因為…而是因為 Eg： I can not attend your birthday party not that I'm unwilling to but that I have no time. 6.（in）capacity to do （沒）有…能力做 7.as a whole 作為一個整體；總的來說 Eg： As a whole， the climate here is very nice. 8.（in-） ability to （沒）有…的能力（這里to不是介詞是不定式） Eg： He has the ability to do the work. 9.among other things 除了其它方面，此外 Eg： Mr. Smith returned to his hometown among other things， to see his old mother. 10. clear …of … 把…從…中清除 Eg： People are clearing the streets of snow. �、�.Text A American Men Don't Cry 譯：美國男子漢一般不會哭 American men don't cry because it is considered not characteristic of men to do so. 譯：美國的男子漢一般都不會哭。因為男子漢要哭了，那就被認為這個人不具備男子漢的特征。 1.A is characteristic of B A是B的特征 eg. Honesty is characteristic of children. Only women cry.Cry is a “weakness” characteristic of the female， and no American male wants to be identified with anything in the least weak or feminine. 譯：只有婦女才哭�？奘桥攒浫醯谋憩F(xiàn)。不論做什么事，沒有任何一個美國男人想要讓人家認為有絲毫懦弱或者像個女人似的。 2.be identified with 認為…等同于 Eg： He identifies her happiness with his own. （這里用的是主動形式identify with） You can't identify money with happiness. Smoking is identified with committing suicide. In the least 一點 Crying， in our culture， is identified with childishness， with weakness and dependence. No one likes a crybaby， and we disapprove of crying even in children， discouraging it in them as early as possible. In a land so devoted to the pursuit of happiness as ours， crying really is rather un-American. 譯：在我們的思想文化觀念當(dāng)中，哭哭啼啼總是跟孩子氣、懦弱、不能自立聯(lián)系在一起的。沒有任何人會喜歡一個哭鬧的孩子，所以即使對兒童來說，我們也不贊成他們哭，盡可能從很小的時候起，越早越好，鼓勵孩子們不要哭。在像我們這樣一個熱衷于追求幸�？鞓返膰依�，哭哭啼啼實在不太合乎美國人的風(fēng)度。 Adults must learn not to cry in situations in which it is permissible for a child to cry. Women being the “weaker” and “dependent” sex， it is only natural that they should cry in certain emotional situations. In women， crying is excusable. But in men， crying is a mark of weakness. So goes the American belief with regard to crying. 譯：成年人都必須知道，凡在允許小孩子哭的情況下，成年人都不應(yīng)該哭。因為女性是一種“軟弱的”、“依賴男人的”性別，女性在特定的環(huán)境下引起感情波動，若是哭一通也是很自然的。對婦女們來說，哭是可以原諒的�？墒菍δ腥藖碚f，哭就會給人留下軟弱無能的印象。于是美國人對于哭泣的看法就這樣產(chǎn)生了。 mark n.標志；品牌 go 表示進行，起作用 eg. The meeting went better than we have expected. “A little man，” we impress on our male children， “never cries. Only girls and crybabies do.” And so we condition males in America not to cry whenever they feel like doing so. 3.impress on/upon 牢記，銘記；給…以極深的印象 eg： We impress on the young people that pride goes before a fall. 我們讓青年人牢記驕者必敗 condition n.情況，境況 v.使適應(yīng)，使習(xí)慣 in the condition of 在…情況下 at the condition 處于…情況下 譯：我們讓我們的男性兒童銘記在心：“一個小男子漢永遠也不會哭的，只有女孩子和剛剛生下來的小娃娃才會哭�！彼悦慨�(dāng)美國的男性想要哭的時候，我們就訓(xùn)練他們憋住別哭。 It is not that American males are unable to cry because of some biological time clock within them which causes them to run down in that capacity as they grow older， but that they are trained not to cry. Run down 用盡，耗盡；變?nèi)?br /> Eg. If you leave your head lights on， you will soon run down your battery. 譯：這并不是因為他們隨著年齡的增長，體內(nèi)某個生物鐘上的哭的能力已經(jīng)消耗殆盡，而是因為他們被訓(xùn)練得不許哭。 And so the “l(fā)ittle man” controls his desire to cry and goes on doing so until he is unable to cry even when he wants to. 譯：于是這“小男子漢”想哭的時候，也老是憋著不哭，一直憋到甚至當(dāng)他想哭的時候也不會哭了。 Thus do we produce a trained incapacity in the American male to cry. And this is bad. thus放在句首句子要倒裝 譯：這樣，我們就致使美國男性被訓(xùn)練成不會哭的人了。這很不好。 Why is it bad？ Because crying is a natural function of the human organism which is designed to restore the emotionally disequilibrated person to a state of equilibrium. 譯：為什么不好呢？因為哭是人的有機體中的一種很自然的功能，有這一功能就是為了讓那些感情上失去了平衡的人，能恢復(fù)到感情上平衡的狀態(tài)。 The return of the disequilibrated organ systems of the body to steady states or dynamic stability is known as homeostasis. Crying serves a homeostatic function for the organism as a whole. Any interference with homeostasis is likely to be damaging to the organism. And there is good reason to believe that the American male's trained incapacity to cry is seriously damaging to him. 譯：把人體失去了平衡的器官體系恢復(fù)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)或恢復(fù)到正常運作狀態(tài)下的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，被稱為體內(nèi)平衡�？迣τ谡麄�生物體的體內(nèi)平衡起作用。對體內(nèi)平衡的任何干擾都有可能損害人的有機體。所以，我們有充分的理由相信，把美國男性訓(xùn)練得不會哭，這會對美國男性造成嚴重的損害。 It is unnecessary to cry whenever one wants to cry， but one should be able to cry when one ought to cry - when one needs to cry. For to cry under certain emotionally disequilibrating conditions is necessary for the maintenance of health. for ：引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 譯：一個人不論任何時候想哭就哭，這實在是沒有必要；但是當(dāng)一個人應(yīng)該哭的時候——也就是一個人需要哭的時候，應(yīng)該能夠哭出來。因為哭上一通在內(nèi)心感情失衡的情況下，對保持身體健康是必要的。 To be human is to weep. The human species is the only one in the whole of animated nature that sheds tears. The trained inability of any human being to weep is lessening of his capacity to be human - a defect which usually goes deeper than the mere inability to cry. go 進行，起作用 譯：只要是人就會落淚。在整個動物世界里，人類這個物種是唯一的會流淚的物種。把一個人訓(xùn)練成不會落淚的人，這就減少了他作為一個人所應(yīng)有的能力。減少一個人所應(yīng)有的能力，這一缺陷比僅僅是不會哭泣在意義上要深遠得多。 And this， among other things， is what American parents - with the best intentions in the world - have achieved for the American male. It is very sad. If we feel like it， let us all have a good cry - and clear our minds of those cobwebs of confusion which have for so long prevented us from understanding the natural necessity of crying. 譯：而這一點，尤其是這一點，正是那些懷著人間最美好的用心的美國父母們給美國男性養(yǎng)成的。簡直是太可悲了。如果我們想哭的話，那就讓我們好好地哭上一通吧，把那些很長時間以來使我們不能理解哭這種天性的需要、像蜘蛛網(wǎng)一樣束縛人思想的種種糊涂想法，從我們的腦海中清除得干干凈凈吧。 Ⅲ.Vocabulary Exercises For each sentence， fill in the blank with the proper form of the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word. 1.disapprove approve approval disapproval a.She wants to be a nurse but her parents disapprove of her intention. b.When the girl picked her nose at the dinner table， her father looked at her with disapproval. c.We have obtained the authorities' approval in our involvement in the program. d.If my project isn't approved of by the headmaster all my work will have been wasted. 2.discourage encourage courage encouraging（a.） courageous a.The young explorer feels greatly discouraged by the difficulties he has encountered. encount： 遇到，遭遇 b.When his opinion is different from that of the majority， the doesn't have the courage to say what he thinks right. c.The speaker felt fairly confident when he got a encouraging smile from the audience. d.The Association for Wildlife Preservation encourages members to protect the environment. e.The young man was courageous enough to break away from traditional ideas. 3.permisssible permit permission a.Lies are not permissible evidence in court. b.Nobody can enter the air base without special permission. c.Smoking is not permitted in public places of recreation. 4.organism organ organic a.The organ of political power should serve the people. b.Cities are more complex organism than self–sufficient villages. c.In a well-written article， all the paraphs should be written into an organic whole . Text B Stop Worrying Now！ �、�.New words take it easy ：don't worry 1.含有前綴的單詞： immobilize v. 使固定，使不動 →mobile a. 易于快速移動的 2.含有后綴的單詞： virtually ad. 實際地，實質(zhì)地，事實上 obsessive a. 纏人的，強迫性的；過分的 justify vt. 證明…是正當(dāng)?shù)�；為…辯護 error n. 錯誤 erroneous a. 錯誤的，不正確的 sensible a. 感覺得到的 sensibly ad. 感覺得到地；明智地，明白事理地 sense n. 感覺 minimize vt.將……減到最少 minimum n.最小值， 最少量 maximize v. 增加到最大量 maximum n. 最大量 absurd a. 荒謬的 absurdity n. 荒謬 compulsively ad. 強迫地 enjoyment n. 享受 troublesome a. 令人煩惱的，討厭的；麻煩的，難處理的 3.合成詞： payoff n. 發(fā)工資；付清，償還； backache n. 背痛，腰痛 4.特殊記憶： dividend n. 紅利，利息；回報，效益 fulfill vt. 履行；完成 resolve vt.使分解，解析；解決，消除 solve vt. 解決，解答 重要詞匯： 1.distress 常用于被動語態(tài) n. 痛苦，苦惱 v. 使痛苦，使苦惱 Eg： I was most distressed to hear the sad news of your father's death .聽到令尊去世的消息，我十分難過。 2.justify v. 證明……是正當(dāng)?shù)�；為…辯護 Eg： You shouldn't attempt to justify yourself. 3.fulfill vt. 履行（promise， duty等）； 完成（task等） Eg： He fulfilled his promise after graduation he returned to his hometown . 4.resolve vt. 使分解，解析；解決，消除 Eg： Her arrival did little to resolve the situation. Phrases： 1.in the first place 首先 in the second place 其次 Eg： I would not advise you to read that book， in the first place， it is written in English and in the second place it is very difficult. 2.hang on to （prep） hung hung 懸掛 hang hanged hanged 絞死 Eg： The boy hung on to his mother's apron， and would not let go. 男孩抓著他媽媽的圍裙，不讓她走 The police have only one fingerprint to hang on to. 警察只有一個指紋印可作線索。 3.use up v.用完， 耗盡 同義詞：run down 消耗，用盡 Eg： He used up the money he had. 和up相關(guān)的短語： use up / wash up 洗凈/ dry up 干得一滴水都沒有了 4.give up 放棄；讓出 give in 屈服，投降 eg： All hope of finding the missing plane was given up. He doesn't give in to his fate. 他不屈服于命運 5.back down 放棄（要求等）；讓步 Eg： He said he could swim， but he backed down when we got to the lake. �、�.Text B Stop Worrying Now！ 馬上停止不必要的擔(dān)心！ Worry is one of the most common forms of emotional distress in our culture. Almost everyone spends a considerable amount of present moments worrying about the future. And virtually all of it is for nothing. Obsessive worry will never make things any better. In fact， such worry will very likely help you to be less effective in dealing with the present. 1.spend ………+doing +in/on sth. eg. I spend much time in books. I spend much money on books. 2.Considerable a. 相當(dāng)多的 have sb. to do 讓某人…。 the +adj. 一類… 譯：在我們的日常生活中，擔(dān)心是情緒上苦惱的最為普遍的形式之一。幾乎每個人都會花費相當(dāng)數(shù)量的大好時光用在為未來而擔(dān)心�？墒沁@一切的擔(dān)心都是毫無用處的。過分的擔(dān)心永遠也不會使情況變得有絲毫改善。事實上，這種擔(dān)心會使你處理現(xiàn)在的事務(wù)的工作效率變得更低。 In order to reduce worry， it is necessary to understand the subconscious psychological “payoffs” for choosing to worry in the first place. it 為形式主語， to +…為真正主語 譯：為了減少擔(dān)心，首先，要從心理學(xué)上弄明白，事事都擔(dān)心起來，會產(chǎn)生什么意想不到的后果。 “I can't do a thing. I'm too worried about …” This is a common lament， and one with a payoff that keeps you standing still and avoiding the risk of action. Clearly， it is easier， if less rewarding， to worry than to be an active， involved person. 譯：“我什么事都沒心思干，我總是非常擔(dān)心……常聽到有人這樣哀嘆，而這種哀嘆的后果就是你呆呆地站在那里，根本不采取任何冒險性的行動。很明顯，和積極采取行動比較起來，只是擔(dān)心是比較容易做到的，只不過于事無補罷了�！� By worrying about someone else， you can label yourself as a caring person. Worry proves that you are a good parent or spouse （“I can't help worrying - it's because I love you.”）。 A handsome dividend， although lacking in logical， healthy thinking. 3.can't help doing 情不自禁地 handsome a. 相當(dāng)?shù)?br /> 譯：替別人擔(dān)心，你可以標傍自己是個關(guān)心他人的人。你擔(dān)心了，這就可以證明你是位好家長或者好配偶。（我不能不擔(dān)心——只是因為我愛你。）這話讓人聽了可真好哇，盡管這類想法缺乏邏輯性，也站不住腳。 If you weigh too much， you may eat more when you worry； hence， you have a good reason for hanging on to the worry behavior. 譯：如果你身體肥胖，那么你心情不好的時候，你可能吃得更多；所以，你有充足的理由多吃，因為你老是心情不好嘛！ Similarly， you may find yourself smoking more in troublesome situations， and can use the worry to avoid giving up smoking. 4.Avoid + doing 逃避 譯：同樣道理，在你心情不好的情況下，你很可能不知不覺地發(fā)現(xiàn)你的煙抽得更多了，你用心情不好作籍口，不去戒煙。 The same neurotic reward system also applies to health. It may be easier for you to worry about chest pains than to risk finding out the truth， and then having to deal directly with yourself. 譯：這種從心理上找個籍口的辦法也適用于人的健康狀況。如果你胸痛，你只是擔(dān)心有病，這要比冒險去檢查出真實情況到底有病沒病，然后直接去醫(yī)院處置胸痛，要容易得多。 Worry can bring a lot of diseases such as tension headaches and backaches. While these may not seem to be payoffs， they do result in considerable attention from others and justify much self-pity as well. And some people would rather be pitied than fulfilled. 譯：憂心忡忡可導(dǎo)致很多疾病，例如，情緒緊張性頭痛或脊背痛。盡管人們可能覺得這些病癥并不是“擔(dān)心”所造成的后果，但是有了這些病確實能引起他人的關(guān)注，也能為自我憐憫找到理由。而有些人寧肯被人憐憫也不愿振作起來去充分發(fā)揮自己的才能。 5.would rather …than …。 寧愿…也不愿意… Now that you understand the psychological support system for neurotic worry， you can begin to devise some measures for reducing the number of troublesome worry bugs that breed in this erroneous zone. 6.now that 既然 = since 譯：現(xiàn)在既然你從心理學(xué)理論體系上已經(jīng)明白了，“擔(dān)心”具有神經(jīng)過敏的性質(zhì)，那么你就可以開始采取一些措施去減少在“擔(dān)心”這個誤區(qū)中產(chǎn)生的令人煩惱的“擔(dān)心蟲”的數(shù)量了。 Begin to view your present moments as times to live， rather than times to worry about the future. When you catch yourself worrying， ask yourself， “What am I avoiding now by using up this moment with worry？” Then begin to attack whatever it is you're avoiding. 7.view …as = see ……as 把……看作 use up：用盡 8.attack ： resolve 解決 譯：馬上開始吧！把你現(xiàn)在的時刻看成是應(yīng)該好好地生活的時間，而不要看成是用來為了未來而憂心忡忡擔(dān)心不已的時間。每當(dāng)你突然發(fā)現(xiàn)你又在憂心忡忡起來，你不妨捫心自問：“我把這一時光耗費在不必要的擔(dān)心上面，我在回避什么？”那么就開始動手去解決你所回避的問題吧。 A friend of mine spent a week on an island off the Connecticut coast. She enjoys taking long walks， but soon discovered that there were a number of dogs on the island which were allowed to run free. 譯：我的一位朋友，離開了康涅狄格海岸去一個島上度過了一周。她喜歡長時間在外面散步，不過不久她就發(fā)現(xiàn)那島上有為數(shù)很多的狗，人們讓這些狗到處亂跑。 She decided to fight her worry that they might attack her. She carried a rock in her hand and resolved to show no fear as the dogs came running toward her. Seeing someone who refused to back down， they turned and ran away. resolve to do = decide to do 決定干…。 = determine to do 決心… 譯：她決心戰(zhàn)勝擔(dān)心那些狗有可能襲擊她的這種恐懼心理。她手里攥著一塊石頭，決心表示出，如果這群狗朝著她跑來她根本不害怕。這群狗因為見到了這位不后退不讓步的人，就掉轉(zhuǎn)頭跑掉了。 While I am not encouraging dangerous behavior， I do believe that a sensibly effective challenge to worry is the most productive way to minimize its role in your life. “to minimize its role in your life” 作 “way” 的后置定語 譯：盡管我并不鼓勵冒險的行為，但我確信，采用切合實際的有效的方法來向“擔(dān)心的心態(tài)”挑戰(zhàn)，這是在你的生活當(dāng)中，減少“擔(dān)心的心態(tài)”所起的作用的最有效的辦法。 Ask yourself over and over， “Will the future change as a result of my worrying about it？” Try to remember how many of the things you once worried about never become real at all. over and over： again and again adv.再三地， 反復(fù)地 as a result of 作為…的結(jié)果 “my worrying about it” 是有邏輯主語的動名詞 有關(guān)動名詞邏輯主語的例子：Do you mind my smoking here？ never … at all ： no/not … at all 根本不…。 譯：請你反復(fù)地捫心自問：“我的擔(dān)心會使未來有所改變嗎？”切記：你過去曾經(jīng)一度為之擔(dān)心的好多情況，根本沒有真的發(fā)生過。 Also ask yourself： “What's the worst thing that could happen to me （or them）， and what is the likelihood of it occurring？” You'll discover the absurdity of most worries in this way. 譯：再問問你自己：“我能發(fā)生什么最壞的事情？這種最壞的事情發(fā)生的可能性大小如何？”這樣，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)不必要的擔(dān)心都是荒唐可笑的。 Act in direct conflict with your usual areas of worry. If you compulsively save for the future， use some money for your own enjoyment today. Enjoy life； don't waste the present with immobilizing thoughts about the future. immobilizing ： 固定不動的 譯：行動起來吧！直接去抵制，不再去擔(dān)心你通常所擔(dān)心的問題。如果你強迫自己為未來存錢，那就把一部分錢拿出來今天享用吧！享受生活吧！不要浪費現(xiàn)有的一切去頑固地為未來著想吧。 These are some techniques for minimizing worry in your life. But the most effective weapon you have is your own determination to drive this neurotic behavior away from your life. to drive this neurotic behavior away from your life：為“determination”的后置定語 譯：這一切就是把你生活中的擔(dān)心降低到最小程度的辦法。但是你所擁有的最有效的武器就是把這種神經(jīng)過敏的擔(dān)心從你的生活中趕出去的決心。 |
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