Improving Industrial efficiency through Robotics
Robots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this new industry. What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next. Automatic machine, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task. The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions. Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots. With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. One robot vision system used electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials. When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers. The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values. One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255. The 0 is represented by black. The highest number is white. The numbers is between represent different shades of gray. The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter. They will work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and security personnel. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 利用機(jī)器人技術(shù)提高工業(yè)效率 機(jī)器人在所有發(fā)達(dá)國家的工廠日益普及,它們被編程、設(shè)計,在無人情況下執(zhí)行工業(yè)任務(wù)�,F(xiàn)今大多數(shù)機(jī)器人用于汽車工業(yè),人們對其編程,從事如汽車卡車車身焊接、噴漆之類的工作。它們也裝卸汽車和卡車框架的機(jī)器中所有的熾熱、笨重的金屬鑄模。 機(jī)器人已經(jīng)在汽車行業(yè)接任了人類工作,在其行業(yè)也開始看到它們的身影,雖然使用程度低一些。在那里它們制造電動馬達(dá)、小型設(shè)備、袖珍計算器,甚至手表。用于核電站的機(jī)器人處理輻射材料,使職員不暴露于輻射。這些機(jī)器人可以減少這一新型工業(yè)中與工作有關(guān)的傷害。 什么使機(jī)器變成機(jī)器人,而不是其他的自動化機(jī)器呢?機(jī)器人與自動化機(jī)器的區(qū)別在于完成一項(xiàng)特定工作后,它們可以被電腦重新編程去執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。 比如說,一個機(jī)器人做了一個月的點(diǎn)焊,可以重新編程,下個月轉(zhuǎn)向噴漆。相反,自動化機(jī)器卻沒有許多不同用途,它們只是為了招待一項(xiàng)任務(wù)而被建造。下一代機(jī)器人將能看見物體,具有觸覺,能作出關(guān)鍵性的決定。精通于微電子和電腦技術(shù)的工程師正在為機(jī)器人開發(fā)人造視力,有了"看"的能力,機(jī)器人就能從一推不同的材料中鑒別檢查出具體的一類物體。機(jī)器人禮堂系統(tǒng)采用包含多行感官材料的電子數(shù)碼相機(jī)。當(dāng)一個物體上的光,如機(jī)器零件,照射到相機(jī)上時,敏感材料就可測量出光的強(qiáng)度,把光線轉(zhuǎn)換為一組數(shù)字。這些數(shù)字是灰度系統(tǒng)的一部分,其亮度由一系列數(shù)值測量。一個刻度范圍是0到15,另一個是0到 225。0用黑色表示,最高值用白色,其間的數(shù)值用不同的灰色陰影來表示。然后計算機(jī)進(jìn)行計算,并將數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換為表明該無題形象的圖像�,F(xiàn)在還不知道有一天機(jī)器人是否具有人類一樣的好視力。技術(shù)人員想信它們會的,只是需要多年的開發(fā)。 在其他方面取得進(jìn)展的工程技術(shù)人員正在設(shè)計和試驗(yàn)新型金屬手臂和手指,使機(jī)器人具有觸覺。其他工程人員正在編寫新的程序使機(jī)器人做出如是否拋棄成品中有缺陷的零件的決定。要做到這點(diǎn),機(jī)器人還必須具有鑒別有缺陷零件的能力。 集觸覺、看和做決定的能力于一體的這些未來機(jī)器人將會做大量的工作。它們可以用于海底探礦或探測對人類太危險的深層區(qū)域的礦物。它們可以做加油站服務(wù)人員、消防人員、房屋 Predicting Earthquakes Can earthquakes be predicted? Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that lives can be saved. Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly or all natural events. They occur in many parts of the world. Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran, China, Guatemala, Chile, India, and Alaska. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska. These earthquakes measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935, and compares the energy level of earthquakes. An earthquake that measures a 2 on the scale can be felt but causes little damage. One that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7 can cause major damage. It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3. Scientists want to be able to predict those earthquakes that have a reading of over 4 on the Richter Scale. How do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth's crust. The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions. The best-known fault in North America is the San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States. The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. These countries have set up seismic networks in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur. These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake. Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by the networks to monitor the movements of the earth's crust. The scientists also check water in deep wells. They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults. Scientists in China, Russia, and the United States measure radon in ground water. Radon is a gas that comes from the radioactive decay of radium in rocks. The gas flows through the ground and dissolves in underground streams and wells. Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground when rocks layers shift, exposing new rock, and thus more radon.Chinese and Russian scientists have reported that in places where stress is building up, the radon levels of the water build up too. When the radon levels of the water subside and drop back to normal readings, an earthquake may occur. United States scientists have also placed radon monitoring stations in earthquake zones, particularly California. However, all the scientists agree that more data is necessary to prove that radon levels in water are associated with the possible birth of an earthquake. Earthquake prediction is still a young science. Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability. Scientists have only a partial understanding of the physical processes that cause earthquakes. Much more research has to be done. New and more up to-date methods have to be found for collecting earthquake data and analyzing it. However, scientists have had some success in predicting earthquakes. Several small earthquakes were predicted in New York State, in the eastern part of the United States. Chinese scientists predicted a major one in Haicheng in 1975, and Russian scientists predicted a major one in Garm in 1978. While this is a small start, it is still a beginning. 預(yù)測地震 地震可以預(yù)報嗎?科學(xué)家們正致力于研究預(yù)報何時何地會發(fā)生地震的計劃,他們希望開發(fā)一種早期報警系統(tǒng)用來預(yù)報地震,以挽救人們的生命。 地震是自然災(zāi)害中最危險的最致命的,發(fā)生在世界許多地方。伊朗、中國、危地馬拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有過大地震的記錄。有記載的最大兩次地震是發(fā)生在中國和阿拉斯加。這兩次地震經(jīng)測量約為里氏8.5級。里氏震級是1935年查爾斯·里克特發(fā)明的,用來比較地震的能量等級。里氏地震級測出的2 級地震可以感覺到,但幾乎沒什么破壞;測出的4.5級地震能夠造成輕微破壞,讀數(shù)超過7級的地震會帶來重大破壞。必須注意的是,讀數(shù)為4級的地震表明其強(qiáng)度是讀數(shù)為3級的10倍。科學(xué)家想預(yù)測那些讀數(shù)超過里氏4級的地震。 地震是怎么發(fā)生的呢?地震是由地殼中的裂縫,或稱斷層處的巖石發(fā)生移位而引起的。當(dāng)鄰近巖石受到不同方向的拉力時便產(chǎn)生了斷層。北美洲最著名的斷層是位于美國加利福尼亞的圣安德烈亞斯斷層。積極參與地震預(yù)測計劃的國家包括日本、中國、俄羅斯和美國。這些國家在已知發(fā)生地震的地區(qū)建立了地震網(wǎng)絡(luò),這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直處于戒備狀態(tài),搜索著告警的跡象,這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生的巖層松動的狀況。這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用多種地震儀器來監(jiān)測地殼的運(yùn)動�?茖W(xué)家還檢查深井里的水,觀察與斷層運(yùn)動有關(guān)的水位與溫度的變化。 中國、俄羅斯和美國的科學(xué)家測量地下水的氡含量。氡是來自巖石中鐳輻射衰變而產(chǎn)生的氣體。這種氣體溢出地面并溶解到地下溪流和井里�?茖W(xué)家推測當(dāng)巖層移位時,新巖石露出,產(chǎn)生更多的氮,這樣地層中的氡數(shù)量就增加了。中國和俄羅斯報告說壓力增加的地方,水中氡的含量也會增加。當(dāng)水中氡的含量下降,回到正常讀數(shù)時,地震就可能發(fā)生。美國科學(xué)家也在地震區(qū),特別是加利福尼亞,設(shè)置了檢測站。不過,所有的科學(xué)家都一致認(rèn)為,需要更多的資料才能證明水中氡的含量和可能發(fā)生的地震有關(guān)。 地震預(yù)測仍然是一門年輕的科學(xué)。人們都認(rèn)為地震不可能可靠地預(yù)測�?茖W(xué)家對引起地震的物理過程只是部分了解,還必須作更多的研究,必須找到新的和更先進(jìn)的方法收集地震數(shù)據(jù)并加以分析。不過,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)在地震預(yù)測方面取得了一些成功:美國東部紐約州的幾次小地震就已預(yù)測到了,1975年中國科學(xué)家預(yù)測到了海城大地震,1978年俄羅斯科學(xué)家預(yù)測了加爾姆大地震。雖然這只是個小小的起步,但畢竟是一個開端管理員和安全人員的工作。任何想了解未來工業(yè)的人必須懂機(jī)器人。 |
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