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考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析(十五)

來源:來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò) 時(shí)間:2009-11-10 09:44:31

  To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing�!監(jiān)ne such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal。
   For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, no medicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes�!� Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers�!� Such well-meaning people just don't understand。
   Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。
   Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress。
   26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to
   [A] call on scientists to take some actions。
   [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。
   [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。
   [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。
   27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
   [A] cruel but natural。
   [B] inhuman and unacceptable。
   [C] inevitable but vicious。
   [D] pointless and wasteful。
   28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s
   [A] discontent with animal research。
   [B] ignorance about medical science。
   [C] indifference to epidemics。
   [D] anxiety about animal rights。
   29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should
   [A] communicate more with the public。
   [B] employ hi-tech means in research。
   [C] feel no shame for their cause。
   [D] strive to develop new cures。
   30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
   [A] a well-known humanist。
   [B] a medical practitioner。
   [C] an enthusiast in animal rights。
   [D] a supporter of animal research。

   名師解析
   26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to
   作者在開篇引用Edmund Burke的話是為了
   [A] call on scientists to take some actions. 呼吁科學(xué)家采取行動(dòng)。
   [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. 批評(píng)被誤導(dǎo)的動(dòng)物權(quán)利事業(yè)。
   [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. 警告生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究的厄運(yùn)。
   [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 展示動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的勝利。
  【答案】 A
  【考點(diǎn)】 作者意圖題。
  【分析】 從第一段我們可以看到Edmund Burke所說的話的意思就是“一個(gè)被誤導(dǎo)的事業(yè)如果要成功,它唯一需要的是好人無所作為”。然后作者緊接著寫道“現(xiàn)在就有這樣的一個(gè)事業(yè):動(dòng)物權(quán)利保護(hù),他們?cè)噲D阻止生物醫(yī)學(xué)使用動(dòng)物”。隨后出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句“科學(xué)家們需要采取行動(dòng)回應(yīng)這些鼓吹者”。這實(shí)際上就是一個(gè)呼吁,所以答案應(yīng)該是[A]。
   27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
   被誤導(dǎo)的人通常會(huì)認(rèn)為使用動(dòng)物進(jìn)行研究是
   [A] cruel but natural. 殘忍但是很普通的。
   [B] inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道而且難以接受的。
   [C] inevitable but vicious. 不可避免但是邪惡的。
   [D] pointless and wasteful. 無意義而且是浪費(fèi)的。
  【答案】 B
  【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
  【分析】 特征詞匯“tend to think”很明確告訴我們出題人想考查考生能否推斷出受誤導(dǎo)的人們是怎樣看待用動(dòng)物做試驗(yàn)的。因?yàn)槲闹胁]有直接給出答案,這樣的題目的解題關(guān)鍵是尋找和題干有關(guān)的信息,然后通過推理連接起來這些可能是分散的信息。本題題干中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞組是“misled people”,首先需要定位,看看“misled people”都有什么看法,然后再做判斷。第一段比較后一句說“當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)殘忍對(duì)待動(dòng)物的指控時(shí),許多人都不明白為什么有人會(huì)故意傷害動(dòng)物”。第二段是一個(gè)具體的被誤導(dǎo)的祖母般的女士的例子,但是文中只是說她反對(duì)用動(dòng)物來做研究。第三段比較后一句非常關(guān)鍵:“對(duì)于他們來說,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說得好是浪費(fèi),說得不好是殘忍”。從以上的分析可以看出,受到誤導(dǎo)的人們認(rèn)為用動(dòng)物做研究是殘酷的、不可思議的。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,[B]比較符合原文。[A]中雖然提到了“cruel”,但是“natural”不對(duì),因?yàn)楸徽`導(dǎo)的人們不可能認(rèn)為那是普通的事情。[C]說的是“不可避免的,但是邪惡的”,也不正確,因?yàn)槲恼轮袥]有提到不可避免這個(gè)說法。[D]項(xiàng)說的是“毫無意義,浪費(fèi)的”,文中沒有提到毫無意義這個(gè)意思。
   28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s
   老太太的例子被用來說明公眾
   [A] discontent with animal research. 對(duì)動(dòng)物研究的不滿。
   [B] ignorance about medical science. 對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)的無知。
   [C] indifference to epidemics. 對(duì)流行病的冷漠。
   [D] anxiety about animal rights. 對(duì)動(dòng)物權(quán)益的憂慮。
  【答案】 B
  【考點(diǎn)】 作者意圖題。
  【分析】 這個(gè)例子說的是一位老太太向大家散發(fā)傳單,號(hào)召大家不要用任何來自于動(dòng)物或在動(dòng)物身上試驗(yàn)過的東西。當(dāng)問及是否反對(duì)使用疫苗時(shí),老太大說,若疫苗也來源于動(dòng)物,那么就不應(yīng)使用疫苗,流行病自有科學(xué)家們用計(jì)算機(jī)來解決�?梢娎咸珜�(duì)科學(xué)的無知。而她的這種無知是很普遍的。作者在第二段比較后一句話感嘆“這些好心人壓根兒就不明白”,所以答案為[B]。[A]說的是公眾對(duì)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)的不滿。但是,老太太的例子不僅僅是為了說明這一點(diǎn)。這個(gè)論據(jù)反映的是什么論點(diǎn)呢?從全文來看,作者的目的不是為了寫公眾有多憤怒,而在于指出公眾不滿的根源——對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)研究不了解,然后呼喚科學(xué)家們針對(duì)這個(gè)根源采取行動(dòng)。所以老太太的例子反映的是公眾的無知。
   29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should作者認(rèn)為,科學(xué)家在面臨動(dòng)物權(quán)利保護(hù)鼓吹者的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí),應(yīng)該
   [A] communicate more with the public. 更多地與公眾交流。
   [B] employ hi-tech means in research. 在研究中采用高科技手段。
   [C] feel no shame for their cause. 對(duì)自己的事業(yè)不感到羞恥。
   [D] strive to develop new cures. 努力開發(fā)新的治療方法。
  【答案】 A
  【考點(diǎn)】 作者態(tài)度題。
  【分析】 在解答這類題目的時(shí)候,考生應(yīng)該按照題干關(guān)鍵詞去尋找答案線索可能的所在地。本題關(guān)鍵詞“challenge from animal rights advocates”,以及“scientists should”,解題線索可在比較后兩段中找出。作者向科學(xué)家們提出的建議都是有助于他們與公眾更好的交流。答案很明顯,是[A]。選項(xiàng)[B]、[C]、[D]貌似合理,其實(shí)文中都沒有提到。
   30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
   從本文中我們得知Stephen Cooper是一位
   [A] a well-known humanist. 著名的人道主義者。
   [B] a medical practitioner. 醫(yī)療從業(yè)人員。
   [C] an enthusiast in animal rights. 動(dòng)物權(quán)力的狂熱者。
   [D] a supporter of animal research. 動(dòng)物研究的支持者。
  【答案】 D
  【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
  【分析】 首先根據(jù)“Stephen Cooper”定位到比較后一段,我們可以找到線索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research.。.”。從這句話中,我們知道“Cooper”是個(gè)名人,也是病患者,他曾經(jīng)高度贊揚(yáng)過動(dòng)物研究的價(jià)值。所以,我們可以推斷出他是支持動(dòng)物研究的。正確答案是選項(xiàng)[D]。

  難句解析:
  1. All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing。
  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“all… is that…”�!癮ll”的后邊接了一個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。第二個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的是表語從句。這句話的意思理解也有難度,尤其是放在第一句,很多人由于沒有能夠讀懂這一句的意思從而影響了后面的理解。“misguided”的意思是“被誤導(dǎo)的”。
  2. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.
  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 句子的主干是“Scientists need to respond to animal rights advocates”,“whose”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句,指代“animal rights advocates”。 “are confusing”和“(are)threatening”是并列的謂語。單詞“thereby”的意思是“因此, 從而, 在那方面”。
  3. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines。
  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 句子的主句是“a woman was distributing a brochure”�!皊taffing”是現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語;“brochure”后邊的“that”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句,修飾“brochure”。“anything”后邊的“that”也接一個(gè)定語從句,限定修飾“anything”�!皊taff”在此句中作動(dòng)詞使用,“staff”在用作名詞的時(shí)候表示“員工,職員”,但是在用作動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,就表示“充當(dāng)職員”。“booth”實(shí)際上指的就是“攤位”或“攤棚”,“fair”就是一次“展銷會(huì)”或者“集市”。
  4. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。
  【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst”。 “as well as new treatments and vaccines”此部分是一個(gè)狀語�!皌hose”的后邊跟了一個(gè)“who”引導(dǎo)的定語從句�!癮t best”的意思是“比較好的情況下”,“at worst”的意思是“比較壞的情況下”。
  全文翻譯:
  18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾說過類似這樣的話,“一個(gè)被誤導(dǎo)的事業(yè)如果要成功,它唯一需要的是好人無所作為”�,F(xiàn)在就有這樣的一個(gè)事業(yè),正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究,因?yàn)樗鼈兊囊环N理論說,動(dòng)物有禁止自己被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的權(quán)利�?茖W(xué)家應(yīng)該強(qiáng)有力的回應(yīng)動(dòng)物權(quán)利鼓吹者,因?yàn)樗麄兊难哉摶煜斯娨暵牐瑥亩{到衛(wèi)生知識(shí)和衛(wèi)生保健的進(jìn)步。動(dòng)物權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者將矛頭指向生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究,原因在于生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究依賴公共資金的資助,并且很少有人懂得醫(yī)學(xué)研究的過程。當(dāng)人們聽到醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)虐待動(dòng)物的指控時(shí),許多人都很困惑為什么有人會(huì)故意傷害動(dòng)物。
  例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶為動(dòng)物權(quán)利宣傳點(diǎn)散發(fā)小冊(cè)子。規(guī)勸人們不要使用動(dòng)物制品和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)制品——肉類,毛皮,藥物。當(dāng)她被問到是否反對(duì)免疫接種時(shí),她問疫苗是否來自動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。當(dāng)被告知的確如此,她回答道,“那么我不得不說,是的,我反對(duì)接種”。當(dāng)被問到瘟疫爆發(fā)怎么辦時(shí),她說,“不用擔(dān)心,科學(xué)家會(huì)找到一種方法,用計(jì)算機(jī)來解決問題”�?�,這樣好心的人根本就不明白為什么做生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究。
  科學(xué)家必須把他們的意思傳達(dá)給公眾,并且要有感情的和使用通俗易懂的語言,也就是說,要使用一般人能夠明白的語言,而不要使用分子生物學(xué)的術(shù)語。我們需要說明動(dòng)物研究與祖母的髖骨置換術(shù)、父親的心臟搭橋手術(shù)、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的針劑注射之間都密切相關(guān)。對(duì)于那些不知道需要?jiǎng)游镅芯縼碜鲞@些治療以及進(jìn)行新的治療和研究新的疫苗的人來說,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說得好是浪費(fèi),說得不好是殘忍。
  有很多事情可以做�?茖W(xué)家可以進(jìn)入中學(xué)課堂,展示他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。他們應(yīng)該對(duì)報(bào)刊的讀者來信及時(shí)做出反應(yīng),以防止動(dòng)物權(quán)利的誤導(dǎo)言論在毫無質(zhì)疑的情況下橫行,從而獲得一副真理的面容�?蒲袡C(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該對(duì)外開放,讓人參觀,向人們展示實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的動(dòng)物獲得了人道的照顧。比較后,因?yàn)楸容^終決定因素是病人,醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)該積極爭取斯蒂芬·庫柏這樣的名人的支持——他對(duì)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定——而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治療的病人的支持。如果好人無所作為,一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的寶貴火種。

結(jié)束

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