同位語從句

　　1．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not Up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits Of the heavens，the moon and the planets．

　　[參考譯文]  蘋果向下落到地面而不是向上飛到樹上，這一事實(shí)回答了他長期以來一直對(duì)月球和行星——那些天空中更大的天體所存的疑問。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，可以·切分為：The fact (that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree)answered the question (he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, )(the moon and the planets)，主句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The fact answered the question；第一個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，該從句的主語是the apple，謂語是fell down，and之后是謂語并列結(jié)構(gòu)，有省略現(xiàn)象，補(bǔ)全后應(yīng)是：and(did)not (fell)up into the tree，toward the earth和into the tree均是介詞短語，作謂語fell down的方向狀語；第二個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)是question的定語從句，前面省略了連接詞that，about those larger fruits of the heavens是介詞短語，作question的后置定語；第三個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)是并列的名詞短語，作前面those larger fruits of the heavens的同位語。該句翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將同位語從句that the apple．．．the tree先譯出，再譯主句。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  fruit of the heavens天體(這里fruit為詞匯活用現(xiàn)象)；planet行星。

　　2．A century ago，F(xiàn)reud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears．

　　[參考譯文]  一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，弗洛伊德闡述了他具有革命性的理論，即夢(mèng)是對(duì)我們所不曾意識(shí)到的欲望和恐懼的內(nèi)心深處的反映。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，可拆分為兩段：(A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory)(that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，修飾前面的theory；主句中Freud是主語，formulated是謂語，theory是賓語，revolutionary是theory的定語；同位語從句中，dreams是主語，were是謂語動(dòng)詞，shadows是表語，disguised作shadows的定語，介詞短語of our unconscious desires and fears作shadows的后置定語，unconscious作desires and fears的定語。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  Freud弗洛伊德(1856—1939，奧地利精神病學(xué)家，精神分析學(xué)派心理創(chuàng)始人)；formulate形成，闡述；revolutionary革命性的；disguised偽裝的，深層的；unconscious無意識(shí)的，be unconscious of．．．對(duì)……不了解，聯(lián)想記憶：conscious有意識(shí)的，be conscious of．．．對(duì)……很了解，subconscious潛意識(shí)的。

　　3. And by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of dreams as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.

　　[參考譯文]  到了20世紀(jì)70年代末期，神經(jīng)學(xué)家們轉(zhuǎn)而認(rèn)為夢(mèng)僅僅是人們頭腦中的噪音——睡眠中進(jìn)行的神經(jīng)修復(fù)過程中偶然產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，可看作由兩段組成：破折號(hào)之前是主句，破折號(hào)之后是一個(gè)名詞短語，作前面mental noise的同位語；主句的主語是neurologists，謂語是had switched to，thinking of dreams是動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作介詞to的賓語，as just“mental noise”是介詞短語，作前面dreams的賓語補(bǔ)足語；同位語結(jié)構(gòu)中的主干詞是the random byproducts，句末的that從句作前面the neural-repair work的后定語。

　　知識(shí)鏈接the late 1970s，20世紀(jì)?0年代末期；neurologist精神病學(xué)家；switch to doing sth．／sth．轉(zhuǎn)向做……；think of．．．a(chǎn)s．．．認(rèn)為……是……；mental noise心理噪音；random隨意的，偶然的；byproduct副產(chǎn)品；neural—repair神經(jīng)修復(fù)；goon持續(xù)。

　　4. The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

　　[參考譯文]  熱泵的停用很大程度上是源于對(duì)廣告商宣傳的質(zhì)疑。他們聲稱熱泵每使用一個(gè)單位的電能，就能產(chǎn)生高達(dá)兩個(gè)單位的熱能，這顯然與能量守恒定律相矛盾。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，可切分為三大段：(The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers' claims)(that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used,)(thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation)，第一段是主句，第二段是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，解釋claims的內(nèi)容，第三段是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作前面provide的結(jié)果狀語；主句的主語是The use，謂語是has been held back，about advertisers’ claims為介詞短語，作skepticism的后定語；同位語結(jié)構(gòu)的主語是heat pumps，謂語是can provide，賓語是two units of thermal energy，as many as為同級(jí)比較短語，作two units的定語，for．．．electrical energy為介詞短語，與provide…，for．．．構(gòu)成固定搭配，used是過去分詞，作前面electrical energy的后定語，electrical energy used屬于名詞+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這句話的翻譯要點(diǎn)是：that同位語從句單獨(dú)翻譯，而且前面要將claim轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞“聲稱”譯出。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  heat pump熱泵；holdback阻止，停用；largely很大程度上；skepticism懷疑；advertiser廣告商；claim聲稱(這里活譯為宣傳)；unit(物理學(xué))單位；thermal energy熱能；thermal熱力的，如：thermos熱水瓶，thermometre溫度計(jì)；contradict與……矛盾，違背；energy conservation能量守恒。

　　5. One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall.

　　[參考譯文]  一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為工作時(shí)間將會(huì)持續(xù)下降。該觀點(diǎn)用于支持以下看法，即就業(yè)將繼續(xù)是主要的工作方式；就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)將比較終提供給所有想就業(yè)敝人。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，可切分為三大段：One argument (used to support  the idea)(that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that  employment will eventually become available {or all who want it,)is that working time will  continue to fall，括號(hào)外的內(nèi)容是主句，比較簡單：One argument．．．is that working time will continue to fall，其中One argument作主語，is是謂語系動(dòng)詞，that引導(dǎo)表語從句；第一個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)，一定關(guān)注used為過去分詞，作argument的后置定語，to support the idea是不定式，作目的狀語；第二個(gè)括號(hào)內(nèi)是that．．．a(chǎn)nd that．．．引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，作前面idea的同位語從句，其中第一個(gè)that從句的主語是employment，謂體是will continue to be，表語是the dominant form of work，第二個(gè)that從句的主語是employment，謂語是will…become，表語是available，介詞短語for all who want讓作范圍狀語，實(shí)際上，available for已構(gòu)成固定搭配，參見知識(shí)鏈接，who want it作a11的定語從句，讓指代前面的employment。這句話翻譯時(shí)首先要處理主句，即One argument is that working time will continue to fall，再將后置定語used to support the idea和兩個(gè)that同位語從句單獨(dú)翻譯。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  argument觀點(diǎn)，論點(diǎn)；employment就業(yè)，聯(lián)想記憶：employee雇員；employer雇主，老板；unemployment失業(yè)；dominant主要的，統(tǒng)治性的；eventually比較終；sth．is available for sb提供給某人某物。

　　6. Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with one's. own personality and one's life.

　　[參考譯文]  死亡是戲劇化的一次性危機(jī)，而老年卻是日復(fù)一日、年復(fù)一年與強(qiáng)大的內(nèi)外力量抗?fàn)幍倪^程，即逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)自我個(gè)性和生命的苦樂參半的過程。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句可拆分為三大段：(Deathi3adramatic，one-time crisis)(while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces，)(a bittersweet coming，to terms with one's own personality and one's life)，第一、二段是由while連接的兩個(gè)并列句，第三段是一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語，作前面confrontation的同位語；第一段中Death是主語，is是謂語，crisis是表語，dramatic，one-time均作crisis的定語，第二段中old age是主語，is是謂語，confrontation是表語，day-by-day，year-by-year均作confrontation的定語，with．．．forces是介詞短語，作confrontation的后置定語，powerful，external，internal三詞作forces的并列定語，第三段的核心結(jié)構(gòu)是coming to terms with．．．，with引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作terms的后定語。該句翻譯時(shí)要將同位語結(jié)構(gòu)單獨(dú)作為一個(gè)句子處理。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  dramatic戲劇性的(來自drama戲劇)；one-time一次性的；crisis危機(jī)；while而(表轉(zhuǎn)折)；day-by-day日復(fù)一日的；year-by-year年復(fù)一年的；confrontation對(duì)抗，斗爭(zhēng)(源自confront面對(duì))；external外在的，外部的(前綴ex-表“外”)；internal內(nèi)在的(前綴in-表“里”)，bittersweet苦樂參半的，有苦有甜的；come to terms with…與……相識(shí)，了解……，如：He likes to come to terms with celebrities他喜歡結(jié)交名人；personality個(gè)性。

　　7. The tragedy of old age is not the fact that each of us must grow old and die but that the  process of doing so has been made unnecessarily and at times excruciatingly painful,  humiliating, debilitating and isolating through insensitivity, ignorance and poverty.

　　[參考譯文]  老年的悲劇并不在于我們每個(gè)人必會(huì)衰老直至死亡，而在于這樣的過程由于麻木不仁、愚昧無知以及貧困潦倒而有時(shí)變得痛苦難耐、備受屈辱、心力交瘁。

　　[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]  該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為；The tragedy．．．is not the，fact that．．．but that．．．，The tragedy是主語，is是謂語，not the fact，but．．．作表語，but之后省略了the fact，兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句作the fact的同位語；第一個(gè)that從句中g(shù)row是系動(dòng)詞；第二個(gè)that從句的主干為：the process．．．has  been  made  painful，  humiliating，  debilitating  and  isolating。  painful，humiliating，debilitating，，isolating四個(gè)形容詞作主語the process的補(bǔ)足語；through insensitivity，ignorance and poverty是介詞短語作狀語，of doing so介詞短語作the process的后置定語，so指代前面的grow old and die；unnecessarily and excruciatingly為并列副詞，修飾其后的四個(gè)形容詞，at times是時(shí)間狀語。翻譯第二個(gè)同位語從句時(shí)要把through介詞短語移至前面，這是英譯漢常見的變通原則。

　　[知識(shí)鏈接]  tragedy悲劇，聯(lián)想記憶：comedy喜劇；grow old衰老；unnecessarily不必要的；at times有時(shí)；excruciatingly難以忍受地；painful痛苦的(來自pain痛苦)，聯(lián)想記憶：painless沒有痛苦的，毫不費(fèi)力的；humiliating令人屈辱的；debilitating虛弱的；isolating孤獨(dú)的；insensitivity麻木不仁(來自sensitive敏感的)，聯(lián)想記憶：sensible明智的，senseless沒有道理的；ignorance無知(來自ignore忽視)，聯(lián)想記憶：ignorant無知的，be ignorant of．．．對(duì)……不了解，ignorance無知，be in ignorance of．．．．對(duì)……不了解；poverty貧困。