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    International     Business     and Cross-cultural Communication

    The increase in international business and in  foreign  investment has  created a  need  for executives with  knowledge of foreign  languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans， however， have not  been well  trained in either area and， consequently， have  not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise， but in order to participate in either one， the negotiators  must understand  the  ways  in which  people are persuaded and how compromise  is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad， Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.  It  often    appears  to  the  foreign  negotiator  that  the  American  represents  a  large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad， several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception， while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of  the   American   negotiator.  Furthermore， American   negotiators often   insist  on  realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators， on the  other hand， may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in  it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify  the  relationship，  they  may  opt  for  indirect  interactions  without  regard  for  the  time involved in getting to know the other negotiator. Clearly，  perceptions and differences  in values affect the  outcomes of negotiations and the success  of  negotiators. For Americans to play a  more effective role in  international  business negotiations， they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.

    全文翻譯：國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流  國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語(yǔ)知識(shí)和跨文化交 流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。

    然而，美國(guó)人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓(xùn)練，因此沒有在國(guó)際談判 中象他們的外國(guó)對(duì)手一樣成功。 談判是為了達(dá)成協(xié)議而反復(fù)交流的過(guò)程。 它包括說(shuō)服和妥 協(xié)。但是為了去進(jìn)行說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說(shuō)服人和怎樣達(dá)成 妥協(xié)。 在國(guó)外的國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中，美國(guó)人被視為富有和不帶個(gè)人情感。

    在外國(guó)談判者看來(lái)， 似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬(wàn)資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起 價(jià)錢。

    美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。 對(duì)在國(guó)外的美國(guó)談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)，或許證實(shí)這個(gè)已成定式的看法。 尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。

    此外，美國(guó)談判者經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo)，而外國(guó)的談判者會(huì)珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長(zhǎng)期利益投 入時(shí)間。 為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系，他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解對(duì)方的時(shí)間。 明顯地，價(jià)值觀的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結(jié)果和談判者的成功與否。美國(guó)人要 在國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。