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    Skyscrapers and Environment

    In the  late 1960's，  many people in North America turned  their attention  to environmental problems， and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were  widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a  city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers， and wasters， of electric power. In one recent year， the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120， 000 kilowatts —— enough to supply the entire city of Albany， New York， for a day. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss （or gain） through a wall of half-inch  plate glass is  more than ten  times that through a typical  masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain  on heating and air-conditioning  equipment， builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass， and reflective glasses coated with silver  or  gold  mirror  films  that  reduce  glare  as  well  as  heat  gain.    However，  mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings. Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities， too. If fully occupied， the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year —— as much as a city the size of Stanford， Connecticut， which has a population of more than 109， 000.全文翻譯：摩天大樓與環(huán)境60  年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了環(huán)境問題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到 了廣泛的批評。

    生態(tài)學(xué)家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經(jīng)常給公共交通與停車場的承載能 力造成過重的負(fù)擔(dān)。摩天大樓還是電能的過度消費者與浪費者。  最近的某一年，紐約市摩 天寫字樓 1，700 萬英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的最高日需求量提高了 120，000 千瓦。  這 些電能足以供紐約的整個奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費。  通過半 英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失（或增加）的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失（或 增加）的十倍以上。

    為了減輕取暖設(shè)備或空調(diào)設(shè)備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經(jīng)開始使 用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來減少強(qiáng)光照射和熱量的 增加；但是，鏡面的摩天大樓會提高周圍空氣的溫度并會對附近的建筑物產(chǎn)生影響。摩天大 樓也對城市的衛(wèi)生設(shè)施造成了沉重的壓力。

    單單紐約市的二個世界貿(mào)易中心大樓如果完全 被占滿的話，每年就會產(chǎn)生 2，250，000 加侖的污水。  這相當(dāng)于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這 樣大的城市一年所產(chǎn)生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有 109，000 人口。