Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravitythrough the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curiousabout the cause of the orbitalmotion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

　　How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

　　In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “The data are still inconclusive.” We know that, the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

　　What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but also has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”

　　譯文

　　在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)與其說(shuō)是依靠事先準(zhǔn)備的試驗(yàn)還不如說(shuō)是依靠觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)者的有準(zhǔn)備的頭腦。據(jù)稱艾薩克·牛頓爵士通過(guò)蘋果落地，發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬(wàn)有引力。多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，蘋果一直在許多地方落下，成千上萬(wàn)的人看見(jiàn)它落地。但多年來(lái)牛頓一直對(duì)月球和行星繞軌道運(yùn)行的起因感到好奇。是什么使它們各就其位?它們?yōu)槭裁床粡奶焐系粝聛?lái)?蘋果朝地下掉落而不是往樹上飛這一事實(shí)，回答了牛頓長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)對(duì)月球和行星那些較大的天上果實(shí)所存的疑問(wèn)。

　　有多少人會(huì)考慮過(guò)蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性?牛頓考慮過(guò)，因?yàn)樗�不想�?duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。他只是在不斷思考。他的思想對(duì)不可預(yù)測(cè)的事情有所準(zhǔn)備。不可預(yù)測(cè)性是研究的本質(zhì)不可缺少的一部分。如果沒(méi)有不可預(yù)測(cè)的事物，就沒(méi)有研究�？茖W(xué)家們?cè)谧珜懬�篇一��、枯燥乏味的論文供專業(yè)期刊發(fā)表時(shí)往往忘記這一點(diǎn)，而歷史上這樣的例子比比皆是。

　　在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是較為年輕的科學(xué)家們交談時(shí)，也許會(huì)得出這樣一種印象，即他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”，可以取代想象思維。我參加過(guò)不少研討會(huì)，會(huì)上某一位科學(xué)家總被問(wèn)到，他對(duì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)的合理性有何想法。那位科學(xué)家皺皺眉頭，看看圖表，然后說(shuō)“數(shù)據(jù)仍不夠充分”。“這點(diǎn)我們知道，”預(yù)算辦公室人員說(shuō)，“但你的意見(jiàn)如何?還值得往下做嗎?”“你認(rèn)為我們的結(jié)果可能會(huì)如何?”那位科學(xué)家大為震驚，他沒(méi)有料到別人會(huì)讓他預(yù)測(cè)。

　　當(dāng)然這些就等于說(shuō)，那位科學(xué)家已經(jīng)成為自己論文的犧牲品，他所提出的種種斷語(yǔ)不容置疑，以致他不僅自以為是，而且使工商管理人員深信無(wú)疑。如果試驗(yàn)完全按照科學(xué)期刊報(bào)告中陳述的那樣，照計(jì)劃不折不扣地去設(shè)計(jì)完成，那么，管理人員就認(rèn)為，研究的結(jié)果可以美元，美分計(jì)，這完全符合邏輯。審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何使其實(shí)現(xiàn)的科學(xué)家們根本沒(méi)必要三心二意，一直眼睛盯著現(xiàn)金記錄卡，另一只眼睛則盯著顯微鏡。如果像科學(xué)家寫論文所反映的那樣，渴求規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么管理人員歧視研究人員中的“標(biāo)新立異者”而贊賞“善于合作者，”即思想上也較為循規(guī)蹈矩的人，也是無(wú)可指責(zé)的。

　　詞匯

　　blame v. 譴責(zé)，責(zé)備;歸咎n. 責(zé)任，過(guò)失

　　例句：I don’t blame you for the failure of the exam. 我不因?yàn)榭荚嚨氖�敗而�?zé)怪你。

　　詞組：blame sth on 把某事歸咎于……;blame sb. for sth. 因某事責(zé)備某人;in blame of 責(zé)備

　　budget n. 預(yù)算

　　例句：Most of our defense budget goes for conventional forces and manpower. 我們大部分的國(guó)防預(yù)算是用在常規(guī)力量和人員上面。

　　conference n. 會(huì)議，協(xié)商會(huì)，討論會(huì)

　　例句：After the interview they held a press conference together. 會(huì)談后，他們共同舉行了記者招待會(huì)。

　　詞組：in conference 正在開會(huì)討論;have a conference with 和……協(xié)商

　　Conformity n. 符合，依照(法規(guī)，習(xí)俗等)

　派生：conform v. 遵守，依照，符合，順應(yīng)(與to 連用)

　　例句：We should act in conformity with rules and laws. 我們應(yīng)該依照規(guī)定和法律辦事。

　　詞組：in conformity with sth. 與某事物相一致

　　conventional a. 按慣例辦事的，守舊的;傳統(tǒng)的

　　派生：convention n. 慣例，習(xí)俗;大會(huì)，會(huì)議

　　例句：After a few conventional remarks, he made a brilliant speech. 講了幾句套話后，他做了一個(gè)非常精彩的演講。

　　Convince v. 使某人確信，使某人明白

　　派生：convinced a. 被說(shuō)服的convincing a. 令人信服的

　　例句：What he said convinced me of the truth. 他所說(shuō)的話使我相信了這個(gè)事實(shí)。

　　詞組：convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事

　　提示：convince 只能做及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟sb. 做其賓語(yǔ)。

　　curious a. 好奇的，好打聽的

　　派生：curiosity n. 好奇心

　　例句：She is curious about what has happened. 她很想知道發(fā)生了什么。

　　詞組：be curious about 對(duì)……好奇;be curious to do 很想(做);渴望(做)

　　Distract v. 轉(zhuǎn)移注意力;迷惑，擾亂

　　例句：The noise in the classroom distracted me from reading. 教室里的嘈雜聲使我不能集中注意力看書。

　　反義詞：attract

　　essential a. 必要的;本質(zhì)的

　　例句：We must dispose of too many essential features of the investigated phenomenon. 我們不得不排除所研究現(xiàn)象的許多基本特征。

　　辨析：essential, fundamental, vital

　　essential 指屬于本事物最本質(zhì)的東西或者能與其他事物相區(qū)別的特征;fundamental 指某一體系事物或建筑的基礎(chǔ);vital 指重要的，對(duì)事物的存在、持續(xù)的活力或效率必不可少的。

　　faithfully ad. 忠誠(chéng)地，誠(chéng)實(shí)地

　　派生：faithful a. 忠誠(chéng)的，可靠的faith n. 信任，信用;信仰

　　例句：The old nurse has served the family faithfully for forty years. 這個(gè)老保姆為這個(gè)家庭忠誠(chéng)地服務(wù)了四十年。

　　frown v. 皺眉;表示不高興

　　例句：The government frowns at any waste of taxpayers’ money. 政府對(duì)任何浪費(fèi)納稅者財(cái)稅的行為表示不滿。

　　詞組：frown on/upon 不贊成，不以為然

　　gravity n. 重力，引力

　　例句：Gravity, although the weakest known force, is the only universal force. 引力雖然是已知力中最弱的力，它卻是唯一普遍存在的力。

　　inconclusive a. 非決定性的;不確定的

　　例句：The jury found the evidence against the prisoner inconclusive and acquitted him. 陪審團(tuán)發(fā)現(xiàn)控告罪犯的罪證不確鑿，所以放了他。

　　反義詞：conclusive

　　indicate v. 提示，引起對(duì)……注意;表示;暗示

　　派生：indication n. 指示;象征，跡象indicator n. 指示器indicative a. 指示的，象征的(常與of 連用)

　　例句：A signpost on the road indicates the right way for the drivers. 馬路上的路標(biāo)為司機(jī)標(biāo)出適合的路。

　　orbital a. 軌道的

　　例句：If it fails, a new cargo spaceship must be launched to transport cargo to the orbital station.如果失敗必須發(fā)射新的載貨飛船為軌道站運(yùn)送貨物。

　　predict v. 語(yǔ)言，預(yù)示

　　派生：predictable a. 可語(yǔ)言的predictor n. 預(yù)言家prediction n. 語(yǔ)言;預(yù)報(bào)

　　例句：Could Marx predict that the October Revolution would take place in backward Russia? 馬克思能預(yù)料到在一個(gè)落后的俄國(guó)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)十月革命嗎?

　　speculate v. 推斷，推測(cè)(on, upon, about);投機(jī)

　　派生：speculation n. 推測(cè)，推斷

　　例句：The doctor speculated that a virus caused the disease. 醫(yī)生推斷是某種病毒引起了這種疾病。

　　substitute v. 代替，替代n. 代替品

　　派生：substitution n. 代替，代替物

　　例句：When a member is injured, a substitute plays in his place. 球員受傷時(shí)，替補(bǔ)球員就代替他的位置。

　　詞組：substitute for 代替，取代

　　同義詞：replace

　　victim n. 受害者，犧牲者

　　例句：We should not be a victim of materialism. 我們不應(yīng)該成為物質(zhì)主義的犧牲品。

　　詞組：fall a victim to 成為……的犧牲品