by 后面跟動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表示某人做了某件事，并通過(guò)這件事產(chǎn)生了某個(gè)結(jié)果。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）By bribing a nurse I was able to see some files.（通過(guò)賄賂護(hù)士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。）

　　2）They made a living by selling newspapers.（他們通過(guò)賣(mài)報(bào)謀生。）

　　3）He tried to solve his problem by cheating me.（他通過(guò)騙我來(lái)解決自己的問(wèn)題。）

　　4）We learn to swim by swimming.（我們?cè)谟斡局袑W(xué)會(huì)游泳。）

　　2.They thought that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.

　　本句中that同樣是引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。在賓語(yǔ)從句中，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)eating deer做主語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）Chatting on the internet would make him forget everything.（在網(wǎng)上聊天會(huì)使他忘記一切。）

　　2）Putting on air wouldn't do you any good.（擺架子不會(huì)對(duì)你有什么好處。）

　　3）Making friends with them is no easy job.（跟他們交朋友不是一件容易的事。）

　　make sb. do sth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make 后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to要省去，但是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)一定要用to，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）The boss made them work from morning till night.（老板使他們從早到晚地干活。）

　　2）He made me sit here all the time.（他讓我一直坐在這兒。）

　　3）She was made to finish the book in two days （by her father）。（父親讓她兩天把書(shū)看完。）

　　4）I was made to return the money as soon as possible （by my friend）。 （朋友讓我盡快還錢(qián)。）

　　3.Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

　　本句中的第一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的又是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，而后一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾enemies.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）He is a man that you can rely on.（他是一個(gè)你可以依靠的人。）

　　2）She gave me some books that I am really interested in.（她給了我一些我很感興趣的書(shū)。）

　　3）I would never forget the two years that I spent in that village.（我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我在那個(gè)村子里度過(guò)的兩年時(shí)光。）

　　本句中them brave 是make 的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）Don't wait for him. He will make us late.（別等他了，他會(huì)使我們遲到的。）

　　2）He was afraid that the story would make things worse.（他擔(dān)心那個(gè)故事會(huì)使事情更糟。）

　　3）I didn't know that the news had been made public.（我不知道這個(gè)消息已經(jīng)公開(kāi)了。）

　　4.It was once thought …

　　Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.

　　Tomatoes were believed to have magical powers

　　They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.

　　上面的這些句子全部用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

　　1）孩子們受到很好的照顧。（The children are well taken care of.）

　　2）這個(gè)問(wèn)題最近被談?wù)摰煤芏唷＃═his question has been much talked about recently.）

　　3）體育代表團(tuán)在機(jī)場(chǎng)受到了熱烈歡迎。（The sports delegation was given a warm welcome at the airport.）

　　4）那里講什么語(yǔ)言？（What language is spoken there？）

　　5）這本書(shū)是為兒童寫(xiě)的。（This book is written form children.）

　　6）他被認(rèn)為是這個(gè)工作的最佳人選。（He is thought to be the best candidate for the job.）

　　suppose 是一個(gè)常用詞，請(qǐng)注意掌握。

　　1）I suppose it was reasonable for him to want his money back.（我看他想要回他的錢(qián)是合理的。）

　　2）I suppose the answer is that he was not so hardworking.（我想答案在于他不夠刻苦。）

　　3）The situation was even worse than was supposed.（形勢(shì)比料想的更糟糕。）

　　4）Who do you suppose is the right person for the job？（你認(rèn)為誰(shuí)是這個(gè)工作的合適人選？）

　　5）I am not supposed to talk to you about this.（我不能和你談這個(gè)。）

　　6）He was supposed to leave for Shanghai last night.（他應(yīng)該昨夜動(dòng)身去上海。）

　　7）Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong， what would you do？（如果有了什么差錯(cuò)，你怎么辦？）

　　5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during WWII.

　　“how surprised the people would be”是主句，這是一個(gè)感嘆句；who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾people；if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　感嘆句通常用what 或how 引起。what 用來(lái)修飾一個(gè)名詞，how 修飾一個(gè)形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）What a kind-hearted man he is�。ㄋ�是一個(gè)多么好心的人�。。�

　　2）What good news it is�。ǘ嗪玫南�息�。。�

　　3）What a beautiful city�。ǘ嗝赖某鞘邪。。�

　　4）How lovely the children are�。ǘ嗫蓯�(ài)的孩子�。。�

　　5）How well she writes.（她寫(xiě)得多好�。。�

　　6）How I hated all this.（我多恨這一切�。。�

　　6.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　本句中that 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）My suggestion is that we should leave right now.（我的建議是我們現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）

　　2）What is troubling me is that I don't have much experience in teaching.（使我苦惱的是我在教學(xué)方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)不多。）

　　3）My idea is that we offer them more help.（我的意思是我們給他們提供更多的幫助。）

　　4）The fact is that we don't have enough hands.（事實(shí)是我們?nèi)耸植粔颉＃?/p>

　　7.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.

　　substitute for 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“代替，代用品”；substitute也可以做動(dòng)詞用，意思是“替代”。請(qǐng)看例句：

　　1）Don't you think it a good idea to use plastic as a substitute for wood？（你覺(jué)得用塑料做木材的代用品是個(gè)好主意嗎？）

　　2）Daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.（白日夢(mèng)不能取代辛勤的努力。）

　　3）A middle-aged woman substituted for the English teacher during her absence.（英語(yǔ)老師不在時(shí)，由一位中年婦女代替。）

　　8.Many people think of bread as a carbohydrate food.

　　think of … as是一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法，意思是“把…看作是…”，“認(rèn)為…是…”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

　　1）People think of him as a hero.（人們把他看作英雄。）

　　2）He thinks of himself as the most important member of the family.（他認(rèn)為自己是最重要的家庭成員。）

　　3）The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation.（黃河被看作是中華民族的搖籃。）

　　與think of …as 意思相近的習(xí)慣用法還有regard …as；consider…as；look upon…as；view…as；see …as 等等。

　　本課主要詞組

　　1.be eager to　　　　　　　　　2.be supposed to

　　3.fall in love　　　　　　　　　 4.grow up

　　5.be supplied to　　　　　　　　6.substitute for

　　7.have sth. to do with　　　　　　8.at the meal

　　9.as a matter of fact　　　　　　 10.think of …as…

　　11.in the same way

　　本課主要句型

　　賓語(yǔ)從句

　　1.Many people believe that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.

　　2.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.

　　3.Some savage tribes believe that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

　　表語(yǔ)從句

　　1.One idea was that fish is the best brain food.

　　2.Another idea is that you should not drink water with meals.

　　3.The reason was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.

　　4.A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream …for a poisonous combination.

　　5.Still another idea is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.

　　感嘆句

　　1.How surprised that people…would be …。

　　形容詞，副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)

　　1.They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.

　　2.Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.

　　3.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　4.Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin and bone food.

　　5.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.

　　6.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.

　　Text B  Do Animals Think？

　　短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

　　1.a great deal

　　There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.

　　We learned a great deal from her.

　　2.be like

　　Look at the little boy， he is so much like his father.

　　War is not like what he described in his novel.

　　3.have time for

　　I don't know why he didn’t have time for breakfast.

　　Don't worry， we will have enough time for discussion.

　　4.engage in

　　He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.

　　It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.

　　5.take care of

　　The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.

　　She took care of her little brother while mother was away.

　　6.in some / many respects

　　in one / this respect

　　He is different from the people around him in many respects.

　　We are lagging behind at least in one respect.

　　7.except

　　I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.

　　There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.

　　All the boys except Tom went camping last week.

　　In the evening she never went anywhere except to the nearest coffee house.

　　8.connect with

　　There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.

　　Good health is connected with diet.

　　There are serious questions connected with the radioactive waste disposal （放射性廢料的處理）。

　　9.make improvement in

　　The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.

　　Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.

　　10.by instinct

　　She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.

　　Birds build their nests by instinct.

　　11.speak of

　　Professor Blackwell always speaks highly of his assistant.

　　Did he speak of the serious earthquake that struck Taiwan last week？

　　12.let out

　　“Let me out，” the boy shouted，but nobody came.

　　The prisoners were let out of their cells.

　　13.as if

　　He looked at me as if I were mad.

　　She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.

　　He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.

　　14.have one's wits about one〔機(jī)警，保持警覺(jué)〕

　　In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.

　　He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.

　　15.a variety of

　　Don't bother him， he has a variety of duties to perform.

　　The college library has a wide variety of books.

　　16.difference between

　　Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries？

　　I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.