2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以醫(yī)生為職業(yè)。）

　　3）By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people.

　�。ò雌涑錾�和所受的教��，托馬斯·杰弗遜都屬于社會的了最高階層，但他從來不輕視勞動人民。）

　　relate是一個動詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯(lián)系”。請看例句：

　　1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人們要把結果和原因聯(lián)系起來并不困難。）

　　2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理論和實踐聯(lián)系起來，對你的幫助也許會更大。）

　　relate還可解釋為敘述；有關，涉及；相處得好

　　1） He related us a story vividly. （他生動地給我們講述了一個故事。）

　　2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的講話涉及國際形勢。）

　　3）He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同學們相處得很好。）

　　related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯(lián)系的，相關的�！�

　　1） These four people are closely related to each other. （這四個人聯(lián)系緊密。）

　　2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他對繪畫及其有關的藝術很感興趣。）

　　2.…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。

　　“descended from a common ancestor”是一個省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”，如：

　　1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。）

　　2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （達爾文斷定人由猿進化而來。）

　　descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；轉而說到”

　　1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司墮落到用裸照做廣告。）

　　2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生轉而談到了我們必須注意的細節(jié)問題。）

　　common是一個形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，請看例句：

　　1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫無疑問，這是英語初學者常犯的語法錯誤。）

　　2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （對這個普通常識你怎么會一無所知。）

　　3）They have no common interests. （他們沒有共同的愛好。）

　　3.Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …

　　think of …as …是一個很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：

　　1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作為天才。）

　　2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黃河被看作為中華民族的搖籃。）

　　與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：

　　regard…as　　look upon…as…

　　see…as…　　view…as…

　　consider…as…

　　4.For others， having a family simply means having children.

　　本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當mean作“意味著”解釋時，在它的后面應該跟名詞或者動名詞，如：

　　1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受這份工作將意味著我得搬到另一個城市去。）

　　2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工資意味著利潤的降低。）

　　當mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如：

　　1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我無意冒犯你。）

　　2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把書給你的，但我忘了。）

　　5.Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.

　　請注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個表示轉折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德賭輸了他所有的錢，而珍妮卻為兒子的教育攢下每一分錢。）

　　while在不同的語境中有不同的意思，請翻譯下面的句子，注意while的詞義。

　　1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期間，他們打算找個更便宜的地方住。）

　　2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交談時，他看了幾次表。）

　　3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一組孩子很安靜，而第二組孩子非�；钴S。）

　　4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （盡管我同情這些人，但我覺得他們有罪。）

　　5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我們不失去希望，我們就會成功。）

　　6.No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.

　　no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導讓步從句也是十分常見的。請看下面的例句：

　　1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （無論發(fā)生什么事，請讓我知道。）

　　2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。）

　　3）No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （無論我多努力，我總不能成功。）

　　4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （無論你信不信，那總是事實。）

　　5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。）

　　6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。）

　　7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花）

　　上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：

　　1） Whatever happens， please let me know.

　　2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.

　　3）However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.

　　4） Wherever you go， I will follow you.

　　5） Whichever book you like， you can have it.

　　7.It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.

　　本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。

　　security 是一個名詞，意思是“安全”。

　　that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.

　　8.However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.

　　本句中的however是一個表示轉折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。請看例句：

　　1） This， however， is not your fault. （但這不是你的錯。）

　　2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不過來。）

　　句中的with是一個介詞，意思是“隨著”，請看例句：

　　1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（隨著經(jīng)濟基礎的改變，上層建筑也必須改造。）

　　2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，社會在迅速地改變。）

　　with是一個十分常用的介詞，請看下面的句子，注意with的用法和詞意：

　　1）Who will go with you？ （誰和你一起去？）

　　2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老師對我們很嚴格。）

　　3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （聽了這個消息，我們都高興得跳了起來。With表示原因。）

　　4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一舉兩得。With意為“用，以”，譯法可靈活。）

　　5）China is a country with a large population. （中國是一個有眾多人口的國家。With表示“有，帶有”）

　　6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了這項工作。With引起短語作方式狀語。）

　　7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.

　�。ㄋ�雙手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引導獨立結構：with+名詞+過去分詞，做方式狀語。）

　　8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意為“就…來說”）

　　9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（憑）你的知識和經(jīng)驗，你肯定會找到一份好工作。）

　　10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （盡管他有缺點，他還是個不錯的人。）

　　句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。請看例句：

　　1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他決定加緊學習好趕上別人。）

　　2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （為了趕上末班車，他匆匆向外跑去。）

　　9.Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.

　　句子中的therefore是一個副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內(nèi)容是前面已經(jīng)表述的內(nèi)容的結果，也可以用來引導一個結論。類似的表達還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。請看例句：

　　1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比賽延期了。）

　　2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考試沒及格。）

　　3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一個月，因此落在了同學后面。）

　　as the society industrializes隨著社會的工業(yè)化。as是一個連詞，表示“當…時”。請看例句：

　　1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （隨著時間的推移，你會更喜歡這個地方。）

　　2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他談著的時候，越來越興奮。）

　　本課中還有：

　　1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.

　　2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.

　　10.social scientists now talk of two new family forms…

　　本句中的talk是一個不及物動詞，在表達“談論某人（某事）”時，talk后面應該用介詞of或者about.請看例句：

　　1）What are you talking about？（你們在談什么？）

　　2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang.（他們正談論去看張先生的事。）

　　3）What do you mean when you talk about culture？（你談論文化時指的是什么？）

　　Text B  The Changing American Family

　　短語表達

　　1.all over

　　We have friends all over the world.

　　I have been looking all over for him.

　　2.provide for

　　Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family.

　　They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.

　　3.be expected to

　　Parents are expected to provide for their children.

　　You are expected to be here before eight.

　　4.take care of

　　The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away.

　　The cat and the dog were taken good care of.

　　5.on the other hand

　　I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don’t have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited.

　　6.be considered to be

　　He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.

　　Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person.

　　7.in addition （to）

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8.make decision

　　You have to make an immediate decision about the project.

　　It is difficult for me to make a decision right now.

　　9.help with

　　He hoped that his brother would help him with his math.

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10.in contrast

　　In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test.

　　Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year.

　　11.give up

　　You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily.

　　The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.

　　12.get ready for

　　He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam.

　　I haven't got ready for the interview yet.

　　13.be busy doing

　　Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.

　　The teacher is busy distributing the test papers.

　　14.in conclusion

　　She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion.

　　In conclusion，the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries.

　　15.instead of

　　Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one.

　　Who is going to the meeting instead of you？