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09年自考英語一課堂筆記(unit21)

作者:不明   發(fā)布時間:2009-07-11 09:48:06  來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)
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  Text A    the language of uncertainty

  本課主要單詞

  1.dominate v. rule, control (統(tǒng)治,支配,控制)

  domination n. 統(tǒng)治、支配、控制

  1)He felt ill at ease living in a white-dominated society. (他覺得生活在一個白人統(tǒng)治的社會里很不自在。)

  2)His opinion dominated the other members of the committee.(他的看法對委員會的其他成員起了決定性影響。)

  3)This issue dominated the discussion. (這個議題在討論中占了首要地位。)

  4)Agriculture has lost its dominance in many countries. (農(nóng)業(yè)在許多國家已失去了優(yōu)勢。)

  5)The domination of Europe over the rest of the world has long since declined.(歐洲對世界其他地區(qū)的支配作用早已衰弱。)

  2.judgment n. 判決;看法;判斷

  judge v. 審判;判斷;認為      n. 法官;裁判員

  1)He hoped the judgment would be in his favor. (他希望判決對他有利。)

  2)He sometimes couldn't live with himself if he made a mistake in judgment.(如果判斷失誤,他有時不能容忍自己。)

  3)In my judgment, we should do it right now. (依我看,我們應(yīng)該馬上做這件事。)

  4)He was brought to the judge, accused of stealing. (他被指控行竊而帶到法官面前受審。)

  5)Mr. Li is going to be a judge of a beauty contest. (李先生將做選美比賽的評判員。)

  6)The young man was judged innocent. (那個年輕人被判無罪。)

  7)We cannot judge whether it is right or wrong. (我們不能判斷這是對還是錯。)

  8)I judge she knew what she was doing. (依我看,她當時知道她在干什么。)

  3.editorial n. 社論 adj. 編輯的

  editor n. 編輯

  edit v. 編輯;校訂;修改

  1)This issue carries a weighty editorial on education. (這期登了一篇有關(guān)教育的很有分量的社論。)

  2)The editorial policies haven't changed a bit over the years. (這些年來編輯方針沒有絲毫改變。)

  3)He was made assistant editor on the paper. (他被任為那報紙的助理編輯。)

  4)The chief editor was on a business trip. (主編出差了。)

  5)Scholars often edit Shakespeare's plays. (學(xué)者們常校訂莎士比亞的劇本。)

  6)He is carefully editing his speed. (他正在仔細修改自己的講稿。)

  4.wage n. 工資,報酬      v. 進行,開展

  wage(s)通常指付給從事體力勞動或技術(shù)工作的人們的報酬,也可以指按星期付給從事該類工作的人們的工資。

  1)They stopped working to press for better wages and working conditions.(他們停止工作,要求更高的報酬和更好的工作條件。)

  2)His wages are 200 dollars a week. (他的工資是200美元一周。)

  3)They waged a campaign against cheating on exams. (他們開展了反對考試作弊的運動。)

  4)Germany waged a war against Poland. (德國對波蘭開戰(zhàn)。)

  5.probability n. 可能性;概率

  probable adj. 可能的

  在前一單元中,我們學(xué)習(xí)了副詞probably,同時也講了名詞probability和形容詞probable的用法。再請看幾個例句:

  1)The probability of an earthquake disturbed everybody. (地震的可能使每一個人不安。)

  2)In all probability, they could perform many different musical instruments.(他們很可能會演奏許多種不同的樂器。)

  3)Every event has a particular probability of occurring. (每個事件都有其特定的發(fā)生率。)

  4)This is the most probable interpretation of the situation. (這是對形勢的最可能的解釋。)

  5)Xiao Wang is the probable winner. (小王是頗有希望得勝的人。)

  6)It is probable that he forgot. (他或許是忘記了。)

  6.verbal adj. 言辭的;口頭的;動詞的

  1)This job calls for excellent verbal talent. (這份工作需要極好的口才。)

  2)The difference is merely verbal. (差別僅僅在于措辭。)

  3)“en” and “-ize” are common verbal endings. (“en” 和 “-ize”是常見的動詞詞尾。)

  verbal instructions (文字說明)    a verbal protest (口頭抗議)

  a verbal agreement (口頭協(xié)議)

  7.imprecision n. 不精確,不正確    imprecise adj. 不精確的;不正確的

  im-是一個前綴,通常加在以 “m”、 “p”、或 “b”為首的形容詞、副詞和名詞前,構(gòu)成反義詞。如:immature (不成熟的),immodest (不謙虛的),immoral (不道德的);impossible (不可能的), impolite (不禮貌的),impatience (不耐心);imbalance (不平衡)等等。

  -ion是一個名詞后綴,我們已經(jīng)多次碰到過,如protection (保護), extension (延伸)。

  1)The imprecision of the ordinary words led to many misunderstandings.(日常用詞意義的含混引起了許多誤解。)

  2)The imprecision of the ruler gave him a lot of trouble. (尺子的不精確給他帶來了很多麻煩。)

  3)My ideas about it were imprecise. (我對這個問題的看法不準確。)

  4)The terms he used were imprecise. (他用的術(shù)語不確切。)

  8.denote v. indicate, show (指示;代表;是…的標記)

  1)Dark clouds denote rain. (烏云是下雨的預(yù)兆。)

  2)Red flares denote danger. (紅色火焰是危險的標記。)

  3)My identity was denoted by a plastic label on my wrist. (我手腕上的塑料標簽表明了我的身份。)

  9.subjective adj. 主觀的

  subject n. 主觀;題目;學(xué)科;臣民;主語      adj. 受支配的;易受…的

  1)It is only my subjective impression. (這僅是我的主觀印象。)

  2)How can you fully believe his subjective judgement? (你怎能完全相信他的主觀判斷?)

  3)What's the subject for today’s debate? (今天辯論的題目是什么?)

  4)I am taking four subjects this semester. (本學(xué)期我選四門課。)

  5)He is a British subject. (他是英國臣民。)

  6)India is no longer subject to British rule. (印度不再受英國統(tǒng)治了。)

  7)This area is subject to seasonal winds. (這個地區(qū)常遭受季風(fēng)的襲擊。)

  10.potentially adv. 可能地,潛在地

  potential adj. 潛在的,可能的       n. 潛力,可能性

  1)Electricity is potentially dangerous. (電是潛力的危險。)

  2)The dispute has scared away potential investors. (這場爭論嚇跑了可能的投資者。)

  3)The hole in the road is a potential danger. (路上的那個坑是個潛在的危險。)

  4)The system gives everyone a chance to tap one's potential to the full.(這種體制給了每個人充分發(fā)揮潛能的機會。)

  11.prediction n. 預(yù)言;預(yù)報

  predict v. 預(yù)言,預(yù)報

  pre-是一個前綴,表示before, 如:prehistoric (史前的),preschool (學(xué)前)。

  dict是個詞根,意思是to say, 如:contradict (矛盾;否定),dictator (獨裁者;口授者)

  1)Have you listened to the weather prediction for the day? (你聽了當天的天氣預(yù)報了嗎?)

  2)They made prediction about possible price increase. (他們對物價上漲的可能性進行預(yù)測。)

  3)The weather scientists predicted a light rain and temperature drop. (氣象專家們預(yù)測有小雨,氣溫將下降。)

  4)I cannot predict what will happen. (我無法預(yù)料將會發(fā)生什么事情。)

  12.signify v. 表示…的意思;表明;意味著

  signification n. 意義;表示

  我們講到過-fy是個動詞后綴,意思是make,如identify, beautify, purify等等。

  sign是詞根,意思是mark,如:signature (簽字,記號),design (設(shè)計,意圖)

  1)“MD” signifies “Doctor of Medicine”。 (“MD”意為“醫(yī)學(xué)博士”。)

  2)He signifies consent with a smile. (他微笑表示同意。)

  3)The clouds signified the coming storm. (烏云預(yù)示著即將有暴風(fēng)雨。)

  4)Signification relies largely upon words and gestures. (表示意思主要靠言詞和示意動作。)

  13.secondly adv. 第二,其次

  1)He was first of all a dishonesty chap, secondly he was irresponsible. (首先他是個不誠實的家伙,其次他沒有責(zé)任心。)

  2)I don't like this pair of shoes. Firstly the color is awful; secondly it is too expensive.(我不喜歡這雙鞋。首先顏色很糟糕,其次價格太貴。)

  14.assign v. 分配;指派;指定;布置

  assignment n. 任務(wù);作業(yè);分配

  1)They assigned me a small room. (他們分給我一個小房間。)

  2)I was assigned to the mountain village. (我被派到那個山村工作。)

  3)Have you assigned a day for the meeting? (你們指定了開會日期嗎?)

  4)He finished all the homework assignments in two hours. (他用兩小時完成了全部的家庭作業(yè)。)

  5)My first major assignment as a reporter was to cover a large scale riot. (我做記者的首次重要任務(wù)是采訪一個大規(guī)模暴動。)

  15.marked adj. 明顯的;顯著的

  1)The patient showed a marked improvement. (病人的病情顯著好轉(zhuǎn)。)

  2)A market police car sped past just now. (剛才一輛有標記的警車急駛而過。)

  3)The boy showed marked improvements in spelling and reading. (那個男孩在拼寫和閱讀方面有了顯著提高。)

  16.widen v. 加寬,放寬擴大

  我們在前面講到過-en可以做動詞后綴,用在名詞或形容詞后面構(gòu)成動詞,如:lengthen, heighten, shorten, brighten等等。

  1)The river widens where it meets the sea. (那條河在入�?谔幾儗捔恕#�

  2)The road finally widened and we didn't have to worry about traffic blocks any more.(那條路終于拓寬了,我們不用再擔心交通堵塞了。)

  3)The misunderstanding widened the gulf between the two sides. (誤解加深了雙方的隔閡。)

  4)His arguments widened my ideas. (他的論點開闊了我的思路。)

  5)He stared at me, his eyes widening. (他逼視著我,眼睛睜得大大的。)

  17.consistent adj. 堅持的,一貫的,與…符合

  consistency n. 一致,連貫,堅持

  1)The professor had a consistent attitude towards all his students. (這位教授對他所有的學(xué)生一視同仁。)

  2)His deeds are not consistent with his words. (他們言行不一致。)

  3)The manager's statement was consistent with the fact. (經(jīng)理的說法與事實相符。)

  4)There is no consistency between the movie and the book. (電影和書的情節(jié)不符。)

  5)Her rude behavior is not in consistency with her usual polite nature.(她的粗魯行為和她平時斯文的性情不相符合。)

  18.systematically adv. 有系統(tǒng)地;有計劃地

  systematic adj. 有系統(tǒng)的,有條理的

  1)They did everything systematically. (他們有條不紊地做了一切。)

  2)Do you have a systematic plan for the project? (對于這項工程你們有系統(tǒng)計劃嗎?)

  3)These skills are developed in a systematic way. (這些技能是有計劃地發(fā)展的。)

  本課簡介

  本文作者指出生活中有許多不確定的事物,這種種的不確定支配著我們的語言。我們的日常話語中很多 probably,many,soon,great,little一類的詞。不確定的語言主要有三類。一是如probably,possibly, surely一類詞,代表了一種主觀的可能,是可定量的。二是如many,often,soon一類詞,這類詞雖可定量,但他們表示的是一個知之不確的數(shù) 量。三是如fat,rich,drunk一類詞,這類詞不可能轉(zhuǎn)化為任何可接受的數(shù)目,因為不同的人賦予它們不同的價值觀。

  在特定的上下文中,這些詞是有什么意義?與使用者的年齡有何關(guān)聯(lián)?作者告訴我們?nèi)齻實驗結(jié)果。一,數(shù)量取決于所涉及的事物;二,所涉及的事物總量的大小會影響到一種說法被賦予的數(shù)值。三,年齡的影響極為明顯。

  本課主要語言點

  1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.

  動詞spread的過去式和過去分詞與動詞原形是一樣的。本句中的spread意思是becomes known or shared by more and more people (散布),如:

  1)News of the air crash spread quickly. (飛機墜毀的消息很快傳播開了。)

  2)He is making a lecture tour to spread his political influence. (他在作巡回演講以擴大自己的政治影響。)

  3)People seem to love spreading gossip. (人們似乎愛傳閑話。)

  spread這個詞還可以做名詞用,再請看幾個例子,注意spread的意思和詞類:

  1)A scene of property spreads out before us. (一幅欣欣向榮的景象展現(xiàn)在我們面前。)

  2)The spread of education benefits many girls. (教育的普及使許多女孩得益。)

  3)He was spreading peanut butter on bread. (他正往面包上涂花生醬。)

  4)Many people died as a result of the spread of fire. (火勢蔓延致使多人喪生。)

  5)You many consider spreading the work load. (你可以考慮把工作分攤一下。)

  lives是life的復(fù)數(shù)形式。life做可數(shù)名詞用時,意思是“生命”,“一生,壽命”,如:

  1)He nearly lost his life. (他幾乎送了命。)

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