Section ⅠUse of English
   
    Directions:
   
    Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
   
    一、美陪審團制度
   
    As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a “common law”, or law made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislature. The jury, a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an__4__ part of our common-law system.
   
    Use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.__6__the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__8__, as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after “__10__”, or discussions among a group of people, the jury’s decision is likely to have the__11__ from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right.
   
    Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide__12__ among__13__ citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government __14__ that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and__15__. Jurors, consisting of __16__ numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury.
   
    The judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states,__19__jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictated by state law.
   
    1. [A] other than [B] rather than [C] more than [D] or rather
   
    2. [A] agency [B] organization [C] institution [D] authority
   
    3. [A] panel [B] crew [C] band [D] flock
   
    4. [A] innate [B] intact [C] integral [D] integrated
   
    5. [A]discriminating[B] distinguishing [C] determining [D] diminishing
   
    6. [A] in [B] by [C] after [D] over
   
    7. [A] that [B] which [C] than [D] as
   
    8. [A] alike [B] alone [C] altogether [D] apart
   
    9. [A] Although [B] Because [C] If [D] While
   
    10.[A] deliberations [B] meditations [C] reflections [D] speculations
   
    11.[A] outline [B] outcome [C] input [D] intake
   
    12.[A] arguments [B] controversies [C] disputes [D] hostilities
   
    13.[A] fellow [B] individual [C] personal [D] private
   
    14.[A] asserting [B] alleging [C] maintaining [D] testifying
   
    15.[A] assembled [B] evoked [C] rallied [D] summoned
   
    16.[A] set [B] exact [C] given [D] placed
   
    17.[A] allocated [B] allotted [C] appointed [D] assigned
   
    18.[A] administers [B] manages [C] oversees [D] presides
   
    19.[A] inspective [B] irrespective [C] perspective [D] prospective
   
    20.[A] bodies [B] parties [C] sides [D] units
   
    答案
   
    1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7.C 8.B 9. B 10. A
   
    11. C 12. C 13.D 14.B 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. B
   
    總體分析
   
    本文介紹了美國的陪審團制度。第一段指出，陪審團是美國共同法系統(tǒng)的基本組成部分。第二段分析了使用陪審團的原因。第三和四段分別介紹了陪審團的類型和選舉程序。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    美國的建國之父們作為大英帝國的前殖民者沿襲了其法律系統(tǒng)。我們有“共同法”，即由法庭而非君主或其他像立法機關(guān)這樣的中央政府權(quán)利機關(guān)制定的法律。陪審團由一群選來裁決案件的普通公民組成，是我們共同法系統(tǒng)基本的組成部分。
   
    使用陪審團裁決案件是美國法律系統(tǒng)的一個顯著特征。在世界上很少有其他國家和美國一樣使用陪審團。幾個世紀以來，許多人已經(jīng)相信在大多數(shù)情況下陪審團比許多國家那樣單獨使用一位法官達成的結(jié)果更公平、公正。因為陪審團裁決案件是在一群人“審議”或討論后，因此他們的決定可能受到不同背景的不同人的影響，這些人必須作為一個團體來決定什么是正確的。
   
    陪審團既被用在裁決普通公民之間糾紛的民事案件中，也用在裁決政府提出訟訴聲稱個人犯罪的刑事案件中。陪審團成員從美國公民中選出并被傳喚。由固定人數(shù)組成的陪審團在每一個需要陪審團的案件中都會被召喚。
   
    被指派負責案件的法官監(jiān)督陪審團成員的選舉。在一些州，未來的陪審團成員由法官詢問，而在另一些州，他們遵照州法律規(guī)定的法規(guī)接受代表各方當事人的律師的詢問。

    二、英國車速監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)
   
    The Treasury could pocket 20 million a year in extra fines once the country’s speed camera network is expanded. Motoring organizations warned that the __1__could become a poll tax on wheels’, __2__huge number of drivers. There could be many more incidents of vandalism __3__cameras.The warnings came__4__a Daily Mail survey found almost all the 23 police forces in England and Wales were either__5__to expansion plans or considering __6__.
   
    Nationwide, the number of speeding tickets is expected to treble,__7__ 90 million a year.__8__the scheme, police keep some of the cash from fines to __9__the costs of fitting and maintaining extra cameras and__10__that existing ones always have film in them. The rest will go to the Treasury. Both Ministers and police insist the scheme is aimed__11__at making roads safer. They point to trials in eight areas which cut collisions by a quarter and deaths and serious injuries by __12__a half.
   
    But motoring organizations fear cameras will be sited on relatively safe__13__fast stretches to catch as many drivers as possible. Some forces are also expected to__14__the “threshold” speeds at which cameras are__15__to the absolute legal minimum-15 mph in a 10 mph limit, and 26 mph in a 20 mph zone. This could encourage drivers to stare at their speedometers instead of concentrating on the road, and __16__to more accidents. Sue Nicholson, head of campaigns at the RAC, said, “We don’t have a problem with speed cameras __17__. But we do have concerns about__18__they are sited. Police risk losing credibility __19__motorists if cameras are seen as revenue-raising __20__safety devices.”
   
    1. [A] promotions [B] punishments [C] penalties [D] payments
   
    2. [A] isolating [B] separating [C] alienating [D] detaching
   
    3. [A] towards [B] against [C] before [D] over
   
    4. [A] so [B] once [C] as [D] where
   
    5. [A] subjected [B] engaged [C] intended [D] committed
   
    6. [A] taking part [B] keeping silence [C] making exception [D] paying respect
   
    7. [A] financing [B] profiting [C] funding [D] netting
   
    8. [A] From [B] Under [C] On [D] With
   
    9. [A] hide [B] cover [C] conceal [D] veil
   
    10. [A] pledging [B] assuring [C] confirming [D] ensuring
   
    11. [A] essentially [B] strongly [C] wholeheartedly [D] purely
   
    12. [A] in all [B] fewer than [C] at most [D] up to
   
    13. [A] but [B] whereas [C] though [D] while
   
    14. [A] fit [B] put [C] set [D] fix
   
    15. [A] levered [B] geared [C] handled [D] triggered
   
    16. [A] lead [B] add [C] contribute [D] resort
   
    17. [A] any less [B] by itself [C] after all [D] as such
   
    18. [A] who [B] when [C] where [D] which
   
    19. [A] in [B] with [C] against [D] for
   
    20. [A] in spite of [B] far from [C] rather than [D] by means of
   
    答案
   
    1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. B 9.B 10. D
   
    11. D 12.D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19.B 20.C
   
    總體分析
   
    本文講述了英國車速監(jiān)控攝像體系擴張計劃的內(nèi)容及影響，著重闡述了這一計劃的支持者(警察和財政部門)和反對者(機動車管理機構(gòu))的觀點。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    一旦擴大車速監(jiān)控攝像體系，這個國家財政部每年就能從罰款中額外增加2000萬收入。機動車管理機構(gòu)警告說這種罰款可能變成對汽車征收的人頭稅，從而疏遠很多駕駛者。也可能出現(xiàn)更多破壞攝像機的事件。警告出現(xiàn)的同時，《每日郵報》的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)英格蘭和威爾士的23支警力幾乎都有所行動，不是致力于部署監(jiān)控體系的擴張計劃，就是在考慮加入其中。
   
    預(yù)計(在實施監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)后)全國范圍內(nèi)違章超速行駛的罰單數(shù)量會增加兩倍，罰金數(shù)目一年達9000萬。按照計劃，警察保留一部分罰金用以支付安裝和維修新攝像機的費用，并且保證現(xiàn)有的攝像機中總是裝有膠卷。其余的罰金將上繳財政部。財政部長們和警察都堅持認為該計劃的目的是提高公路的安全性。他們指出八個試點地區(qū)撞車事故減少了四分之一，嚴重傷亡事故減少至一半。
   
    但是機動車管理機構(gòu)擔心警察為了多開罰單會把攝像機裝在相對安全但行車速度較快的直行道上，還會為車速監(jiān)控攝像機設(shè)置比較低合法車速標準，如把正常的每小時10 英里限速提高到每小時15英里，每小時20 英里限速提高到每小時26英里。這樣做會使司機盯著自己的里程計而不把精力集中到路面上，從而引發(fā)更多的交通事故。英國皇家汽車俱樂部(RAC)活動負責人休·尼科爾森說，“嚴格上說，我們對車速監(jiān)控攝像機并無意見，我們擔憂的是它們被安放的地點。如果把監(jiān)控攝像機視為(政府)聚斂財政收入的手段而不是安全設(shè)施，那么警察就可能喪失他們在駕駛者心目中的威信”。

    三、大眾媒體
   
    The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(an)__1__for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it__2__ a variety of functions in human life.
   
    The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the__3__ of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest.__4__ by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly__5__ themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the__6__ of violence in the media and its__7__harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media __8__, such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media,__9__television,__10__public concern and research attention.
   
    Another large societal concern on our young generation__11__by the media, is body image.__12__forces can influence body image positively or negatively.__13__one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing__14__our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of__15__beauty fill magazines and newspapers,__16__from our televisions and entertain us__17__the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media__18__on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a__19__defined standard of attractiveness, a(n)__20__that carries unrealistic physical expectations.
   
    1. [A] alternative [B] preference [C] substitute [D] representative
   
    2. [A] accomplishes[B] fulfills [C] provides [D] suffices
   
    3. [A] risk [B] mercy [C] height [D] expense
   
    4. [A] Absorbed [B] Attracted [C] Aroused [D] Addicted
   
    5. [A] identify [B] recognize [C] unify [D] equate
   
    6. [A] abundance [B] incidence [C] prevalence [D] reccurrence
   
    7. [A] disposed [B] hidden [C] implicit [D] potential
   
    8. [A] merged [B] emerged [C] immerged [D] submerged
   
    9. [A] apart from [B] much as [C] but for [D] along with
   
    10. [A] promote [B] propel [C] prompt [D] prosper
   
    11. [A] inspired [B] imposed [C] delivered [D] contributed
   
    12. [A] External [B] Exterior [C] Explicit [D] Exposed
   
    13. [A] As [B] At [C] For [D] In
   
    14. [A] mark [B] effect [C] impact [D] shock
   
    15. [A] generalized [B] regularized [C] standardized[D] categorized
   
    16. [A] boom [B] bottom [C] brim [D] beam
   
    17. [A] over [B] with [C] on [D] at
   
    18. [A] play [B] take [C] profit [D] resort
   
    19. [A] barely [B] carefully [C] narrowly [D] subjectively
   
    20. [A] ideal [B] image [C] stereotype [D] criterion
   
    答案
   
    1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9.D 10. C
   
    11. B 12.A 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19.C 20.A
   
    總體分析
   
    本文主要論述了大眾媒介對青少年產(chǎn)生的影響。第一段指出，大眾媒介可以替代社會機構(gòu)和社會交往在年輕人的生活中起著各種各樣的作用。第二段指出，由于青少年模仿他們在電視中看到的乃至將其與現(xiàn)實相混淆，人們一直擔憂媒介對他們可能產(chǎn)生危害。第三段媒介對美的狹隘界定對青少年的不良影響。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    大眾媒體是我們文化的重要組成部分，但是它也可以成為年輕一代的助手、建議者和教師。大眾媒介作為許多機構(gòu)和社會交往的替代品影響著年輕人的生活。通過這種方式，它在人們生活中起到了各種各樣的作用。
   
    在電視屏幕前耗費的時間常常是以休閑為代價的，即有更少的時間用于游戲、娛樂和休息。由于被電視屏幕上的東西吸引，孩子們不僅模仿他們看到的，而且還直接將自己視為電視中的各種不同的人物。美國人對媒體中暴力的普及及其對孩子和青少年的潛在危害的擔憂至少已經(jīng)有四十年了。在這段時期里，新的媒體，如：電視游戲、有線電視、音樂錄像帶以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)出現(xiàn)了。由于這些媒體繼續(xù)受到歡迎，它們連同電視一起引起了公眾的擔憂和研究的注意。
   
    媒體使年輕一代受到社會另一大關(guān)注的方面是身體形象問題。外部力量能對身體形象產(chǎn)生正面和負面的影響。舉例來說，社會文化標準和大眾媒介的營銷沖擊著我們關(guān)于美的觀念。在大眾媒介中，標準美女的形象充斥著報刊雜志，從電視中播放出來，在電影中娛樂著我們。甚至大眾媒介還在廣告中利用公認的瘦和健康的文化價值來贏得商業(yè)利潤。青少年被給予的是狹隘界定的吸引力的標準，它是一種包含著對外形的不切實際的期望的完美標準。

    四、英國的飲食與健康
   
    A recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. The Department of Transport is blamed for not doing enough to__1__facilities for pedestrians and cyclists while__2__ to pressure from motoring organizations representing car users. The Ministry of Education is__3__of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to__4__adequate facilities for physical education and games. Young people in Britain have become crazy about football (soccer and rugby), but too often as__5__ “couch potatoes” .
   
    The food industry is blamed for promoting junk food to school children and not doing enough to__6__down on sugar, fats and salt in prepared foods. The industry,__7__by the current popularity of the Atkins low-carbohydrate diet, has begun to __8__, but it is trying to protect a huge market and will need to do__9__more if it is to__10__off increased regulation.
   
    Japan seems less__11__so far by the problem of obesity,__12__ as the Japanese diet becomes increasingly__13__ (burgers and doughnuts) the problem will grow. __14__, Japanese cuisine has become highly popular in Britain. It is seen as healthy in a different way from the Mediterranean diet__15__its emphasis on tomatoes and olive oil combined with red wine.
   
    A fairly small amount of red wine is now__16__as beneficial to the heart,__17__its other encouraging properties. But Britain has to do more to__18__the problems of alcoholism__19__with the binge-drinking culture — including violence and vandalism. Limited consumption of alcohol, as long as it is not__20__with driving, is harmless and possibly beneficial.
   
    1. [A] stimulate [B] commend [C] promote [D] elevate
   
    2. [A] submitting [B] subjecting [C] subordinating [D] surrendering
   
    3. [A] charged [B] denounced [C] scolded [D] accused
   
    4. [A] assure [B] ensure [C] secure [D] guard
   
    5. [A] speculating [B] spectating [C] specializing [D] sightseeing
   
    6. [A] fall [B] get [C] cut [D] bring
   
    7. [A] stung [B] bitten [C] chewed [D] licked
   
    8. [A] retort [B] refute [C] respond [D] resolve
   
    9. [A] abundantly [B] considerably [C] extensively [D] principally
   
    10. [A] defend [B] beat [C] hold [D] ward
   
    11. [A] upset [B] affected [C] effected [D] impressed
   
    12. [A] or [B] for [C] but [D] if
   
    13. [A] popularized [B] globalized [C] westernized [D] localized
   
    14. [A] Accordingly[B] Interestingly [C] Surprisingly [D] Strikingly
   
    15. [A] as [B] on [C] but [D] with
   
    16. [A] accepted [B] approved [C] assumed [D] acknowledged
   
    17. [A] but for [B] let alone [C] regardless of [D] much less
   
    18. [A] cope [B] challenge [C] tackle [D] undertake
   
    19. [A] matched [B] related [C] united [D] associated
   
    20. [A] bonded [B] combined [C] merged [D] incorporated
   
    答案
   
    1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.D
   
    11.B 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.A 17. B 18.C 19.D 20.B
   
    總體分析
   
    本文主要介紹了英國飲食存在的問題。第一至二段指出，英國政府和食品工業(yè)被指責導(dǎo)致肥胖患者的增多。第三段指出，一方面日本飲食因日益西化，肥胖問題變得嚴重;另一方面，日本飲食在英國很流行，被視為健康飲食。第四段指出適度飲酒對身體有益，但英國要應(yīng)付的是與過度引酒相關(guān)的問題。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    一份比較近的議會報告指責政府和食品工業(yè)導(dǎo)致肥胖患者增多。交通部門被指責在促進步行和騎車設(shè)施的發(fā)展方面做得不夠，而且屈從于代表汽車使用者的機動車組織的壓力。教育部被指責出賣學(xué)校的操場，在保證提供用于體育教學(xué)和游戲的充足設(shè)施方面做得不夠。英國的年輕人為足球和橄欖球而瘋狂，但更多的只是坐在家里看電視的“沙發(fā)土豆”。
   
    食品工業(yè)被指控向?qū)W生兜售垃圾食品，在減少熟食中糖、脂肪和鹽含量方面做得不夠。受到目前艾特金斯低碳水化合物飲食潮流的刺激，食品工業(yè)已經(jīng)有所反應(yīng)，但是它要努力保護一個龐大的市場，而且如果要避開日益增多的規(guī)定，它需要做的事情還很多。
   
    迄今為止，日本看上去受肥胖問題的影響較小，但是隨著日本人食譜的日益西化(夾餅和油炸圈餅)，問題會變得嚴重。有趣的是，日式烹飪在英國很流行。它被看作是有別于地中海飲食的另一種健康飲食，后者著重于西紅柿和橄欖油以及與之相結(jié)合的紅酒。
   
    稍飲紅酒現(xiàn)在被認為有利于心臟，更不用說紅酒其它令人振奮的品性。但是英國人還需要做許多事情來解決與狂飲文化有關(guān)的酗酒問題——包括暴力和破壞行為。有節(jié)制的酒類消費，只要不和駕駛行為搭伴，就是無害的并可能是有益的。
   五、失眠
   
    Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using__1__ therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans __2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or __3__an pill, hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__ experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.
   
    Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have__6__ of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. But __7__the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists __8__together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia, __10__that if scientists understood its __11__causes, they could develop better treatments.
   
    Most, but not all, insomnia is thought to __12__other health problems, from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems. Other diseases __14__, the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more __15__among women, especially after their 50s. Smoking, caffeine and numerous __16__drugs also affect sleep.
   
    The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research, some__17__to specific disorders and others __18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was__19__the panel’s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__ at insomnia.
   
    1. [A] unproven [B] unknown [C] improper [D] imperative
   
    2. [A] fall [B] lie [C] seem [D] become
   
    3. [A] prescribe [B] pop [C] abuse [D] experiment
   
    4. [A] And [B] Though [C] Thus [D] But
   
    5. [A] peculiar [B] anonymous [C] mysterious [D] unexpected
   
    6. [A] signals [B] symptoms [C] signs [D] symbols
   
    7. [A] in addition to[B] except for [C] owing to [D] for all
   
    8. [A] pulled [B] collected [C] brought [D] drawn
   
    9. [A] on [B] for [C] up [D] in
   
    10. [A] noting [B] notifying [C] nosing [D] nominating
   
    11. [A] undertaking[B] underlining [C] underlying [D] undermining
   
    12. [A] cause [B] accompany [C] follow [D] attend
   
    13. [A] short [B] case [C] essence [D] turn
   
    14. [A] inside [B] outside [C] aside [D] besides
   
    15. [A] common [B] popular [C] frequent [D] regular
   
    16. [A] conscription[B] description [C] subscription[D] prescription
   
    17. [A] aimed [B] targeted [C] designated [D] designed
   
    18. [A] examining [B] inspecting [C] verifying [D] assessing
   
    19. [A] conducting [B] awaiting [C] receiving [D] considering
   
    20. [A] assigned [B] charged [C] directed [D] attended
   
    答案
   
    1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.A
   
    11.C 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.C
   
    總體分析
   
    本文主要介紹了對失眠的研究工作。文章第一段指出慢性失眠是一個重要的公共健康問題，但其致病原因仍是個迷。第二段介紹了(美)全國衛(wèi)生研究所一個專家小組的結(jié)論，該小組呼吁對失眠進行廣泛的研究。第三段討論了失眠與其他因素，如疾病、年齡、藥物等的關(guān)系。第四段介紹了(美)全國衛(wèi)生研究所對失眠正在進行的研究情況。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    慢性失眠是一個主要的公共健康問題。而且，太多人正使用未經(jīng)驗證的治療方法，盡管有些方法確實是有效的 。上百萬的美國人夜里睡不著覺，躺著數(shù)羔羊、喝杯烈酒或吞個藥片，希望這會使他們產(chǎn)生困意。然而，專家們一致認為，自作主張亂吃藥并不是解決失眠的好方法，導(dǎo)致慢性失眠的原因目前還是一個謎。
   
    幾乎有1/3的成年人存在睡眠障礙，而且大約10%的人有白天功能減退的癥狀，這些癥狀表明他們確實患上了失眠癥。 但是，一個由(美)全國衛(wèi)生研究所召集的專家小組在周三得出這樣的結(jié)論：盡管(社會上關(guān)于長期失眠的)抱怨很多，但科學(xué)家們對長期失眠的原因，它對健康的影響以及如何有效地治療都知之甚少。該專家小組呼吁對失眠癥進行廣泛研究，指出如果科學(xué)家們了解了失眠的潛在原因，他們可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)更好的治療方法。
   
    很多，但不是所有的失眠癥被認為伴隨著其他健康問題產(chǎn)生，從關(guān)節(jié)炎、抑郁到心血管疾病。而問題通常是不知道是先產(chǎn)生失眠，還是失眠是其他疾病的結(jié)果，以及失眠如何又使其他問題變得更加復(fù)雜。撇開其他疾病不說，失眠的可能性隨著年齡的增加而增加，而且在婦女中更加普遍，尤其是50歲以后。吸煙、咖啡因及眾多的處方藥也影響睡眠。
   
    (美)全國衛(wèi)生研究所今年要花大約2000億美元用于睡眠的相關(guān)研究，其中一些以特定的(睡眠)紊亂為目標，另外一些觀察控制睡眠神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的潛在科學(xué)規(guī)律。該機構(gòu)正等待專家小組的評論以決定對失眠進行的下一步研究工作。

   六、聽的行為
   
    A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point, one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent:“There’s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”
   
    A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate (more than half of all marriages end in divorce) is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don’t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.
   
    In __10__fashion, political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why? Because they don’t believe that they listen to them. In fact, it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story: At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago, then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak,__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience, Montoya began reading the press release, not his speech. He began, “For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya, Democrat of New Mexico, last night told the National...” Montoya read the entire six-page release,__19__ with the statement that he “was repeatedly __20__by applause.”
   
    1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor
   
    2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble
   
    3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion
   
    4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening
   
    5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless
   
    6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging
   
    7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing
   
    8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact
   
    9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts
   
    10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise
   
    11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported
   
    12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch
   
    13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting
   
    14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal
   
    15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted
   
    16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue
   
    17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on
   
    18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight
   
    19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded
   
    20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped
   
    答案
   
    1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A
   
    11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C
   
    總體分析
   
    本文主要討論了聽行為對人際交流的影響。文章第一段從父母和子女之間的交流出發(fā)，說明兒女不聽父母的話造成了他們之間的隔閡。第二段從婚姻的角度出發(fā)，說明夫妻雙方的互不理睬造成交流不暢，從而使離婚率上升。第三段從政治的角度出發(fā)，說明政府官員不聆聽選民甚至不在意自己所說的話，造成官民隔閡。例證法是本文采用的主要的論證方法。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    比較近的一項民意測驗顯示：美國一半的青少年認為他們與父母的交流不好，而且造成這種隔閡的一個首要原因是有不理想的傾聽行為。一個典型的例子是，一位母親認為她女兒有嚴重的聽力問題。她對此確信無疑，于是就帶著女兒去聽覺病矯治專家那兒檢查她的耳朵。專家仔細檢查了兩只耳朵，然后告訴這位母親說：“她的聽力沒問題，只是不理睬你而已�！�
   
    離婚率上升(一半以上的婚姻以離婚告終)的一個首要原因是夫妻間不能有效地交流。他們彼此充耳不聞。兩人對對方發(fā)出的確切信息都毫無反應(yīng)。
   
    同樣地，據(jù)政治科學(xué)家報道，越來越多的人相信他們選舉指派的官員與其本應(yīng)代表的選民失去了聯(lián)系。為什么呢?因為這些人認為他們不需要傾聽選民的意見。實際上，有時我們的政治家們似乎連自己的聲音都不聽。下面是一個真實的例子：在幾年前亞柏克爾克舉行的全國立法會議上，一位新聞助理在當時的參議員約瑟夫·蒙圖亞演講前交給了他一份新聞稿。令該新聞助理大吃一驚而使聽眾感到有趣的是，當蒙圖亞起來講話時，他讀的不是演講稿而是那份新聞稿。蒙圖亞先生以“即時新聞稿。新墨西哥州的民主黨參議員約瑟夫·蒙圖亞昨晚在全國……上說……”開始，讀完了全部的六頁新聞稿，并以他“不時被掌聲打斷”結(jié)尾。

    七、日本鐵路車站的經(jīng)濟計劃
   
    There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd, one of the six companies, created out of the privatized nationa__l__ railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth1, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest.
   
    In a plan called “Station Renaissance” that it__3__in November, JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books, flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company __10__. So, picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose, but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.
   
    The company also plans to introduce __14__cards—known in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will save the company money, because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.
   
    1.[A] perspectives [B] outlooks [C] prospects [D] spectacles
   
    2.[A] creatively [B] originally [C] authentically [D] initially
   
    3.[A] displayed [B] demonstrated [C] embarked [D] unveiled
   
    4.[A] go beyond [B] set out [C] come around [D] spread over
   
    5.[A] applications [B] enterprises [C] functions [D]performances
   
    6.[A] districts [B] vicinities [C] resorts [D] locations
   
    7.[A] acquired [B] purchased [C] presided [D] attained
   
    8.[A] lodgers [B] tenants [C] dwellers [D] boarders
   
    9.[A] for [B] in [C] of [D] as
   
    10.[A] figures [B] exhibits [C] convinces [D] speculates
   
    11.[A] deprives [B] retrieves [C] spares [D] exempts
   
    12.[A] conjunction [B] convenience [C] department [D] ornament
   
    13.[A] delegated [B] designated [C] devoted [D] dedicated
   
    14.[A] clever [B] smart [C] ingenious [D] intelligent
   
    15.[A] checking [B] gathering [C] holding [D] accommodating
   
    16.[A] as [B] for [C] with [D] of
   
    17.[A] but for [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than
   
    18.[A] unique [B] single [C] unitary [D] only
   
    19.[A] devices [B] instruments [C] readers [D] examiners
   
    20.[A] reduce [B] narrow [C] dwarf [D] shrink
   
    答案
   
    1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A
   
    11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A
   
    總體分析
   
    本文介紹了東日本鐵路公司引人關(guān)注的新計劃。文章第一段介紹說東日本鐵路公司創(chuàng)造性地利用車站內(nèi)部及周圍房地產(chǎn)的計劃正引起越來越多人的關(guān)注。第二段具體介紹了這一計劃的內(nèi)容及好處，即適應(yīng)信息時代的要求，把車站作為網(wǎng)上購物的物品收取地，這樣既為消費者提供了方便，又提高了遞送物品的安全性。第三段介紹了該公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各種磁卡作車票的計劃及其優(yōu)點。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    通過國家鐵路系統(tǒng)的私有化創(chuàng)建起來的六大公司之一的東日本鐵路有限公司，正吸引著越來越多人的目光。在一個發(fā)展前景不振的行業(yè)，它創(chuàng)造性地利用車站內(nèi)部及周圍的房地產(chǎn)的計劃正引起人們的關(guān)注。
   
    東日本鐵路在11月份公布的“車站復(fù)興”計劃中說：它將不僅把它的商業(yè)空地用于開商店和餐館，而且還要把這些商業(yè)空地用于更加適應(yīng)信息時代的功能上去。它打算把車站作為網(wǎng)上所購物品如書籍、花卉和日用百貨等的收取地。該公司估算，在一個都市人嚴重依賴列車作為上下班交通工具的國度里，每天大約有1600萬人因各種原因來到它的車站。因此，在車站收取物品使消費者節(jié)省了路途而且也不像往家里遞送那樣容易丟失。東日本鐵路已經(jīng)開始把車站的便利店用于這一目的，但它打算為網(wǎng)上貨物的遞送創(chuàng)立專門的空間。
   
    該公司還打算引入智能卡(在日本稱為IC卡，因為它們利用集成電路儲存信息)取代目前使用的磁卡作為車票和定期券，把各種不同的票券合為一體。這將為公司節(jié)省資金，因為IC卡的讀卡機比磁系統(tǒng)要便宜的多。IC卡使用的增加還將會減少售票所占用的空間。

    八、老齡化
   
    Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, in particular, how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution, but__2__retirement could help.
   
    Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal, but it is a socially__3__one, and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years, low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. Public pension payments, which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are__9__to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today’s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for.
   
    Action is needed,__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__(and cost) of public pensions, or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system, though necessary steps, may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down, then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew.
   
    1.[A] unsolvable [B] additional [C] unsustainable [D] undue
   
    2.[A] delaying [B] retaining [C] detaining [D] hindering
   
    3.[A] ultimate [B] unattainable [C] specific [D] expensive
   
    4.[A] substantial [B] essential [C] potential [D] controversial
   
    5.[A] donating [B] sponsoring [C] subsidizing [D] funding
   
    6.[A] outlook [B] outcome [C] outbreak [D] outset
   
    7.[A] prolonging [B] expanding [C] soaring [D] rising
   
    8.[A] in [B] on [C] by [D] for
   
    9.[A] conceived [B] reckoned [C] expected [D] meant
   
    10.[A] As [B] Such [C] So [D] It
   
    11.[A] should pay [B] paying [C] be paid [D] would pay
   
    12.[A] but [B] for [C] and [D] thus
   
    13.[A] multitude [B] implementation [C] application [D] generosity
   
    14.[A] exaggerate [B] augment [C] magnify [D] multiply
   
    15.[A] insufficient [B] influential [C] inefficient [D] intrinsic
   
    16.[A] advancing [B] previous [C] ahead [D] preceding
   
    17.[A] suspensions [B] abundances [C] redundancies [D] discrepancies
   
    18.[A] for [B] to [C] about [D] at
   
    19.[A] turbulent [B] strenuous [C] compact [D] intricate
   
    20.[A] dependency [B] fertility [C] present [D] mortality
   
    答案
   
    1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B
   
    11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.C
   
    總體分析
   
    本文主要討論了老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國家現(xiàn)存養(yǎng)老體系帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。文章第一段指出老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國家?guī)�來的挑�?zhàn)，并提出推遲退休可能對解決該問題有所幫助。第二段分析了早退休給養(yǎng)老體系帶來的問題，即越來越多的人早退休而壽命延長，隨著出生率的降低，就會有更多退休的人依靠更少工作的人來為他們養(yǎng)老，養(yǎng)老金在國家財政中所占的比例增加，成為無法承受的負擔。第三段探討了解決方法，指出僅僅減少公共養(yǎng)老金的數(shù)量，增加私有養(yǎng)老的比例是不夠的，許多政府在考慮說服人們晚退休。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國家，尤其是在如何支付未來的公共養(yǎng)老金負債方面，帶來了嚴重的挑戰(zhàn)。早退休給退休金的融資帶來了難以承受的負擔。沒有什么簡單的解決方案，但推遲退休(年齡)可能有所幫助。
   
    早退休可能看起來是個值得追求的個人目標，但對于社會來說卻是昂貴的，它使當前的公共養(yǎng)老金系統(tǒng)難以持久�；�本原因是更多的人退休早而壽命卻更長。這意味著更多的退休人員要依賴在職者的資助作為收入。這一前景是令人擔憂的。未來50年，經(jīng)合組織國家的低出生率和預(yù)期壽命的增加將使這一老年依賴率提高大約一倍。占經(jīng)合組織國家全部退休收入30%-80%的公共退休金的支出，在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值中的比例預(yù)期將平均增加超過三個百分點，而在有些國家甚至會增加八個百分點。養(yǎng)老基金的壓力如此之大以至于現(xiàn)在的工人有得不到他們預(yù)期或認為應(yīng)該得到的養(yǎng)老金的危險。
   
    行動是必需的，但僅僅試圖減少公共養(yǎng)老金的慷慨度或增加系統(tǒng)內(nèi)私有養(yǎng)老金的作用，盡管是必要的，但在應(yīng)對這種依賴挑戰(zhàn)方面仍是不夠的。前些年為了避免下崗及高失業(yè)，政府采取提前早退休的方案，而現(xiàn)在許多政府正考慮勸說人們晚點退休。當然，他們是這么想的，如果現(xiàn)在我們更加健康了、工作對體力的要求降低了、失業(yè)率也降低了，那么(工作)出席率可能也該重新上升了。

   九、羅馬人的建國
   
    The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states, such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected__3__ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato’s Republic, in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was__9__ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the “guarantor” of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__, the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved__15__to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on__16__months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
   
    1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
   
    2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
   
    3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
   
    4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
   
    5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
   
    6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
   
    7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
   
    8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
   
    9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
   
    10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
   
    11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
   
    12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
   
    13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
   
    14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
   
    15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
   
    16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
   
    17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
   
    18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
   
    19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
   
    20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
   
    答案
   
    1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C
   
    11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
   
    總體分析
   
    本文介紹了羅馬人有關(guān)國家建設(shè)的理論。第一句指出羅馬人有關(guān)國家形成的理論很有特點。第二句至第五句指出，羅馬人的理論與希臘人的大不相同，是非常具體的。第六句至文章結(jié)尾具體闡述了羅馬人關(guān)于國家權(quán)力的所有和分配形式。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    奧古斯都(羅馬帝國第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上歸功于羅馬人將國家理論化的特點。羅馬人沒有制定出讓希臘人感興趣的建設(shè)理想國家的宏偉藍圖。在柏拉圖的《理想國》中不涉及具體個人或國家的一種個人與國家之間的關(guān)系被詳細地設(shè)計出來，但羅馬理論家們幾乎無一例外地忽視或拒絕接受像《理想國》這樣的智力訓(xùn)練，認為它們毫無價值。羅馬人比較接近希臘模式的是西塞羅的《論國家》，甚至在這本書中西塞羅的心中已經(jīng)對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，羅馬人關(guān)于國家的想法也是具體的。羅馬的第一位統(tǒng)治者羅穆盧斯被認為從神，尤其是從羅馬的守護神宙斯那里獲得了權(quán)力。所有憲法的發(fā)展都是一種賦予和監(jiān)督這種權(quán)力的方法。很顯然，人們相信只有先父們的立法機構(gòu)，即一家之主們組成的比較初的參議院，才擁有行使這種權(quán)力所必需的宗教特質(zhì)，因為它比較初的功能是尋求神的啟示。既實際又排外的參議員們將權(quán)力再進一步分割，認為他們的司法官或總管官員，將每隔一個月?lián)碛羞@項權(quán)力，并在之后將其擁有權(quán)擴大到更低等級的官員。但是重要的成就是創(chuàng)造了持續(xù)的國家權(quán)力的概念，這種權(quán)力只是臨時體現(xiàn)在某些上層階級的個人身上，并且只有當普通大眾一致同意的時候才被賦予。當新的部門和立法機構(gòu)被創(chuàng)造出來并且?guī)缀鯖]有任何一個被擯棄的時候，這個系統(tǒng)變得越來越復(fù)雜。
   十、蘇美爾人
   
    All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star.__1__the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower__2__status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the__3__that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had__4__. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and __5__, and one’s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that__6__were created to enable the gods to__7__ up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to__8__ the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.__9__the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the__10__ of the economic produce of the city were favored__11__ their supernatural and material functions __12__. When, after 3,000 B. C., growing warfare among the cities made military leadership__13__, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n)__14__position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to __15__. Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.__16__them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who__17__every aspect of the city’s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.__18__the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or__19__ group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who__20__ the majority of the population; and slaves.
   
    1. [A] Unless [B] As [C] Lest [D] Although
   
    2. [A] on [B] in [C] with [D] about
   
    3. [A] worship [B] reverence [C] admiration [D] gratitude
   
    4. [A] vanished [B] recovered [C] declined [D] attained
   
    5. [A] unpredictable[B] unforgivable[C] unlimited [D] unlikely
   
    6. [A] creatures [B] animals [C] men [D] mortals
   
    7. [A] use [B] turn [C] give [D] back
   
    8. [A] inhabit [B] live [C] reside [D] lodge
   
    9. [A] Hence [B] Thereafter [C] Somehow [D] Incidentally
   
    10. [A] introduction[B] transaction [C] distribution[D] provision
   
    11. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] of
   
    12. [A] along [B] anyway [C] afterwards [D] alike
   
    13. [A] additional [B] vital [C] singular [D] exceptional
   
    14. [A] alternative [B] secondary [C] intermediate[D] fundamental
   
    15. [A] pacify [B] tempt [C] suppress [D] manipulate
   
    16. [A] Beside [B] Beyond [C] Below [D] Before
   
    17. [A] supervised [B] held [C] managed [D] presided
   
    18. [A] Around [B] Under [C] Above [D] Outside
   
    19. [A] leading [B] noble [C] controlling [D] principal
   
    20. [A] consist [B] compose [C] compile [D] consume
   
    答案
   
    1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. D 7.C 8.A 9. A 10. C
   
    11. B 12. D 13.B 14.C 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
   
    總體分析
   
    本文介紹了蘇美爾人對神的崇拜及由此引起的社會階層的劃分。第一句至第四句為一個意群，主要介紹了蘇美爾人對神的崇拜，以及神凌駕于人之上。第五句至倒數(shù)第二句為一個意群，介紹了由于對神的崇拜而出現(xiàn)的社會上層階層及其職能。末句附帶說明了在宗教體系之外的社會階層。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    所有的蘇美爾城邦都認可很多共同的神，包括天空之神、風暴之王、晨星和昏星。雖然蘇美爾人崇拜代表繁衍、愛和戰(zhàn)爭的女神，但她在地位上卻明顯低于男性神。這表明在一個更趨都市化的社會中，過去時代的民族曾經(jīng)致以大地母親神的敬意已經(jīng)減少。神似乎都極其暴力且捉摸不定，人的一生成為任他們擺布和奴役的一生。史詩《創(chuàng)世記》中強調(diào)人類被創(chuàng)造出來是為了使神放棄勞動。而且每一座城邦都有它自己的神，該神被認為確實居住在廟宇里，理論上則是城邦里所有財產(chǎn)的擁有者。因此詮釋神的意志并且控制城市經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)品的分配的僧侶以他們超自然的以及在物質(zhì)方面享有的功能而受到青睞。公元前3000年以后，當城市不斷增多的戰(zhàn)事使軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能變得非常重要時，成為國王的軍隊首領(lǐng)占據(jù)了在神與僧侶階層之間的位置，他是神的代言人，對僧侶階層既利用又安撫。因此在一個等級社會中國王和僧侶代表了上層階級。居于他們之下的是書吏，即，廟宇世俗的侍臣，他監(jiān)督城市經(jīng)濟生活的方方面面，并制定粗略的司法體系。在廟宇官員之外，社會被劃分為四類人：大地主和軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這樣一群精英和貴族人群;商人、工匠和技工的混合群體;占人口大部分的自由農(nóng)民;奴隸。

    十一、情人節(jié)的來歷
   
    Valentine’s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia. __1__ the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called __2__ the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his __3__ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the __4__ of the girls were written on __5__ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man __6__ a slip. The girl whose name was __7__ was to be his sweetheart for the year.
   
    Legend __8__ it that the holiday became Valentine’s Day __9__ a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II __10__ the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would __11__ stay home than fight. When Valentine __12__ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the __13__ of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a __14__. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine’s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine __15__ of Lupercus.
   
    Valentine’s Day has become a major __16__ of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his __17__ into a lover’s heart may still be used to __18__ falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. __19__ to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine’s Day can sometimes be as __20__ as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.
   
    1.[A] While [B] When [C] Though [D] Unless
   
    2.[A] upon [B] back [C] off [D] away
   
    3.[A] honor [B] belief [C] hand [D] way
   
    4.[A] problems [B] secrets [C] names [D] intentions
   
    5.[A] rolls [B] piles [C] works [D] slips
   
    6.[A] cast [B] caught [C] drew [D] found
   
    7.[A] given [B] chosen [C] elected [D] delivered
   
    8.[A] tells [B] means [C] makes [D] has
   
    9.[A] after [B] since [C] as [D] from
   
    10.[A] ordered [B] pleaded [C] envisioned [D] believed
   
    11.[A] other [B] simply [C] rather [D] all
   
    12.[A] disliked [B] defied [C] defeated [D] dishonored
   
    13.[A] celebration [B] arrangement [C] feast [D] eve
   
    14.[A] goat [B] saint [C] model [D] weapon
   
    15.[A] because [B] made [C] instead [D] learnt
   
    16.[A] part [B] representative[C] judgement [D] symbol
   
    17.[A] story [B] wander [C] arrow [D] play
   
    18.[A] portray [B] require [C] demand [D] alert
   
    19.[A] Keeping [B] Disapproving[C] Supporting [D] Forgetting
   
    20.[A] constructive [B] damaging [C] reinforcing [D] retorting
   
    答案
   
    1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
   
    11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19D. 20.B
   
    總體分析
   
    本文介紹了情人節(jié)的由來。第一段介紹情人節(jié)的前身牧神節(jié)以及該節(jié)日里抽簽選戀人的慶祝活動。第二段介紹情人節(jié)是為了紀念一位羅馬牧師。第三段指出情人節(jié)已經(jīng)成為愛的主要象征。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    圣瓦倫丁節(jié)(即，情人節(jié))可能源自古羅馬的牧神節(jié)。當兇猛的狼群在四周游蕩時，古老的羅馬人請求牧神盧帕克斯來幫助他們。一個向該神表達敬意的節(jié)日于2月15日舉行。在這個節(jié)日的前夕女孩們的名字被寫在紙條上并放入罐中。每位年輕的男子都抽一張紙條，被抽中名字的女孩在未來一年中將成為他的戀人。
   
    傳說這個節(jié)日之所以成為圣瓦倫丁節(jié)是為了紀念一位名叫瓦倫丁的羅馬牧師。國王克勞底斯二世命令羅馬士兵不得結(jié)婚或訂婚�？藙诘姿拐J為結(jié)了婚的士兵更愿意留守家中而不是上戰(zhàn)場。當瓦倫丁違抗了國王的意愿，秘密讓年輕人成了婚之后，他于2月14日即牧神節(jié)的前夕被處決。瓦倫丁死后，成了圣徒�；�督教會牧師們將這個節(jié)日從15日改為14日，即，圣瓦倫丁節(jié)。現(xiàn)在這個節(jié)日紀念的是瓦倫丁而再不是牧神盧帕克斯。
   
    圣瓦倫丁節(jié)在現(xiàn)代世界里已經(jīng)成為愛和浪漫的一個主要象征。古代的愛神丘比特和他射入愛人心中的箭也許仍然被用來表現(xiàn)愛上某人或談戀愛。但是我們也使用卡片和禮物，比如鮮花或珠寶來做同樣的事情。在圣瓦倫丁節(jié)忘記給妻子或戀人送花有時能像忘記生日或結(jié)婚紀念日一樣糟糕。

    十二、冰雪路面駕車的經(jīng)歷
   
    Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow, coming __1__ gently, blowing gleefully in a high wind, all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet, freezes the windows,__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses, the powerful electrical systems, the deep-tread tires, all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__, and the next the driver is sliding over it, light as a__7__, in a panic, wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them, not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry, but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow, slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels, obscure the windshield, and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up, past the rear wheels, the center wheels, the cab, the front wheels, all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue,__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip,__18__in front of the vehicle. At last, there is__19__enough, and you creep back over, in front of the truck now, but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.
   
    1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on
   
    2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends
   
    3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels
   
    4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued
   
    5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from
   
    6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm
   
    7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog
   
    8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond
   
    9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses
   
    10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that
   
    11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then
   
    12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes
   
    13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along
   
    14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice
   
    15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with
   
    16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding
   
    17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for
   
    18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right
   
    19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power
   
    20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon
   
    答案
   
    1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C
   
    11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.A
   
    總體分析
   
    本文描述了在冰雪覆蓋的路面上開車的經(jīng)歷。文章首句為主題句，概括了這種經(jīng)歷的特點是“令人非常緊張”。第二至四句分別介紹了下雪帶來的隱患和機器變得沒有多大用處。從第五句到文章比較后則描述了在這種不利條件下和大卡車一同行駛的緊張經(jīng)歷。
   
    全文翻譯
   
    在暴風雪中驅(qū)車長距離地行駛于冰雪覆蓋的路面上是一種令人非常緊張的經(jīng)歷。矛盾的是雪一面輕輕地飄落，在強風中愉快地吹著，一面又不斷地吹落可能帶來危險的毯子，封凍窗戶，擋住視線。機器的力量被減弱了。馬、強有力的電子系統(tǒng)、深胎面的輪胎都毫無用處。一分鐘前路面還很結(jié)實，下一分鐘司機就在上面打滑，輕飄飄地，處于恐慌之中，想著從后面突然出現(xiàn)的笨重的掛了拖車的卡車會干出什么事情來。當你不得不開車經(jīng)過這些卡車時，它們就像巨人一般。這時你行駛的速度不是當路面干燥時的60或70，而是25和30。并且它們的引擎聽起來極其刺耳。雪、泥和冰渣滓從輪子下噴灑出來，使擋風玻璃變得模糊不清，然后格格作響地從車上掉下�？ㄜ囕喿酉碌目臻g很大，足以讓你滑進去并被碾成肉醬。你一點點的往前挪動，經(jīng)過卡車的后輪，中間的輪子，駕駛室，前輪，所有這一切都是極其緩慢地滑過去的。你繼續(xù)筆直地往前開，因為突然超車搶道到卡車前面會使你的車滑倒，正好倒在大卡車的前面。比較后終于和卡車有了一段距離了，你才慢慢地往后挪，挪到另外一車道上，現(xiàn)在你行使在卡車的前面了，但是引擎的聲音仍然震耳欲聾。