一、經(jīng)濟學(xué)史
Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughout the ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.
Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.
答案
46.其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對此的理解:心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的,歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化,社會學(xué)則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
47.第一個領(lǐng)域,價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué),解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。
48.因為,按照凱恩斯的理論,不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè),建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支,繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
49.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題,兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見,認(rèn)為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。
50.在中世紀(jì),羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中,教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為,并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
總體分析
本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟學(xué)的研究發(fā)展歷史。
第一段:經(jīng)濟學(xué)的定義及研究對象。
第二、三段:經(jīng)濟學(xué)的兩大領(lǐng)域:微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)。
第四、五段:經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:并列分句、后置定語。
該句子中冒號后是并列的三個簡單句。第一個分句中how引導(dǎo)的從句做explain的賓語;第二個和第三個分句中都有介詞in的短語做后置定語,翻譯時應(yīng)提前。
詞匯方面:contribute to意為“是……的原因;增進(jìn),有助于”;knowledge意為“知識;知曉,了解”,文中活譯為“對…的理解”。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:賓語從句、狀語。
句子的主干是The first explains how…。主語后的名詞短語price theory or microeconomics是其同位語,因此翻譯the first時,應(yīng)增譯為“第一個領(lǐng)域”。how引導(dǎo)賓語從句,其主干是the interplay … creates …。介詞短語in competitive markets做地點狀語,翻譯時應(yīng)前置。
詞匯方面:interplay意為“相互影響”;a multitude of意為“許多的,大量的”;individual意為“個別的,單獨的, 個人的”;margin意為“(時間、空間、金錢的)余地”,profit margin指“利潤空間”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
該句是包含原因狀語從句的復(fù)合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表語由并列連詞either … or…連接。
詞匯方面:indicated是過去分詞用做形容詞,動詞indicate意為“表明,暗示,提及,建議”,根據(jù)上下文indicated譯為“建議的”。more investment,more spending和larger budget deficits是形容詞比較級加名詞,根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞加名詞的搭配,即“擴大投資”、“增加開支”和“增加預(yù)算赤字”。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:定語從句、分詞做狀語。
主句是Aristotle and … wrote about problems …,后面接有both of whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句,采用拆譯法單獨成句。句子比較后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)feeling that …在定語從句中做狀語,翻譯時也應(yīng)單獨成句,that后引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,做feeling的賓語。
詞匯方面:be prejudiced against意為“對…有偏見”,undesirable意為“不想要的,不得人心的”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:非謂語動詞作后置定語、定語從句。
該句含有which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句做定語,翻譯時拆開單獨成句,并重復(fù)先行詞,做從句的主語。
詞匯方面:condemn意為“譴責(zé)”,taking of interest是動名詞結(jié)構(gòu),可增譯為“獲利的行為”。
全文翻譯
正如大家所知道的,經(jīng)濟學(xué)是與生產(chǎn)、分配、交換和消費物品和服務(wù)相關(guān)的社會科學(xué)。經(jīng)濟學(xué)家關(guān)注個人、群體、商業(yè)企業(yè)和政府試圖有效地實現(xiàn)他們選定的任何經(jīng)濟目標(biāo)的方式。其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對此的理解:心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的,歷史學(xué)記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化,社會學(xué)則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
規(guī)范的經(jīng)濟學(xué)可分為兩大主要的領(lǐng)域。第一個領(lǐng)域,價格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué),解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個別價格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)認(rèn)為人的行為是理性的。消費者努力以能帶來比較大愉悅的方式花費他們的收入。按經(jīng)濟學(xué)家所說,他們使效用比較大化。對企業(yè)家而言,他們從經(jīng)營中尋求比較大的利潤。
第二個領(lǐng)域,宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué),是涉及國民收入和就業(yè)的現(xiàn)代理論。宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)比較早可追述到英國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯1935年所著的《就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論》一書。他對繁榮和蕭條的解釋圍繞消費者、商業(yè)投資者和政府對貨物或服務(wù)的總體需求。因為,按照凱恩斯的理論,不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè),建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴大投資或政府增加開支,繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
經(jīng)濟問題一直以來都占據(jù)著人們的思想。古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財富、財產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題,兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見,認(rèn)為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。羅馬人從希臘人那里借用了經(jīng)濟學(xué)思想,對經(jīng)商同樣不屑一顧。在中世紀(jì),
羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中,教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為,并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
經(jīng)濟學(xué)作為一門現(xiàn)代研究學(xué)科,區(qū)別于道德哲學(xué)和政治學(xué),可追述到蘇格蘭哲學(xué)家兼經(jīng)濟學(xué)家亞當(dāng)·斯密1776年著的《國民財富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》。重商主義和重農(nóng)主義是斯密的古典經(jīng)濟學(xué)及其19世紀(jì)后繼者(新古典經(jīng)濟學(xué))的理論先驅(qū)。
二、科學(xué)與技術(shù)
The meanings of “science”and “technology”have changed significantly from one generation to another. More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the terms, (46)Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition. (47)Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure”science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.
(48) Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.
In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. (49) For these people , science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.
(50) Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.
答案
46.科學(xué)與技術(shù)都包含有一種思維的過程,兩者都涉及到物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系,兩者都運用了一套實驗的方法論,這種方法論所產(chǎn)生的是能夠通過重復(fù)得以驗證的經(jīng)驗性的實證結(jié)果。
47.至少在理論上,科學(xué)較少地關(guān)心其研究成果的實用性,而更多地關(guān)注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實踐中,科學(xué)與技術(shù)卻相互關(guān)聯(lián),無法割裂。
48.人們認(rèn)為科學(xué)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新提供理念,因此,對于工業(yè)文明中的任何一次意義重大的進(jìn)步,純理論的研究是必不可少的,當(dāng)然,這種觀念其實是個神話。
49.對于這些人來說,科學(xué)或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發(fā)點,而如今在他們看來,現(xiàn)代世界里技術(shù)的實際運用似乎已失去控制。
50.許多科學(xué)史家認(rèn)為,技術(shù)不僅是先進(jìn)的工業(yè)文明必不可少的條件,而且在比較近的幾個世紀(jì)里,技術(shù)變革的速度已形成了自身的勢頭。
總體分析
本文介紹了科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的關(guān)系以及對人類的影響。
第一段:科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的相似性要大于差異性,它們之間的相互影響反映在各個行業(yè)的發(fā)展中。
第二段:技術(shù)的發(fā)展不依賴科學(xué)的發(fā)展,兩者之間的價值分歧越來越尖銳。而且,現(xiàn)在很多人對技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。
第三段:技術(shù)的發(fā)展既有創(chuàng)造性也有毀滅性。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:嵌套式定語從句、抽象名詞。
本句是由and連接的三個并列句,都以both開頭。第三個分句的主干是:both employ an experimental methodology,賓語methodology后接有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做定語,該定語從句中又嵌套了一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句(demonstrations)can be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定語從句,因此需要采用拆譯法,從第一個that開始單獨成句。
詞匯方面:imply意為“暗示,意味;必然包含”;be concerned with意為“與……有關(guān),涉及;關(guān)注,感興趣”;empirical意為“以實驗(或經(jīng)驗)為根據(jù)的,經(jīng)驗主義的”;demonstration意為“證明,論證,說明,證實”,由于它是抽象名詞,可按照漢語習(xí)慣,采用加譯法,譯成“論證的結(jié)果”。verify意為“檢驗,查證,核實”。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
本句是由but連接的并列句。前一分句中含有比較結(jié)構(gòu):is less concerned with …and more concerned with …,可譯為“較少地關(guān)心……而更多地關(guān)注于”。主謂之間的插入語at least in theory做狀語翻譯時可提前。
詞匯方面:practicality意為“實用性”;inextricably意為“逃不掉地,解決不了地,解不開地”;be involved with sb./sth.意為“與……關(guān)系密切”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:同位語從句、增譯法。
句子的主干是the concept … is a myth。主語后接有由that引導(dǎo)的兩個并列的同位語從句。由于主語后修飾成分較長,因此采用拆譯法單獨成句。并且先譯從句,后譯主句,用復(fù)指代詞“這種觀念”來連接主句和從句的內(nèi)容。第二個同位語從句中therefore說明的是兩個從句間的因果關(guān)系,翻譯時要提前到第二個從句前。
詞匯方面:pure research直譯為“純研究”,不是漢語習(xí)慣表達(dá),應(yīng)采用增譯法,譯為“純理論的研究”。myth可意為“神話,杜撰出來的人或物,(沒有事實根據(jù)的)虛構(gòu)信念(或觀點、理論)”,根據(jù)上下文選擇其“沒有事實根據(jù)的觀點”的含義。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:后置定語、狀語。
該句子是由whereas(然而,但是)連接的并列句。前一分句的主干是science may be perceived as a … source,后面接for understanding …介詞結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,翻譯時應(yīng)提前。后一分句的主干是manifestations now seem to be out of control,其中做時間和地點狀語的介詞短語in the modern world和now可提前翻譯。
詞匯方面:perceive sth. as sth.意為“視為,認(rèn)為,理解為”;source意為“來源,根源,源頭”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“出發(fā)點”;manifestation意為“顯示,表明,表示”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“(技術(shù)的)運用”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:賓語從句。
主句是Many historians of science argue,后面not only … but also連接了兩個并列的賓語從句。
詞匯方面:momentum意為“推動力,勢頭”。
全文翻譯
“科學(xué)”和“技術(shù)”的含義一代一代發(fā)生了深刻的變化。然而,這兩個術(shù)語之間的相似之處要多于其不同之處�?茖W(xué)與技術(shù)都包含有一種思維的過程,兩者都涉及物質(zhì)世界的因果關(guān)系,兩者都運用一套實驗的方法論,這種方法論所產(chǎn)生的是能夠通過重復(fù)得以驗證的經(jīng)驗性的實證結(jié)果。至少在理論上,科學(xué)較少地關(guān)心其研究成果的實用性,而更多地關(guān)注于歸納出普遍的法則;但是在實踐中,科學(xué)與技術(shù)卻相互關(guān)聯(lián),無法割裂。兩者之間不同程度的相互影響可見于各種行業(yè)的歷史發(fā)展過程,諸如:化學(xué)、工程、物理、天文、土木、制陶以及其它行業(yè)�?茖W(xué)家和技術(shù)人員的研究活動的差異與下列因素有關(guān):不同的教育要求、社會地位、術(shù)語、方法論、獎勵方式、以及機構(gòu)目標(biāo)職業(yè)目標(biāo),但縱觀歷史,許多“純”科學(xué)家既有理論建樹也有實用創(chuàng)新。
人們認(rèn)為科學(xué)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新提供理念,因此,對于工業(yè)文明中的任何一次意義重大的進(jìn)步,純理論的研究是必不可少的,當(dāng)然,這種觀念其實是沒有事實根據(jù)的。大多數(shù)工業(yè)文明的偉大改變都與實驗室研究無關(guān),機械、化工、天文、冶金、水利領(lǐng)域的基本工具及流程早在決定它們功能的法則被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前就已存在。例如,早在熱動力學(xué)解釋了蒸汽機操作的物理原理之前,蒸汽機已廣泛存在。
比較近幾年,科學(xué)和技術(shù)之間的價值分歧越來越尖銳�?茖W(xué)進(jìn)步經(jīng)常遭到激烈的反對,然而,現(xiàn)在有很多人對技術(shù)的恐懼甚于對科學(xué)的擔(dān)心。對于這些人來說,科學(xué)或許被看成是一種平靜的、客觀的理解自然永恒法則的出發(fā)點,而如今在他們看來,現(xiàn)代世界里技術(shù)的實際運用似乎已失去控制。
許多科學(xué)史家認(rèn)為,技術(shù)不僅是先進(jìn)的工業(yè)文明必不可少的條件,而且在比較近的幾個世紀(jì)里,技術(shù)變革的速度已形成了自身的勢頭�,F(xiàn)在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的速度似乎以幾何級別在增長,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了地理和政治的限定。這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新往往會改變傳統(tǒng)的文化體制,并常常帶來難以預(yù)料的社會后果。所以,技術(shù)應(yīng)被看作是既有進(jìn)步性也有毀滅性的過程。
三、美國教育系統(tǒng)
(46)Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education, often defined as personal growth. Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education” as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components.
This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years. (47) If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways.
Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and individual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation and enjoyment outside of the classroom. (48)Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their return home.
The typical American college’s support for extracurricular activity is perhaps unique in the world, This special educational dimension, beyond the classroom and laboratory experience, does not mean that extracurricular participation is required to gain an American degree. It remains an entirely optional activity, but (49)it is noted here because Americans have traditionally viewed success in one’s role as a citizen as closely linked to a “well-rounded”life that incorporates a variety of social, athletic, and cultural activities into a person’s experience.
A great many American campuses and communities have organized special extracurricular activities for students from other countries. (50) On most campuses, one can find an international club, which includes Americans, where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries, as well as Americans. International students are almost always invited, through organized hospitality activities, into the homes of Americans living in or outside the academic community.
答案
46.如果對美國教育體系的討論未能涉及許多學(xué)院及大學(xué)教育中非學(xué)術(shù)性的、社會的及“課程外”的方面,即其對個性成長的重視,那么這種討論就不全面。
47.假如美國本科教育的比較終目的只是傳授一定量的知識,那么學(xué)習(xí)的期限無疑就可以縮短。
48.參與校園內(nèi)的各種組織活動和校外團(tuán)體活動的經(jīng)驗在培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生歸國后在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用方面是極有價值的。
49.在這里特別提到的是因為美國人歷來認(rèn)為,一個人作為社會公民的成功是與包括各種各樣的社會、體育和文化活動的個人經(jīng)歷的全方位的生活緊密相關(guān)的。
50.在大多數(shù)的校園里都有國際俱樂部,成員包括美國學(xué)生。在俱樂部里,學(xué)生(包括美國學(xué)生)通過與來自其他國家的學(xué)生的社會交往相互認(rèn)識并學(xué)習(xí)。
總體分析
本文主要介紹了美國教育系統(tǒng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生課外活動能力,促進(jìn)學(xué)生個性發(fā)展的特點。
第一至二段:指出美國本科教育努力將個性發(fā)展和智力發(fā)展相結(jié)合。
第三至五段:這種教育特點與美國人關(guān)于成功的社會公民的觀念相關(guān),并有利于培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和交際能力。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:條件狀語從句、后置定語。
該句子是含條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句。句子的主干是:Any discussion … would be less than complete。If條件從句翻譯時應(yīng)前置,其中代詞it指代主句主語Any discussion …。條件句中又含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the emphasis。定語從句的主干是:… universities place (emphasis)upon the … education,句子比較后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(which is)defined as personal growth是前面名詞短語the nonacademic, social,“extracurricular”aspect of education的后置定語。由于名詞短語中已含有多個形容詞做定語,因此,句末的后置定語應(yīng)采用拆譯法,譯成同位語。
詞匯方面:place emphasis upon (sth.)強調(diào),重視;extracurricular課外的,業(yè)余的,extra-前綴意為“在外,外面”;personal growth個人成長。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:條件狀語從句、詞義的選擇。
該句是含if條件句的主從復(fù)合句,而且是虛擬語氣。
詞匯方面:convey意思是“運送;傳達(dá),表達(dá)”,文中和knowledge搭配應(yīng)譯為“傳授”。a body of原意是“大量,大批,大堆”,加入set后,可譯為“一定量的”。term意思是“學(xué)期,期限;條款,條件,術(shù)語”等,根據(jù)上下文將它確定為“期限”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:介詞短語、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
這是個簡單句,其主干是experience can be valuable,句子中的修飾成分基本上都是介詞短語。主語experience后with … involvement結(jié)構(gòu)做后置定語,翻譯時將它提前;in preparing …結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語,譯為“在……方面”。
詞匯方面:off-campus校外,off-前綴意為“不在……上,離開,去掉”;involvement意為“參與,加入”,文中轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。Upon可意為“……之后”。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:狀語從句、后置定語。
該句是含原因狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句,主句是it is noted here。Because引導(dǎo)的從句的主干是:Americans … viewed success …as closely linked to a “well-rounded”life,in one’s role as a citizen做后置定語修飾success,life后接有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做定語。由于主句很短,而狀語從句長且復(fù)雜,因此可以保留句子原來順序。
詞匯方面:note意為“注意,留意;指出,特別提到”。well-rounded是形容詞,意為“全面的,完善的”。incorporate sth. into sth.意為“將……包括在內(nèi),包含”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:定語從句。
句子主干是one can find an international club,句首介詞短語On most campuses做地點狀語,club后接有which和where分別引導(dǎo)的兩個定語從句。由于從句較長,采用拆譯法單獨成句。而且由于兩個定語從句共用一個先行詞club,因此它需要譯兩次。
詞匯方面:socially意為“在社交方面”。
全文翻譯
如果對美國教育體系的討論未能涉及許多學(xué)院及大學(xué)教育中非學(xué)術(shù)性的、社會的及“課程外”的部分,即其對個性成長的重視,那么這種討論就不全面。也許看待個性成長概念的一種有用的方法是將“教育”這個廣泛而全面的術(shù)語描述為是包羅萬象的,學(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)成分都作為子集包括其中。
對于不特別熟悉美國高等教育的人來說,這也許是比較難說明的概念之一。其他國家的教育系統(tǒng)很少這樣同時重視學(xué)術(shù)和個性教育。美國大多數(shù)學(xué)院和大學(xué)努力在本科階段將個性發(fā)展和智力發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。假如美國本科教育的比較終目的只是傳授一定量的知識,那么學(xué)習(xí)的期限無疑就可以縮短。然而學(xué)習(xí)的期限之所以延長,目的是讓學(xué)生有機會以其他方式成長和發(fā)展。
學(xué)生可獲得大量的機會參與體育運動、學(xué)生政府、音樂和戲劇組織,及無數(shù)其他的為促進(jìn)個人成長并提供課外消遣和娛樂的有組織的和個性化的活動。參與校園內(nèi)的各種組織活動和校外團(tuán)體活動的經(jīng)驗在培養(yǎng)國際學(xué)生歸國后在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用方面是極有價值的。
美國大學(xué)對課外活動的這種特有的支持可能在世界上是獨一無二的。這種超出課堂和實驗室經(jīng)驗的特殊教育內(nèi)容,并不意味著要獲得美國學(xué)歷就必須參與課外活動。它仍然完全是可選擇的活動,但是在這里特別提到它是因為美國人歷來認(rèn)為,一個人作為社會公民的成功是與包括各種各樣的社會、體育和文化活動的個人經(jīng)歷的全方位的生活緊密相關(guān)的。
許多美國校園和社團(tuán)都為來自其他國家的學(xué)生組織了特別的課外活動。在大多數(shù)的校園里都有國際俱樂部,成員包括美國學(xué)生。在俱樂部里,學(xué)生(包括美國學(xué)生)通過與來自其他國家的學(xué)生的社會交往相互認(rèn)識并學(xué)習(xí)。通過有組織的接待活動,國際學(xué)生幾乎總是被邀請到居住在學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體內(nèi)或外的美國人家中。
四、英國的政治傳統(tǒng)
The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of dislike in his eyes, and thinkers, miscreants, because practice is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing.(46) The notion of the free play of the mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself, being an object of desire, being an essential provider of elements without which a nation’s spirit, whatever compensations it may have for them, must in the long run, die of emptiness, hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity, which in other languages is used in a good sense, to mean, as a high and fine quality of man’s nature, just this disinterested love of a free play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sake—it is noticeable, I say, that this word has in our language no sense of the kind, no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality. (47)It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively of practice, politics, and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best, without the intrusion of any other considerations whatever. (48)This is an instinct for which there is, I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature, and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.
(49)It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it, and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take. The rule may be summed up in one word-disinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness? By keeping aloof from what is called “the practical view of things”; by resolutely following the law of its own nature, which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects which it touches. (50)By steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those concealed, political, practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them, but which criticism has really nothing to do with. Its business is, as I have said, simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas. Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty, with due ability; but its business is to do no more.
答案
46.對所有事物的自由思考本身就是一種樂趣,一種愿望,為民族精神提供了賴以生存的重要因素。離開這些因素,不管有其他什么樣的補償,一個國家的民族精神終究將會由于空洞而消逝。但是這種認(rèn)識很難進(jìn)入英國人的思想。
47.它遵循一種本能,促使它不考慮實踐、政治和所有類似的事物,汲取世界上知識和思想的精華;并且促使它在這個過程中不受任何其他考慮的侵?jǐn)_,珍視知識和思想。
48.好奇是一種本能,但我認(rèn)為,英國人講究實際的本性中幾乎找不到這一本能的痕跡;而且僅存的求知欲也在浪漫主義時代里,經(jīng)歷了長期的不良影響和壓制而變得麻木了。
49.至關(guān)重要的是,英國的批評界若想利用向它敞開的領(lǐng)域,若想在將來有所收獲,必須清楚應(yīng)該為自己的發(fā)展道路選擇什么樣的原則。
50.方法便是:堅決不為那些隱秘的、政治的和功利的觀點服務(wù),盡管很多人肯定會依附于這些觀點,但批評活動卻與它們毫不相干。
總體分析
英國人素來看重政治和實際,而忽視自由思想和對事物的好奇心。然而對于批評界來說,他們的驅(qū)動力應(yīng)該是對世界了解的欲望,而不是政治和實際。英國的批評界若想有所作為,必須清楚應(yīng)該采取什么樣的原則。按照作者的主張,英國的批評界應(yīng)該以求知、傳播和創(chuàng)新思想為己任,杜絕任何政治和功利因素的影響。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:現(xiàn)在分詞做定語、從句鑲嵌的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)、詞義的選擇。
該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)是:The notion … hardly enters into an Englishman’s thoughts。notion后面連用了三個being現(xiàn)在分詞定語,可譯為簡單的主謂句。但是,第三個分詞狀語中出現(xiàn)了一個定語從句修飾限定elements,而這個從句中又鑲嵌了由whatever引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,因此需要拆譯,讓它們獨立成句。由于主干的謂語部分放在了比較后,與主語空間上分離較大,需要按照漢語習(xí)慣,把原句的主干分離出來單譯。除此以外,少數(shù)地方需要意譯,使譯文更順暢,如:the free play of the mind可意譯為“自由思考”。
詞匯方面:subject,“事物,對象”;provider意為“提供者”,該處可譯為“源泉”;emptiness,“空洞,無意義”;固定短語in the long run表示“長遠(yuǎn)看來,久而久之”。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:較長后置定語、介詞短語作狀語
該句子的主干是It obeys an instict,現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)prompting it to try to know… and to value knowledge and thought做后置定語。該分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中含有兩個并列的不定式to try和to value,并且分別接有兩個介詞短語irrespectively of …和without …做狀語。根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣,將狀語提前翻譯。
詞匯方面:prompt做動詞,意為“促使,導(dǎo)致,激起”;irrespective of“不考慮,不管,不受……影響”;approach取其抽象含義,即“(思考問題的)方式、方法、態(tài)度”;inrusion“侵犯,侵?jǐn)_”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:代詞指代、長串定語、詞性變化。
該句子由and并列連接的兩個分句組成。前一分句中,This指代上文中的curiosity,“好奇心、求知欲”。定語從句for which……修飾限定instinct,翻譯時采用后置法。后一分句是個復(fù)合句,其結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單,主要問題是一些結(jié)構(gòu)和詞義的靈活處理。what there was of it做主語,后面緊跟著謂語。賓語period前面有定語a long benumbing,后面也有定語 blight and suppression…,由于定語很長、名詞中心語很短,而且這個名詞中心語period比較特殊,它和定語的修飾限定關(guān)系是可逆的,因此翻譯時可以把period作為定語,原文中的定語則譯為中心名詞。翻譯定語benumbing時,詞性發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換,形容詞譯為動詞“變得麻木”。
詞匯方面:sympathy的英文釋義是share the feelings of others; feeling of pity or sorrow for sth.,因此它不僅表示“同情”,還可以表示“認(rèn)同,共鳴”,但是這些詞義與原文搭配起來都不順暢,因此可以弱化sympathy,而強化original含義中的origin,這句話可以譯為“能夠找到……的痕跡”。benumbing來自動詞benumb,表示“使……變得麻木、遲鈍”;blight,“不良影響”;suppression,“壓抑、壓制”;epoch,“時代、時期”。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:主語從句、賓語從句、詞義選擇。
it是形式主語,指代that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,可以有兩種處理方法:1)……(主語從句),這是極其重要的;2)極其重要的是……(主語從句中的內(nèi)容)。在主語從句中,discern的賓語為what rule for its course …it ought to take,中間插入的是兩個并列不定式做目的狀語。
詞匯方面: of the last importance“極端重要,極其重要”;動詞詞組avail oneself of sth.表示“利用、使用……”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:定語從句。
這句話是一個介賓結(jié)構(gòu),和上一句都是由介詞by引導(dǎo),表示方法途徑,回答And how is criticism to show the disinterestedness?介賓結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個并列的定語從句which … but which …,修飾ideas,翻譯時可采用后置法,做兩個單獨的主謂句。
詞匯方面:lend itself to sth.表示“適合于某物”,此處可活譯為“被……利用,屈從于……”。
全文翻譯
英國人歷來被稱為政治動物,他們?nèi)绱酥匾曊魏蛯嶋H的東西,以至于在他們眼中思想會很容易成為他們眼中討厭的對象,而思想家也會成惡人。因為實際就是一切,自由的思想一文不值。對所有事物的自由思考本身就是一種樂趣,一種愿望,為民族精神提供了賴以生存的重要因素。離開這些因素,不管有其他什么樣的補償,一個國家的民族精神終究將會由于空洞而消逝。但是這種認(rèn)識很難進(jìn)入英國人的思想。值得注意的是,“好奇”這個詞在其他語言中被用作褒義,意思是人性中高尚和美好的品質(zhì),即出于對所有事物一律給予自由思考的熱愛。我說值得注意,是指“好奇”這個詞在我們的語言中沒有這種含義,而且還是糟糕的和貶損的含義。但是批評,真正的批評,本質(zhì)上卻正是這種品質(zhì)的運用。它遵循一種本能,促使它不考慮實踐、政治和所有類似的事物,試圖汲取世界上知識和思想的精華;并且促使它在這個過程中不受任何其他考慮的侵?jǐn)_,珍視知識和思想。好奇是一種本能,但我認(rèn)為,英國人講究實際的本性中幾乎找不到這一本能的痕跡。僅存的求知欲也在浪漫主義時代里,經(jīng)歷了長期的不良影響和壓制而變得麻木了。
至關(guān)重要的是,英國的批評界若想利用向它敞開的領(lǐng)域,若想在將來有所收獲,必須清楚應(yīng)該為自己的發(fā)展道路選擇什么樣的原則。這種原則可以概括為一個詞——客觀。如何通過批評來表現(xiàn)客觀呢?方法便是:遠(yuǎn)離所謂的“實際的觀點”;堅決遵循自身的法則,即自由思考所有接觸到的事物。堅決不為那些隱秘的、政治的和功利的觀點服務(wù),盡管很多人肯定會依附于這些觀點,但批評活動卻與它們毫不相干。正如我所提到的,好奇所要做的只是了解已知的和已經(jīng)想到的比較好的事物,接著將它公之于眾,從而創(chuàng)造一股真實而新穎的思潮。它所要做的是用不變的誠實和應(yīng)有的能力來完成上述行為,并且再無其他內(nèi)容。
五、藝術(shù)的價值
Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result. (46) Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.
The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. (47)Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake”. Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. (48)They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.
Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. (49)We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value.(50)Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?
答案
46.或者,人們可能會認(rèn)為藝術(shù)具有負(fù)面的影響,像柏拉圖在《理想國》一書中所認(rèn)為的那樣,藝術(shù)會影響那些接觸它的人,使其墮落,或起不到教化作用。
47.哲學(xué)家們一直在不懈地探索審美體驗中的價值。這種價值是獨一無二的,因此不能從別處獲得。
48.他們還相信,為了以理解藝術(shù)的方式去理解藝術(shù),必須放棄對其他方面的關(guān)注而只關(guān)注藝術(shù)作品本身。
49.比如,我們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)作品必須作為藝術(shù)品被人們欣賞,但是我們在欣賞藝術(shù)作品時也能從中獲得一些具有獨立價值的東西。
50.因此,笑話是因為其本身而可笑,盡管笑聲中有一種獨立的價值,這一價值通過使我們在片刻中脫離自己而燃亮了我們的生命。
總體分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于藝術(shù)的價值的文章。其中主要論述的是唯美主義的“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的觀點。
第一段:提出了藝術(shù)價值的兩種理論,即內(nèi)在理論和外在理論。對這兩種理論做了具體闡釋,并引出了對藝術(shù)效果的疑問。
第二段:指出列夫·托爾斯泰的外在理論不能令人滿意,哲學(xué)家們一直關(guān)注探索的是藝術(shù)自身的價值體驗。在該段中,作者引用了奧斯卡·瓦爾德以及法國象征主義的觀點。
第三段:在兩種極端的觀點之間,有一種居中的觀點,即藝術(shù)作品必須作為他們本身而被體驗,但是在體驗的過程中,我們又確實得到了一些東西。該段作者用了例證法,以“玩笑”的價值為例來證明自己的觀點。
文章學(xué)術(shù)性較強,屬于正式文體,因此長句、復(fù)合句頗多,其中引入了一些學(xué)術(shù)界人士的觀點,所以有很大難度。通過該文章的閱讀,考生應(yīng)懂得拓寬知識面的重要性。
文章考查的知識點主要有:(一)被動語態(tài)。(二)狀語,包括現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語、方式狀語從句、目的狀語從句和讓步狀語從句。(三)定語從句。(四)it做形式主語。
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語、as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句、定語從句的翻譯。
該句的主干成分是one may attribute a negative value to art,主語是泛指代詞one,可譯為“人們”。As引導(dǎo)的從句做方式狀語,可譯為“如同……,像……”。Arguing部分是現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語,可以把它譯成與主句并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。句中的those 指代的是人,緊跟其后的exposed做后置定語修飾those,翻譯時,按照漢語習(xí)慣,應(yīng)該將定語提前。
詞匯:Alternatively表示二者擇一,可以譯成“或者,要不”。Attribute ..to“認(rèn)為……屬于”,在這里可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為“認(rèn)為……具有”。Diseducative是educative的反義詞,dis-是否定前綴,因此可以譯為“起不到教化作用的”。Exposed本意是“暴露的”,在這里引申譯成“接觸”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:并列定語從句的翻譯
句子主干是Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience,其后是兩個由that引導(dǎo)的并列的定語從句。需注意的是:這兩個定語從句修飾的先行詞是value而非aesthetic experience。在英語語言中,為了避免頭重腳輕常將較長的定語后置;在譯成漢語時,要么遵從漢語習(xí)慣還原到名詞之前,要么為了避免冗長的定語影響閱讀,可以采用拆譯法,將它們譯成獨立的兩個并列分句。這里采用第二種方法。
詞匯:constantly“不變的,經(jīng)常的”,在這里用來修飾“哲學(xué)家們的探索和尋找”,應(yīng)該譯成“一直或堅持不懈地”。aesthetic experience“審美體驗”,unique“獨一無二的”。Other source可直譯為“其他來源”,也可意譯為“別處”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:目的狀語從句、方式狀語從句、it作形式主語的翻譯。
該句的主干成分是they hold that…,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的主干是it is necessary to…。其中,it 做形式主語,真正的主語是to put aside…,翻譯時應(yīng)該直接譯出真實主語的內(nèi)容。在這里,將necessary一詞的翻譯提前更能突出“放棄”這一詞的重要性。此外,賓語從句前面部分是一個目的狀語從句in order to…,可以譯成“為了……”。該目的狀語中又包含了一個方式狀語as it should be understood,as應(yīng)譯成“以……的方式”。
詞匯:hold根據(jù)上下文譯為“認(rèn)為,堅信”。put aside原意是“忘記,不考慮,拋棄”,在文中和interests搭配應(yīng)譯為“放棄”。interest原意為“無趣,愛好”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“關(guān)注”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:并列賓語從句、定語從句、重點詞組的翻譯。
該句主干是we believe that…, but that…。其中but 連接兩個并列分句,二者之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,在后一分句中包含了一個定語從句,即that is of independent value修飾不定代詞something。
詞匯:For one’s own sake為了某人自己的利益,這里應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文活譯成“作為藝術(shù)”。of independent value在這里是介詞短語做定語,直譯為“具有獨立價值的(東西)”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:被動語態(tài)、讓步狀語從句、定語從句的翻譯
該句的主干是a joke is laughed at for its own sake,even though 引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句,譯為“盡管……”,翻譯時,為了突出強調(diào)狀語部分,可根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣將其前置至句首。Which引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾laughter,因為定語部分較長,所以應(yīng)該將其拆譯成獨立的一部分。
詞匯:lighten燃亮,照亮,該動詞由形容詞light轉(zhuǎn)化而來。詞性發(fā)生變化,詞義有所保留。Momentarily片刻的。
全文翻譯
藝術(shù)價值理論有兩種,我們稱之為外在理論和內(nèi)在理論。前者將藝術(shù)和對藝術(shù)的欣賞看作是達(dá)到某種公認(rèn)的道德利益的手段;而后者看到的不是它們工具性的價值而是投向自身物體的價值。將藝術(shù)價值定位于其對藝術(shù)欣賞者的影響上是外在理論的特點。藝術(shù)被認(rèn)為是一種教育形式,也許是一種情感教育。在這種情況下,是否有一些達(dá)到同樣效果的更有效的方法還沒有定論。或者,人們也許認(rèn)為藝術(shù)有負(fù)面價值,正如柏拉圖在他的《理想國》一書里所認(rèn)為的那樣,藝術(shù)會影響那些接觸它的人,使其墮落,或起不到教化作用。
現(xiàn)代社會中被列夫托爾斯泰吸收進(jìn)1896年出版的《藝術(shù)論》一書中的外在理論,很少看起來完全令人滿意。哲學(xué)家們一直在不懈地探索唯美體驗中的價值。這種價值是獨一無二的,因此不能從別處獲得。這種內(nèi)在理論的極端版本與華特·佩特、奧斯卡·王爾德及法國印象主義者聯(lián)系在一起,并將這一理論概括成這樣的口號:“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”。這些思想家和作家相信:藝術(shù)不僅僅是它自身的終結(jié)也是對其自身的充分證明。他們還相信,為了以理解藝術(shù)的方式去相信理解藝術(shù),必須放棄對其他方面的關(guān)注而只關(guān)注藝術(shù)作品本身。
在這兩種極端的觀點之間,有一些折中的觀點。比如,我們認(rèn)為藝術(shù)作品必須作為藝術(shù)而被人們欣賞,但是我們在欣賞藝術(shù)作品時也能從中獲得一些獨立的價值。因此,笑話是因為其本身而可笑,盡管笑聲中有獨立的價值,這一價值又通過使我們在片刻中脫離自己而燃亮了我們的生命。為什么不可以用相似的事情來說明藝術(shù)作品呢,許多藝術(shù)作品渴望著與好的笑話一樣具有娛樂性。
六、社會保障
The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (46) It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people’s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear of malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring to Sweden’s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (47) People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.
Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (48) Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. (49) There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.
The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. (50) It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers’ opposition towards loss of their jobs.
總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于社會保障的文章,主要論述社會賦予工作的價值這種觀點所帶來的后果,并指出雖然社會保障存在一些問題,但是仍有成效可見。
第一段:先提出社會賦予工作的價值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個人主義緊密聯(lián)系在一起,因此對社會保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。接著具體論述了三點影響。
第二段:轉(zhuǎn)折指出,近年來工作對社會保障的束縛日益松解。接著作者又提到現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會中工傷和非工傷的區(qū)別是虛假的,比較后提到單親家庭的救濟理由,即一個現(xiàn)代的社會保障體系必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。
第三段:綜述社會保障和工作之間的關(guān)系。并指出看待社會保障的幾種觀點。
文章是有關(guān)社會生活的評論性文章,所用詞匯絕大多數(shù)為書面用語,句子結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜,長句較多。此外,這篇文章的主題“社會保障”是社會生活中比較常見的話題,所以考生可以結(jié)合常識理解。由此可見,考生平時應(yīng)該注意一些有關(guān)社會文化生活的中英文報道,一方面熟悉常用詞匯,一方面積累常識性知識。
文章考核的知識點:(一)狀語,包括目的狀語從句,分詞作狀語,介詞短語作狀語。(二)定語,包括定語從句,過去分詞作定語等。(三)it為形式主語的主語從句。(四)同位語。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:目的狀語從句的翻譯
該句是一個含有l(wèi)est引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句的復(fù)合句。主句部分又包含了一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。主句的主語為代詞it,考生翻譯時應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文找出它所指代的對象,避免產(chǎn)生歧義。在此句中,it指代的是前文整個句子,可以譯為“這種觀念”。Mean字面含義是“表示...的意思”,在這里因為主語譯成觀念,所以可將mean活譯成“認(rèn)為”與之相搭配。連詞lest引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,按字面意思直譯是“以免人們的積極性受到損害”,但是考慮到要突出主語以及具體動作,可依照漢語習(xí)慣譯成主動句。
詞匯:benefit常見含義是“好處,利益”,因為整個文章談?wù)摰氖巧鐣U蠁栴},所以應(yīng)譯成“救濟金,保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”,一般譯為“首先”。Willingness原意為“甘愿,自愿”,Suffer意為“受損害,受痛苦”,兩個詞搭配在一起,譯為“積極性受到損害”或“損害積極性”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞作定語、過去分詞作定語、過去分詞作狀語的譯法
該句的主干是people … receive preferential treatment。其中suffering from accidents …or from occupational diseases是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾主語people,考生在翻譯時可以按照漢語的習(xí)慣,將定語放到名詞前面。incurred at work是過去分詞作定語,修飾這一詞組前的accidents,可意譯為“因工受傷”。compared with those suffering … 是過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,翻譯時,狀語部分可放在句首,譯為“與...相比”。此外,考生應(yīng)將該部分中those一詞所指代的對象譯出,以免產(chǎn)生歧義。聯(lián)系上下文可得,它是泛指代詞,可譯為“人們”。Those 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞詞組仍然充當(dāng)定語。
詞匯:Occupational diseases“職業(yè)病”;preferential treatment“優(yōu)待”;incur“招致”;social security service社會保障服務(wù);civil“市民的,公民的”,這里與work 相對,譯為“個人的”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:被動語態(tài)、過去分詞作定語、介詞短語作狀語的譯法
該句子的主句是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)the preferential treatment has been questioned。對被動語態(tài)的翻譯,可以將其譯為“遭受,受到”等。文章中g(shù)iven to occupational disability by the social security service部分是過去分詞短語作定語的結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語the treatment。With引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語,翻譯時既可以按照漢語習(xí)慣放到句首,也可以獨立譯成一個分句,突出強調(diào)這一事件。
詞匯:increasingly字面意思是“漸漸地,逐漸地”,在文中譯為“越來越多地”;question作動詞時譯為“質(zhì)疑”。Upgrade“上升,上漲,提高”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:同位語、定語從句的翻譯
該句子的主干成分是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)there is also the reason,可直接譯為“還有一個理由”。that引導(dǎo)的句子為reason的同位語,翻譯時可以直接用一個“即”字引導(dǎo),緊跟在reason后面。which 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾reason一詞,翻譯時按照漢語習(xí)慣置于名詞的前面。
詞匯:additional“額外的,附加的”,one-parent family“單親家庭”,concentrate on“集中于,專注于”,irrespective of“不顧……的;不考慮……的;不論……的”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:主語從句的翻譯
第一個句子的主干成分是it is true,其中it為形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的從句為真正的主語。由于主語太長,可以將謂語部分提前譯為“誠然”。主語從句的主干是the general view was that…,until very recently突出強調(diào)了所述現(xiàn)象存在的時間,在翻譯時,可以單獨譯成“直到比較近”。主語從句中又包含了that引導(dǎo)的表語從句。后一句是一個簡單的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)It was seen as …,考生注意翻譯時應(yīng)將主語代詞it 指代的對象譯出,在句中它指代的是“社會保障”。
詞匯:represented“代表”;luxury“奢侈,享受”。Essentially“基本的,本質(zhì)的”。Expenditure“開支,費用”。Needy“貧困的”,在句中與定冠詞the搭配,特指一類人,可以譯為“貧困群體”。
全文翻譯
社會賦予工作的價值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個人主義價值緊密聯(lián)系在一起,因此對社會保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。首先,這種觀念認(rèn)為,救濟金的數(shù)額必須小,以免損害人們主動工作,自食其力的積極性。盡管目前的救濟金一直保持固定的比率,而且與收入掛鉤,但是為了防止有人裝病以逃避職責(zé),救濟金的總數(shù)額總是必須小于人們的周薪。在談到瑞典相對較多的救濟金時,亨特·福德說:“社會保障的目的是擺脫沒有跨越富裕界限的需要�!钡诙鐣U辖鸬陌l(fā)放是有條件的,設(shè)計這些條件的目的是為了減少那些膽大妄為者企圖依靠國家而不是依靠工作而生活的可能性。許多圍繞失業(yè)付給或補充救濟金的規(guī)則都是為了這一目的而設(shè)置的。第三,在傷殘情況下,賦予工作的價值以更明確的方式體現(xiàn)出來。與那些遭受個人意外和普通疾病的人相比,因公受傷或者患有職業(yè)病的人在社會保障服務(wù)方面享有優(yōu)待�!�
然而,近年來工作對社會保障的束縛日益松解。在家庭補貼、家庭收入增補、對停薪限制寬松化等方面的規(guī)定都能體現(xiàn)出這種趨勢。同樣,社會保障服務(wù)給予職業(yè)傷殘的優(yōu)惠待遇越來越多地受到了質(zhì)疑,人們要求提高對其他類型傷殘的救濟。可以感覺到的是,在當(dāng)代工業(yè)社會中,職業(yè)傷殘和非職業(yè)傷殘的不同是虛假的,因為許多非職業(yè)傷殘盡管不是直接發(fā)生在工作場所,仍然有著工業(yè)根源。此外,還有一個我們在討論單親家庭救濟問題時所提及的理由,即一個現(xiàn)代的社會保障服務(wù)必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。
社會保障和工作之間的關(guān)系,并不都是單方面的事情。直到比較近,普遍的觀點依然認(rèn)為社會保障“體現(xiàn)的是一種享受,從本質(zhì)上講是反經(jīng)濟的”。它僅僅被看作是政府用于貧困群體的開支,但是雇主和政府仍然較為成功地運用了裁員支出和與收入相關(guān)的失業(yè)福利減少了工人對于失業(yè)的反對。
七、相對論
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle’s mass.
(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.
The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案
47.在古典物理中,某一物體的質(zhì)量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質(zhì)相關(guān)聯(lián)。這是一種構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的“東西”。
48.某一粒子的質(zhì)量相當(dāng)于一定的能量,這一事實意味著該粒子不再被看作是一個靜態(tài)的物體,而應(yīng)該被看成是一種動態(tài)的形式,一種與能量表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量相關(guān)的過程。
49.這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他列出了描述電子運動行為的相對論方程。
50.粒子生成和毀滅的過程在真正被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,迪拉克的理論已經(jīng)對它們作出了預(yù)測,從那時起人們對此做過數(shù)百萬次的觀測。
51.在相對論粒子物理學(xué)誕生之前,人們一直以為物質(zhì)的構(gòu)成成分要么是不可毀滅和不可改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構(gòu)成部分的合成物。
總體分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于粒子物理理論的文章。
第一段:指出相對論改變了我們的粒子概念,從而影響了我們對物質(zhì)的理解。
第二段:指出這一粒子觀點是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他的理論揭示了物質(zhì)和反物質(zhì)的基本對稱。該理論已經(jīng)得到了證實。
第三段:純能量創(chuàng)造物質(zhì)粒子是相對論比較驚人的影響。相對論觀點的粒子物理學(xué)改變了人們對于物質(zhì)的看法和理解。
本文是一篇科普性說明文,屬于正式文體。考生首要的任務(wù)是清楚地分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),并結(jié)合自己的物理常識準(zhǔn)確把握生疏詞匯,在此基礎(chǔ)上完成翻譯。本題考核的知識點:(一)被動語態(tài)。(二)定語,包括定語從句,分詞作定語。(三)狀語從句。
試題精解
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:被動語態(tài)、定語從句的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the mass ... had always been associated with an indestructible material substance,其中完成時的被動語態(tài)had been associated with,可譯成“總是與...相關(guān)聯(lián)”。with some “stuff” of which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾indestructible material substance,翻譯的時候應(yīng)該按照漢語習(xí)慣,將定語前置,放到所修飾的名詞前面�?芍弊g為“所有物質(zhì)被認(rèn)為是由這種物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的”,或意譯為“這是構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的東西”。考生應(yīng)該注意of 與be made是詞組be made of被分隔了的形式,譯成“由...構(gòu)成的”。
詞匯:classical“經(jīng)典的,古典的”,在該句中取其第二種含義,譯成“古典物理”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:同位語、賓語從句、定語從句、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的譯法。
該句的句子主干是The fact means that...,fact后是that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,同位語從句的翻譯和定語從句翻譯有很多相似之處,如果句子較長,可單獨成句,并用“這一事實...”將從句和主語連接在一起,that可以省略不譯。Means后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,其中有兩個并列的謂語:can no longer be seen as和has to be conceived as,譯為“不能再被看成...,而應(yīng)該被看成...”。a process 是賓語補足語a dynamic pattern的同位語,可以譯成并列結(jié)構(gòu)。Involving...部分是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,修飾a process,按照漢語習(xí)慣譯成“與……有關(guān)的過程”。Which...mass是定語從句,修飾the energy,可譯成“表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量的能量�!�
詞匯:be equivalent to“等同于,相當(dāng)于”。 Be conceived as“被看成,被認(rèn)為”。Dynamic“動力的,動態(tài)的”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:被動語態(tài)、狀語從句、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的譯法。
該句的句子主干是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac,在翻譯被動語態(tài)時,通常按照漢語習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成主動語態(tài),但是有時候為了突出施動者,也可譯成“由...所做的”。該句中為了突出initiated這一動作是由Dirac發(fā)出,應(yīng)譯成“這一觀點是由...首創(chuàng)的”。When 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,可譯成“當(dāng)...的時候”,或者為了突出正在發(fā)生的事件,譯成“那時候...”。describing ... electrons部分是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,修飾relativistic equation,應(yīng)該按照漢語習(xí)慣譯成“描述電子運動行為的相對論方程”。
詞匯:initiated“開始,發(fā)起”,句中譯為“首創(chuàng)”。Formulated“用公式表達(dá),明確地表達(dá)“。relativistic equation“相對論方程”。
50.[精解] 本體考核知識點:狀語從句、被動語態(tài)的譯法。
該句由兩個并列的分句構(gòu)成:These processes had been predicted和since then they have been observed。前一分句中of particle creation and destruction部分是介詞短語作定語,修飾主語processes,應(yīng)譯為“粒子生成和毀滅的過程”。Before...in nature部分為時間狀語,翻譯時,可按照漢語習(xí)慣前置,譯成“在...之前”。后一分句中的時間狀語since then可譯成“在..之后”或“從那時”。此外翻譯被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)had been predicted from Dirac’s theory時,為了突出施動者,可以按照漢語習(xí)慣,譯為主動結(jié)構(gòu)。
詞匯:creation and destruction“生成和毀滅”。predict“預(yù)測,預(yù)言”,文中談?wù)摰氖强茖W(xué)現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)該譯為“預(yù)測”。in nature“實際上”。
51.[精解] 本題考核知識點:完成時的被動語態(tài)、狀語從句、定語從句、either...or結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the constituents of matter had always been considered as either...or....。完成時的被動語態(tài)had always been considered,可按照漢語習(xí)慣譯成主動語態(tài),即“人們一直以為”。狀語before...可直接翻譯,在句中位置不變。Either...or...句型應(yīng)該譯成“或者...或者...”,也可以譯成“要么...要么...”。本句中兩個as...部分均為賓語補足語,與consider一起譯成“看成是...”。兩個which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾兩個賓語補足語,翻譯時采用前置法將定語提前。
詞匯:relativistic particle physics“相對粒子物理學(xué)”,constituents of matter“物質(zhì)構(gòu)成成分”, composite objects“合成物”。
全文翻譯
相對論迫使我們從本質(zhì)上改變了粒子概念,從而深深地影響了我們對物質(zhì)的理解。在古典物理中,某一物體的質(zhì)量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質(zhì)相關(guān)聯(lián)。這是一種構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的“東西”。相對論表明,質(zhì)量與任何物質(zhì)都毫無關(guān)系,它只是一種能量形式。而能量則是與運動或過程聯(lián)系在一起的動態(tài)的量。某一粒子的質(zhì)量相當(dāng)于一定的能量,這一事實意味著該粒子不能再被看作是一個靜態(tài)的物體,而應(yīng)該被看成是一種動態(tài)的形式,一種與能量表現(xiàn)為粒子質(zhì)量相關(guān)的過程。
這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創(chuàng)的,他列出了描述電子運動行為的相對論方程。迪拉克理論的極大成功不僅是因為證明了原子結(jié)構(gòu)的微細(xì)節(jié),還因為它揭示了物質(zhì)與反物質(zhì)的基本對稱。這一理論預(yù)測了反物質(zhì)的存在,反物質(zhì)與電子質(zhì)量相同,電荷相反。迪拉克做出預(yù)測兩年后,就有人真正發(fā)現(xiàn)這種釋放正電的粒子,也就是現(xiàn)在的正電子。物質(zhì)和反物質(zhì)的對稱顯示了每個粒子都存在著一個質(zhì)量相同但電荷相反的反粒子。如果有足夠的能量,就能創(chuàng)造出粒子和反粒子的粒子對,并在其逆向破壞的過程中轉(zhuǎn)化成純能量。粒子生成和毀滅的過程在真正被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,迪拉克的理論已經(jīng)對它們作出了預(yù)測,從那時起人們對此做過數(shù)百萬次的觀測。
純能量創(chuàng)造物質(zhì)粒子無疑是相對論產(chǎn)生的比較驚人的影響,也只有通過上述粒子觀才能理解。在相對粒子物理學(xué)誕生之前,人們一直以為物質(zhì)的構(gòu)成成分要么是不可毀滅和改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構(gòu)成部分的合成物�;镜膯栴}是:人們是否可以一次又一次地分裂物質(zhì),或者說人們是否可以比較終達(dá)到一些比較小的不可分割的單位。
八、戰(zhàn)爭
Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete.(46)There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the destructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibility that war may serve any good at all. In a day when vehicles hurtle through outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can claim victory in war. A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitous legacy of human suffering, political and spiritual disillusionment. A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of a human race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death. (47)If modern man continues to toy unhesitatingly with war, he will transform his earthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante (但丁) could not imagine.
(48)Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy of nonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding the relations between nations. It is, after all, nation states, which make war, which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival of mankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.
We have ancient habits to deal with, vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.(49)But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created, it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.
I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced. (50)But I am convinced that we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation, a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death. We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness, indeed the eagerness, to enter into the new world, which is now possible, “the city which hath foundation, whose Building and Maker is God”.
答案
46.也許曾經(jīng)有一段時間,戰(zhàn)爭通過阻止邪惡勢力的擴張和發(fā)展而成為負(fù)面的善舉,但現(xiàn)代武器的巨大破壞力消除了戰(zhàn)爭成為善舉的任何可能性。
47如果現(xiàn)代人繼續(xù)毫無顧忌地玩弄戰(zhàn)爭,他將使現(xiàn)世的生存環(huán)境變成但丁的心靈都無法想像的地獄。
48.因此,我建議將非暴力的哲學(xué)和策略立即定為一個研究課題,并在人類沖突的各個領(lǐng)域,不排除在國與國的關(guān)系中,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的實驗。
49.但是除非我們完全喪失人性,并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐懼和無能,那么結(jié)束國家之間的戰(zhàn)爭和暴力與結(jié)束貧窮和種族歧視同樣具有可能性和緊迫性。
50.但是我堅信,除非我們在這方面準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一次精神和靈魂的重新評估,改變關(guān)注點,以使我們看到,表面上比較現(xiàn)實、比較強大的東西其實是比較不現(xiàn)實、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西,我們將不會有意志、勇氣和遠(yuǎn)見來處理這些事情。
總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭的文章。文中談到了戰(zhàn)爭的危害性,以及如何防御戰(zhàn)爭的問題。
第一段:首先指出戰(zhàn)爭是過時的,接著講述隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,戰(zhàn)爭的危害更大了,甚至?xí)䦟?dǎo)致整個人類的死亡。
第二段:作者提出了建議性的解決辦法,即將非暴力的哲學(xué)和策略定為研究課題。
第三段:指出終止國家之間的戰(zhàn)爭與暴力具有可能性和緊迫性。
第四段:重申了制止戰(zhàn)爭的可能性,即戰(zhàn)爭是比較不現(xiàn)時、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:狀語從句和定語從句、根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法
此句是but連接的并列句,前一分句的主干是there may have been a time,time后是when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。后一分句的主干是the destructive power ... eliminates the possibility,possibility后是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,可用前置法譯為“...的可能性”。
詞匯:注意根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法。如a negative good。Good在這里是名詞,意為“好處,好事”等。本句中譯為“善舉”有動作性,突出了戰(zhàn)爭的影響。negative是“消極的,負(fù)面的”,二者組合到一起,可以譯成“負(fù)面的善舉”。eliminates the possibility中eliminates一詞譯為“消除”,有否定的含義,它和even ... any good at all一起強調(diào)“消除了戰(zhàn)爭成為善舉的任何可能性”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:條件復(fù)合句、根據(jù)上下文確定詞匯的譯法
此句是一個含if條件句的復(fù)合句,譯為“如果...(那么)...”。翻譯的難點在于詞匯的翻譯。Toy一詞在句中是動詞,譯為“玩弄”。Unhesitatingly原意為“不躊躇地,堅定地”,但由于句中是貶義的用法,應(yīng)譯為“毫無顧忌地”。Transform...into...“把...轉(zhuǎn)變成...”。Earthly的意思有“現(xiàn)世的,可能的,地球的”等,但句中它和hell(地獄)形成對照,因此應(yīng)譯為“現(xiàn)世的”。Habitat意為“生活環(huán)境,產(chǎn)地,棲息地”等,由于句中指的是人類的居所,可譯為“生存環(huán)境”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語、名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞的譯法
該句子的主干是I suggest that the philosophy and strategy ... becomes a subject for study and for experimentation,in every field和excluding ...語法上講分別是介詞短語和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作experimentation的后置定語。本句的難點是對experimentation的翻譯,它是名詞,本意為“實驗”,但在句中應(yīng)該活譯為動詞,即“做實驗”。這樣它的后置定語成分也相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語修飾成分。直譯為“在人類沖突的各個領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)真實驗”,意譯為“在人類沖突的各個領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的實驗”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:條件復(fù)合句、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的譯法
本句是含unless引導(dǎo)的條件句的復(fù)合句,其主干是unless ... it is as possible and as urgent to ... as it is to ... 。主句中it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式,因此it可以不譯,直接譯出后面的內(nèi)容。比較結(jié)構(gòu)As possible and urgent as...結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為“和...一樣可能和緊迫”,也可突出書面語的特點用名詞表達(dá),譯為“和...同樣具有可能性和緊迫性”。we have ourselves created做定語修飾the weapons,翻譯時采用前置法把定語提前,譯為“我們自己創(chuàng)造的武器”。
詞匯:resign作及物動詞,原意為“辭去,放棄,拋棄”,在該句中接賓語our humanity,可譯為“喪失”;yield to原意為“屈服于...”,在文中活譯為“陷入”;impotence“無能”;in the presence of“在……的面前”。
50[精解] 本題考核知識點:多重復(fù)合句的譯法
此句子較長,翻譯的難點在于對多重復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。該句的主干成份I am convinced that,是結(jié)構(gòu)的第一層。第二層是that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless ... 。該從句中又包含了一個unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,這是本句的第三層結(jié)構(gòu)。它的主干是we are prepared to undergo a re-evaluation, a change of focus ... ,其中a change of focus是re-evaluation的同位語,起到解釋說明的作用。由于后面的修飾成分還很長,可以從這里斷句,重起一句。該句的第四層結(jié)構(gòu)是which will enable us to see that...,這一定語從句修飾a change of focus。由于定語較長,采用拆譯法,單獨譯出。其中that又引導(dǎo)了一個賓語從句 seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death。
詞匯:re-evaluation“重新評估”;come under原意為“遭到,受到”,表被動含義,文中可譯為“被”;sentence of death“死刑”。
全文翻譯
來自經(jīng)驗積累的智慧告訴我們,戰(zhàn)爭是過時的。也許曾經(jīng)有一段時間,戰(zhàn)爭通過阻止邪惡勢力的擴張和發(fā)展而成為負(fù)面的善舉,但現(xiàn)代武器的巨大破壞力消除了戰(zhàn)爭成為善舉的任何可能性。在運載航天火箭穿越外太空,引導(dǎo)彈道導(dǎo)彈在大氣同溫層劃上死亡軌跡的時代,沒有任何一個民族可以宣稱是戰(zhàn)爭的勝利者。所謂的有限戰(zhàn)爭給人們留下的只有災(zāi)難,政治上和精神上的理想幻滅。世界戰(zhàn)爭留下的只是硝煙,無言地證明了:人類的愚蠢將不可避免地導(dǎo)致比較后的死亡。如果現(xiàn)代人繼續(xù)毫無顧忌地玩弄戰(zhàn)爭,他將使現(xiàn)世的生存環(huán)境變成但丁的心靈都無法想像的地獄。
因此,我建議將非暴力哲學(xué)和策略立即定為一個研究課題,并在人類沖突的各個領(lǐng)域,當(dāng)然不排除在國與國的關(guān)系中,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的試驗。畢竟,那些國家和民族就是制造戰(zhàn)爭、生產(chǎn)威脅人類生存的武器以及生來具有種族滅絕性和自殺性的元兇。
我們有一個古老的習(xí)慣,就是用巨大的力量組織解決無法描述的復(fù)雜的問題,但是除非我們完全喪失人性,并在自己制造的武器面前完全陷入恐懼和無能,否則終止國家之間的戰(zhàn)爭和暴力與結(jié)束貧窮和種族歧視同樣具有可能性和緊迫性。
我并不是將需要面對的復(fù)雜的問題簡單化,但是我相信,除非我們準(zhǔn)備在這方面進(jìn)行一次精神和靈魂的重新評估,改變關(guān)注點,以使我們看到,看起來比較現(xiàn)實、比較強大的東西其實是比較不現(xiàn)實、已經(jīng)被宣判死刑的東西,否則我們不會有意志、勇氣和遠(yuǎn)見來處理這些事情。我們需要盡比較大的努力準(zhǔn)備著甚至是熱切地進(jìn)入一個嶄新的世界,目前看這是可能的:那是上帝建造的城堡。
九、甘地的和平主義
Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (46)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definite technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (47)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of nonviolent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujuruti, it seems the word means “firmness in the truth.” (48)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely renounced violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (49)indeed, he did not take the fruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and his answer was on record in Mr. Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fisher, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”
答案
46.其動機是宗教性質(zhì)的,但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧,一種方法,它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。
47.這個由甘地提出并付諸實踐的方法,比較早起源于南非,是一種非暴力的斗爭方式,用既不傷害對方又不會引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。
48.早年間,在布爾戰(zhàn)爭期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過擔(dān)架,而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。
49.而且也確實沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠實的態(tài)度,假裝說在所有戰(zhàn)爭中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣,因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。
50.我必須說,我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽到過對該問題的誠實的答復(fù),但是卻聽大了大量的躲閃之詞,通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹甘地的和平主義的文章。文章先介紹了甘地的和平主義的性質(zhì)、來源、具體形式等。接著指出了甘地作為和平主義者的獨特之處:首先,他雖然反對暴力,但并不否認(rèn)戰(zhàn)爭的立場;其次,他不躲避回答棘手的問題。
本文考查的知識點:后置定語、插入語、it做形式主語的主語從句,等。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語的翻譯。
該句是由but連接的兩個并列分句:前一分句是簡單句,后一分句是主從復(fù)合句。后一分句的主干是he claimed that...,其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。從句中形容詞短語capable of...做后置定語,修飾名詞a technique, a method。該定語可以按照漢語習(xí)慣譯為前置定語,即,“一種可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果的明顯的技巧和方法”;也可以采用拆譯法,譯為一個句子,增譯代詞“它”做主語。
詞匯:claim意為“宣稱,聲稱,說”;definite意為“肯定的,確定的;清楚的,明顯的”,它和technique搭配時取“明顯的”含義;desired意為“渴望的,期望的”,當(dāng)它和results/effect等詞搭配時常常譯為“預(yù)期的”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語的翻譯和詞義的選擇。
該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:the method... was a sort of warfare。主語the method后有兩個后置定語:一個是省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句Gandhi proposed and practiced;另一個是過去分詞短語first evolved in...。如果把它們都譯為漢語的前置定語會很冗長,不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此可把第一個定語前置,第二個定語轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語。而真正的謂語前可加上“這”或“它”指代真正的主語。表語a sort of warfare后是一個較長的同位語a way of defeating...。其中介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾名詞a way,翻譯時應(yīng)前置。
詞匯:practice意為“練習(xí),訓(xùn)練;經(jīng)常做;從事”等,在本句中與propose(提出)對應(yīng)譯為“付諸實踐”。evolve意為“逐漸形成;進(jìn)化”,但它在本句中不能將基本含義照搬,而應(yīng)意譯為“起源于(南非)”。warfare意為“作戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)爭;斗爭,沖突”等,根據(jù)上下文,該詞應(yīng)增譯為“斗爭的方式(方法)”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:定語和狀語的翻譯
該句是and連接的并列句,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Gandhi served as a... and he was prepared...。前一分句中“in his early days”和“in the Boer War”都作時間狀語,修飾謂語served,翻譯時應(yīng)放在句首�!皁n the British side”做后置定語,修飾stretcher-bearer,應(yīng)譯為前置定語,即,“英方的擔(dān)架員”。
詞匯:serve as sth.意為“(為……)工作,服務(wù),履行義務(wù),盡職責(zé)”;stretcher-bearer指“抬擔(dān)架者”;on sb.’s side意為“站在某人一邊,和某人觀點一致”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:后置定語、主語從句的翻譯。
該句的主干是he did not take the... line,介詞短語of...做后置定語修飾賓語the line。由于定語太長,應(yīng)采取拆譯法,另起一句。動名詞pretending后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。該從句由兩個并列的分句組成:both sides are... and it makes...,后一分句中it為形式主語,從句who wins為真正的主語,漢語中不存在這種語法形式,因此可以直接將從句內(nèi)容譯為主語。
詞匯:line一詞的含義較多,但在本句中的含義是“態(tài)度,看法”;fruitless意為“沒有成果的,無成效的,徒然的”;pretend意為“假裝”,本句中它后面跟有從句,應(yīng)增譯為“假裝說”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:插入語、后置定語的翻譯
該句的主干是I must say,后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句是一個主從復(fù)合句。主句是I have never heard an honest answer,其謂語和賓語之間插入了一個狀語成分,翻譯時可放在句首或謂語之前,譯為“從任何一個西方和平主義者那里我從未聽說過”或“我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽說過”。though引導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)折狀語從句,其中介詞短語of...做后置定語,修飾賓語evasions,可譯為前置定語,也可另起一句。
詞匯:evasion意為“躲避,逃避;借口,托詞”,根據(jù)上下文可活譯為“躲閃之詞”、“逃避的說法”等。
全文翻譯
甘地的和平主義在某種程度上可以與他的其他教義區(qū)分開來。其動機是宗教性質(zhì)的,但他也說這是一種明顯的技巧,一種方法,它可以產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的政治效果。甘地的態(tài)度不同于大多數(shù)西方和平主義者的態(tài)度。Satyagraha——這個由甘地提出并付諸實踐的方法,比較早起源于南非,是一種非暴力的斗爭方式,用既不傷害對方又不會引發(fā)仇恨的手段打敗敵人。它包括諸如公民抗議、罷工、臥軌、忍受警方的指控既不逃跑也不還擊等等。甘地反對把“Satyagraha”翻譯為“消極抵抗”,在古吉拉特語中,這個詞的意思好像是“真理的堅定性”。早年間,在布爾戰(zhàn)爭期間甘地曾經(jīng)為英方抬過擔(dān)架,而且在1914-1918年戰(zhàn)爭期間他又準(zhǔn)備這么做。即使在他徹底放棄暴力之后,他仍然很誠實地認(rèn)識到在戰(zhàn)爭中必須要有明確的立場。由于他的整個政治生涯都在為民族獨立而斗爭,因此他不能,而且也確實沒有采取毫無意義的、不誠實的態(tài)度,假裝說在所有戰(zhàn)爭中參戰(zhàn)雙方完全一樣,因而誰獲得勝利都無所謂。他也沒有像大多數(shù)西方和平主義者一樣,專門躲避棘手的問題。對于戰(zhàn)爭,每一個和平主義者都有明確義務(wù)去回答的一個問題是:“猶太人怎么辦?你準(zhǔn)備看到他們被滅絕嗎?”我必須說,我從未從任何一個西方和平主義者那里聽到過對該問題的誠實的答復(fù),但是卻聽見了大量的躲閃之詞,通常都是“你是另外一回事”之類的回答。甘地在1938年也被問到了類似的問題。他的回答被收錄在路易斯·費舍爾先生所著的《甘地和斯大林》一書中。據(jù)費舍爾先生記載,甘地認(rèn)為德國猶太人應(yīng)該選擇集體自殺,“以喚起世界和德國人對希特勒暴政的認(rèn)識”。
十、一位科幻小說作家
There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions—a factor that academic critics rarely take into account. Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50) I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn’t science fiction—and I kept telling them, “ When I’m financially secure.”
答案
46.但是這一點與其說是與學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境具有誘惑力的召喚有關(guān),還不如說是與變化的市場狀況有關(guān)——一這是一個學(xué)術(shù)評論家很少考慮的因素。
47.還不到四十多歲,西爾弗伯格就已出版了一百多本書籍,而他對真正散文的質(zhì)量與應(yīng)時之作的質(zhì)量之間的關(guān)系十分坦誠,毫無掩飾。
48.在他雙親的敦促下,他報考了哥倫比亞大學(xué),所以即便比較糟他也能進(jìn)入新聞學(xué)校,“將來總可以有一份穩(wěn)定的好工作�!�
49.到大四結(jié)束的時候,他每星期寫科幻小說已經(jīng)可以賺兩百美元了,而他的雙親也接受了他對于文學(xué)生涯的追求。
50.我知道我寫不出作為讀者的我所喜歡的東西,就像喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品,所以我不再那么關(guān)注我所寫的東西。
總體分析
本文介紹了科幻小說家羅伯特·西爾弗伯格。文章先指出科幻小說的繁榮與市場需求關(guān)系緊密,接著通過介紹多產(chǎn)的科幻小說家西爾弗伯格的創(chuàng)作經(jīng)歷予以說明。
本文考查的知識點:后置定語、插入語、比較結(jié)構(gòu)、同位語、上下文中詞義的選擇,等。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:比較結(jié)構(gòu)、同位語的翻譯。
該句的主干是this may have less to do with... than with...,其中含有一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)less... than...,可譯為“與其說…不如說…”。破折號后是名詞短語a factor that... 做整個主句的同位語,其中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語。由于是同位語,可單獨譯為一個句子,補譯“這”為它的主語。
詞匯:luring是lure的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,可譯為“具有誘惑力的”;factor意為“因素”;take into account意為“考慮”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:詞義的選擇。
該句是and連接的兩個并列分句,其主干是Silverberg has published... , and he is frank about...。
詞匯:in one’s thirties意為“在(某人)三十幾歲時”,由于本句中有l(wèi)ate修飾,如果直譯為“三十幾歲晚期”不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣,應(yīng)意譯為“不到四十多歲”。disarmingly意為“使人消除敵意(或懷疑、怒氣等)的”,與frank一起應(yīng)譯為“十分坦誠、直言不諱”。genuine意為“真正的;坦率的,真誠的”。available意為“可獲得的,可找到的”,outlet意為“(思想、感情、精力發(fā)泄的)出路,表現(xiàn)機會”,available outlet不能直譯,而應(yīng)根據(jù)上文對應(yīng)的genuine prose(真正的散文)意譯為“應(yīng)時之作”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:順譯法。
該句是主從復(fù)合句,其主干是he enrolled... so that... he could go to...,翻譯時可采用順譯的方法,保持原來句子的順序。句首介詞短語At his parents’ urging作狀語。so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,其中插入語if worst came to worst做條件狀語,應(yīng)意譯為“在比較糟糕的情況下”。
詞匯:urging為urge的動名詞形式,譯為“敦促”;
49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:順譯法和分詞的翻譯。
該句是and連接的并列句,其主干是he was earning... and his parents were...,可采用順譯的方法翻譯。前一分句中,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)writing science fiction作方式狀語,翻譯時應(yīng)置于謂語前面,譯為“(通過)寫科幻小說”。
詞匯:be reconciled to意為“將就,妥協(xié),接受”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:插入語、后置定語的翻譯
該句是個主從復(fù)合句,其主干是I knew... so I detached...。主從句之間是插入語,列舉了幾個作家的名字,根據(jù)上下文,這些名字實際上指代的是作家的作品,應(yīng)補譯為“喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品”。I knew后是省略了關(guān)系代詞的賓語從句I could not write...,其中賓語the kind of things后又接有一個定語從句I admired as...,由于定語不長,可直接譯為漢語的前置定語。
詞匯:detach oneself from sth.意為“掙脫,擺脫,離開”,文中應(yīng)意譯為“不關(guān)注我寫的東西”。
全文翻譯
毫無疑問,近些年在文體和主題上科幻小說作者已經(jīng)變得更加雄心勃勃了。但是這一點與其說是與學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境具有誘惑力的召喚有關(guān),還不如說是與變化的市場狀況有關(guān)——一這是一個學(xué)術(shù)評論家很少考慮的因素。前美國科幻小說家協(xié)會主席羅伯特·西爾弗伯格是在一個以寫作為生計的作家為主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域中比較多產(chǎn)的作家之一。(不像推理作家或西部文學(xué)作家,大部分科幻小說作家都不能指望從電影的熱銷或相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的銷售中牟利。)還不到四十多歲,西爾弗伯格就已出版了一百多本書籍,而他對真正散文的質(zhì)量與應(yīng)時之作的質(zhì)量之間的關(guān)系十分坦誠,毫無掩飾。按照他自己的說法,“他是來自布魯克林一個令人討厭的舞文弄墨的年輕人”,他十歲的時候看了第一本科幻小說,十三歲時開始認(rèn)真地寫作,到了十七歲由于對不能進(jìn)入庸俗雜志領(lǐng)域的絕望而差點放棄寫作。在他雙親的敦促下,他報考了哥倫比亞大學(xué),所以即便比較糟他也能進(jìn)入新聞學(xué)校,“將來總可以有一份穩(wěn)定的好工作。”大二時,他將他的第一個科幻故事賣給了一家叫《星云》的蘇格蘭科幻雜志。到大三結(jié)束時,他賣掉了一本小說和二十多個故事。到大四結(jié)束的時候,他每星期寫科幻小說已經(jīng)可以賺兩百美元了,而他的雙親也接受了他對于文學(xué)生涯的追求�!昂芸煳易兊梅浅嵤兰邓��!彼f,我先是什么也賣不出,然后什么都賣得出。市場使我不好的性格展現(xiàn)出來。一個下三濫雜志的編輯會打電話告訴我他下一期雜志中缺一萬字的文稿,于是我為了150美元的稿酬連夜趕稿。我發(fā)現(xiàn)改寫后沒有什么不一樣。我知道我寫不出作為讀者的我所喜歡的東西,就像喬伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品,所以我不再那么關(guān)注我所寫的東西。在我的大學(xué)朋友中,我是一個成功的人,一個已出版了作品和正在銷售書籍的作者。但他們總是問:“你什么時候?qū)扅c嚴(yán)肅的作品?”——指的是科幻小說之外的東西——而我總是說,“當(dāng)我經(jīng)濟上穩(wěn)妥了以后。”
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