It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional .Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours。
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。
In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way ” so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential。
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have。
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives。
36. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。
37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
[A] medical resources are often wasted。
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases。
[C] some treatments are too aggressive。
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable。
38. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of
[A] strong disapproval。
[B] reserved consent。
[C] slight contempt。
[D] enthusiastic support。
39. In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
[A] more flexibly。
[B] more extravagantly。
[C] more cautiously。
[D] more reasonably。
40. The text intends to express the idea that
[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives。
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living。
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life。
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。
名師解析
36. What is implied in the first sentence? 第一句話暗示什么?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people。
美國(guó)人對(duì)于死亡的準(zhǔn)備超過(guò)其他人。
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before。
美國(guó)人比先前享受更高的生活質(zhì)量。
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology。
美國(guó)人對(duì)他們的醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)過(guò)于自信。
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy。
美國(guó)人對(duì)于他們的長(zhǎng)壽有一種虛榮的自豪感。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 該題問(wèn)的是篇首第一句的含義。這句話說(shuō)的是“據(jù)說(shuō),在英國(guó)死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大死亡是不可避免的,在加利福尼亞死亡是可以選擇的�!睆倪@句話中,我們可以看出美國(guó)人自認(rèn)為美國(guó)擁有先進(jìn)醫(yī)療技術(shù),死亡是可以控制的。所以[C]項(xiàng)是正確的。[A]項(xiàng)毫無(wú)道理,因?yàn)閺奈恼轮锌梢钥闯雒绹?guó)人還是害怕死亡的。[B]項(xiàng)是將美國(guó)人的現(xiàn)狀與過(guò)去相比,與本句無(wú)關(guān)。[D]項(xiàng)說(shuō)的是美國(guó)人對(duì)于他們的長(zhǎng)壽有一種虛榮的自豪感,也是不正確的,因?yàn)榉治龅谝欢尉桶l(fā)現(xiàn),作者談?wù)摰�,或者說(shuō)作者自己進(jìn)行解釋的是美國(guó)人對(duì)醫(yī)療技術(shù)的自信,所以[D]不正確。
37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
作者用癌癥病人的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明
[A] medical resources are often wasted. 醫(yī)療資源常常被浪費(fèi)。
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. 醫(yī)生對(duì)于致命的疾病也無(wú)計(jì)可施。
[C] some treatments are too aggressive. 有一些治療過(guò)去大膽。
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 醫(yī)療費(fèi)用越來(lái)越支付不起。
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】 作者意圖題。
【分析】 在第二段中,作者用晚期癌癥患者為例,指出醫(yī)生們往往采取一些激進(jìn)的缺乏科學(xué)根據(jù)的治療方法。結(jié)合文章來(lái)看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它的作用是為了說(shuō)明人們通常浪費(fèi)了醫(yī)療資源,過(guò)度地投入在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有用處的的事情上。因此我們可以推斷出作者的意圖,即不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)醫(yī)療資源在那些無(wú)可救藥的人身上。[B]、[C]選項(xiàng)都不能表達(dá)作者意圖。文中提及第三方支付人支付很多費(fèi)用,因此[D]項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是錯(cuò)誤的。
38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of
作者對(duì)待Richard Lamm所說(shuō)的話的態(tài)度是
[A] strong disapproval. 強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。
[B] reserved consent. 有保留的贊同。
[C] slight contempt. 略有蔑視。
[D] enthusiastic support. 熱烈支持。
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】 作者態(tài)度題。
【分析】 通過(guò)關(guān)鍵詞“Lamm”可以定位到第三段“Lamm”所說(shuō)的話,“老年人有義務(wù)死亡,以免擋住道路”。在第四段,作者對(duì)于“Lamm”的觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表了看法,“I would not go that far�!�(我不會(huì)走那么遠(yuǎn)。)接著,作者舉出了許多例子,說(shuō)明老年人可以活得很有價(jià)值。這很容易讓人認(rèn)為作者是反對(duì)“Lamm”的觀點(diǎn)的。但是接下來(lái)的一段中,作者從另外一個(gè)角度發(fā)表了自己的看法。作者說(shuō),“比較昂貴和比較引人注目的醫(yī)療手段未必就是高效率的和無(wú)疼痛的”。作者舉例日本和瑞士,老年醫(yī)療開(kāi)支不高,但是壽命更長(zhǎng),更加健康。作者說(shuō)“我們?cè)谀切o(wú)藥可救的疾病方面,也許投入過(guò)大,但是在那些事關(guān)人民生活質(zhì)量的研究上投入過(guò)低”。所以選[B],作者對(duì)“Lamm”的觀點(diǎn)基本同意,但有所保留。
39. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
與美國(guó)相比,日本和瑞典對(duì)醫(yī)療的資金投入的方式
[A] more flexibly. 更靈活。
[B] more extravagantly. 更奢侈。
[C] more cautiously. 更謹(jǐn)慎。
[D] more reasonably. 更合理。
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】 推斷題。
【分析】 定位到比較后一段,作者舉例說(shuō)明了“雖然日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療保健上的花費(fèi)比美國(guó)少,但壽命卻比美國(guó)人長(zhǎng),身體也更健康”。接著作者提到“我們也許在那些無(wú)藥可救的疾病方面,也許投入過(guò)大,但是在那些事關(guān)人民生活的研究上投入過(guò)低”。因此我們可以推斷出,日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療保健上的投資比美國(guó)“更加合理”,因此選擇[D]項(xiàng),其它選項(xiàng)不能表達(dá)出這個(gè)意思。
40. The text intends to express the idea that 本文試圖表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是
[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives.
醫(yī)學(xué)將進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)人們的生命。
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
超過(guò)了一定的(年齡)限度,生命就不值得延續(xù)。
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life。
死亡應(yīng)該被當(dāng)成一種生命的事實(shí)來(lái)接受。
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care。
過(guò)多的要求增加了醫(yī)療的成本。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 文章主旨題。
【分析】 本題要求考生判斷文章主旨。這個(gè)時(shí)候需要通篇瀏覽。文章第一段說(shuō),“即使有一個(gè)偉大的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系,死亡也無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝,但是如果我們不能面對(duì)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),就會(huì)影響到我們國(guó)家的偉大”。第二段又說(shuō),“死亡是正常的,但是我們卻試圖使用一切可能的方法來(lái)延緩自己的生命”。第三段作者提出“醫(yī)療資源不應(yīng)該用在一些已經(jīng)沒(méi)有挽救意義的人身上”。第四段提到作者承認(rèn)老年生活可能也是很有價(jià)值的。但是第五段作者提出“日本人”和“瑞典人”的例子,指出“生活的質(zhì)量,壽命的長(zhǎng)短,靠的不僅僅是醫(yī)療,還有其它辦法”。既然如此,不如將有限的資源用于需要的地方上去。因此文章的中心思想應(yīng)該是[C]選項(xiàng)。[A]項(xiàng)與作者觀點(diǎn)相反。[B]項(xiàng)也不正確,因?yàn)樽髡咭呀?jīng)提到老年人的晚年也同樣可以很有價(jià)值,但是只是作者不同意將過(guò)多的醫(yī)療資源浪費(fèi)在沒(méi)有價(jià)值地延緩生命上。[D]項(xiàng)是事實(shí),但卻不是文章主要表達(dá)的思想。
難句解析:
1. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句是省略結(jié)構(gòu),“controlled”的前面和“removed”的前面省均略了“can be”。這其實(shí)是含有三個(gè)分句的并列句。如果完整的寫(xiě)出來(lái)就是“Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression can be controlled, cataracts can be removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure�!薄_@樣一來(lái)顯得很羅嗦和重復(fù),因此去掉“can be”,可以顯得很簡(jiǎn)練。
2. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主干是“we demand everything”,“everything”的后面緊跟了一個(gè)“that”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,主句的前面是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),主句的后面是“even if”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
3. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是“physicians offer treatment”,兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)。介詞“beyond”之后跟了一個(gè)“what”引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,構(gòu)成介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。
全文翻譯:
據(jù)說(shuō),死亡在英國(guó)令人感到迫在眉睫,在加拿大不可避免,在加利福尼亞可以選擇。這沒(méi)什么大驚小怪的,在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里,美國(guó)人的壽命幾乎翻了一番。髖骨壞了可以更換,臨床的憂郁癥可以得到控制,白內(nèi)障僅用30分鐘手術(shù)便可切除。這些進(jìn)步給老年人所帶來(lái)的高質(zhì)量生活是50年前我剛從事醫(yī)學(xué)時(shí)無(wú)法想像的。但是即使一個(gè)偉大的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系也無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝死亡,由于這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)我們不能面對(duì),正在危及我們國(guó)家的偉大。
死亡是正常的;我們的基因注定我們都會(huì)解體和滅亡,即使在比較理想的環(huán)境里也是如此。我們所有人在某種程度上都懂得這一點(diǎn),但是作為醫(yī)療消費(fèi)者,我們常將死亡視為一個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)解決。由于有醫(yī)療費(fèi)用由第三方支付這個(gè)擋箭牌,我們常常要求采用一切醫(yī)療手段,即使它們不會(huì)有任何用處。比較明顯的例子是晚期癌癥的治療。醫(yī)生由于不能治愈疾病,同時(shí)又擔(dān)心病人失去希望而感到挫折,因此常常采用激進(jìn)的科學(xué)上認(rèn)為不合理的治療方法。
1950年,美國(guó)在醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生方面的開(kāi)支是127億美元。2002年,這項(xiàng)開(kāi)支將達(dá)到15,400億。任何人都明白這個(gè)趨勢(shì)是不可持續(xù)的,但是很少有人愿意扭轉(zhuǎn)它。有些學(xué)者總結(jié)說(shuō),資金有限的政府應(yīng)該停止支付延緩某一個(gè)年齡以上人群壽命的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用——比如83歲左右。據(jù)說(shuō)科羅拉多州前州長(zhǎng)理查德·拉姆曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),老年多病者“有責(zé)任死亡和讓路”,以讓更年輕、更健康的人們?nèi)?shí)現(xiàn)他們的潛能。
我不會(huì)走得那么遠(yuǎn)(我不會(huì)那么極端),如今精力充沛的人們通常能工作到60歲,甚至更久,并仍然保持著令人炫目的創(chuàng)造力。78歲的Viacom公司總裁薩姆勒·雷斯頓開(kāi)玩笑地聲稱自己只有53歲。比較高法院法官桑德拉·歐康奈70有余,前衛(wèi)生局醫(yī)務(wù)主任庫(kù)普80來(lái)歲還出任了一個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司的總裁。這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人就是活生生的證據(jù),證明了疾病的防治是有效果的,證明了我們能夠應(yīng)付年齡帶來(lái)的健康問(wèn)題。作為一名才68歲的人,我希望能像他們一樣在老齡階段仍然保持創(chuàng)造力。
然而在這方面的追求中,一個(gè)社會(huì)能夠承擔(dān)的開(kāi)支是有限的。作為一名醫(yī)生,我知道比較昂貴和比較激進(jìn)的手段也可能是無(wú)效的和痛苦的。我同樣知道醫(yī)療開(kāi)銷少得多的國(guó)家日本和瑞典,老百姓獲得了比我們更長(zhǎng)的、更健康的壽命。作為一個(gè)民族,我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多,而在研究能提高人們生活質(zhì)量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。
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