The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints the construction of idea__l__ states, such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected__3__ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato’s Republic, in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was__9__ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the “guarantor” of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__, the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved__15__to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on__16__months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.
1. [A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to
2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred
3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about
4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it
5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made
6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular
7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind
8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved
9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised
10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation
11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling
12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers
13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced
14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider
15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about
16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several
17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But
18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national
19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so
20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
參考答案：
1.B空格處的介詞與名詞短語the construction of ideal states 搭配，作blueprints 的后置定語，意為“……的藍(lán)圖”。for表示對象、用途，意為“給，對，供”等，如a book for children(兒童讀物)，a new table for the dining room(用在飯廳的新桌子)。 “建設(shè)理想國家”是“藍(lán)圖”的用途，因此選擇介詞for。
2.C空格所在部分such as__2 __to the Greeks是一個定語從句，其中as為關(guān)系代詞，指代先行詞blueprints。因此，該從句的主語是as指代的blueprints，謂語是空格處填入的動詞。該動詞是個不及物動詞，與后面的介詞to搭配。只有appeal常和介詞to搭配，意為“(對某人)有吸引力，引起(某人的)興趣”，如Do these paintings appeal to you?(你對這些畫感興趣嗎?)
住。)attract sb. to sth. 意為“引起某人對某事的好感或喜愛”，如What attracted me to the job was its challenges.(這份工作吸引我的是它的挑戰(zhàn)性。)transfer sb./sth. to... 意為“使轉(zhuǎn)移，搬遷”，如transfer money to his account(將錢轉(zhuǎn)到他的帳戶上)。
補(bǔ)充：such... as意為“像……這樣的”，其中as可作關(guān)系代詞，引起定語從句，如The article provided such information as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.(這篇文章提供了美國大部分報紙沒有提供的信息。)such有時不放在所修飾的詞前，而和as放在一起，如上面例句也可寫成：The article provided information such as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.
3.C空格所在句子中出現(xiàn)了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由于其賓語intellectual exercises的后置定語較長，因此將賓補(bǔ)valueless提前。該句子的正常語序是Roman theorists ignored, or rejected intellectual exercises__3__valueless。能夠引出賓補(bǔ)的介詞只有[C]as，如I respect him as a doctor.(我尊敬他這個醫(yī)生。)You can use that glass as a vase.(你可以把那個玻璃杯當(dāng)作花瓶用。)
4.A空格上下文分別是兩個結(jié)構(gòu)完整的分句，無法僅僅用逗號連接。由此可知，空格所在部分是in __4__引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句，修飾先行詞Plato’s Republic，in 4在該從句中作狀語。能夠指代名詞，并和介詞搭配的關(guān)系代詞是[A]which。[B]that不用在非限定性從句中，[C]what只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，[D]it不能引導(dǎo)從句。
5.B空格所在部分was__5__out是定語從句中的謂語，由于它是被動式，因此其邏輯賓語就是該從句的主語the relationship。turn out意為“制造，生產(chǎn);關(guān)掉，熄滅”，如turn out 900 cars a week(一周生產(chǎn)900輛汽車)，turn out the lights(關(guān)燈)。work out意為“計算，算出;處理，解決;計劃，思考”，如work out the answer/a problem/a new way(計算出答案/解決問題/制定出新方案)。bring out意為“使顯現(xiàn)，使表現(xiàn)出;生產(chǎn)，出版”;如A crisis brings out the best in her.(危機(jī)促使她表現(xiàn)得特別出色。)The band have just brought out the second album.(這個樂隊剛剛推出了他們的第二張專輯。)。make out意為“辨認(rèn);理解，明白”，如make out a figure in the darkness(在黑暗中看出一個人的輪廓)，make out what she was saying(弄明白她在說些什么)。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該選[B]，work out the relationship表示“想出或制定出(個人與國家之間的)關(guān)系”。
6.D選項中四個形容詞為近義詞。special意為“特別的，專門的”，如special treatment(特殊照顧)。specific意為“特殊的;明確的”，如There is a specific tool for each job.(每個工種都配備特定的工具。)specific instructions(明確的指示)。peculiar意為“奇怪的;獨(dú)特的”，如The food has a peculiar taste.(這食物有種怪味道。)The Mid-Autumn Festival is peculiar to China.(中秋節(jié)是中國所獨(dú)有的。)particular意為“不尋常的，特別的”，如particular attention(特別注意)。但是particular也可意為“專指的，特指的”，這種用法的particular只用在名詞前作定語，與泛指相對，如Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?(他特別喜愛哪一類書籍嗎?)由句意可知，空格處填入的形容詞修飾states or individuals，表示“特指的國家或個人”，與上文提到的“泛指的國家或個人”相對。
7.D have sb./sth. in mind意為“心中有適當(dāng)?shù)娜?或事情)等”，如Watching TV all evening wasn’t exactly what I had in mind!(我才不愿整個晚上都看電視!)空格所在部分表達(dá)的含義是“對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法”�！ ∑渌椂伎梢院徒樵~in搭配：in store意為“即將發(fā)生(在某人身上)，等待著(某人)”，如They think it’ll be easy but they have a surprise in store.(他們以為事情容易，到時候他們就會吃驚的。)in existence意為“現(xiàn)存”，如This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.(這是現(xiàn)存最古老的希伯來語手稿。)in reality意為“實際上，事實上”，如She seemed confident but in reality she felt nervous.(她看起來自信，而實際上很緊張。)顯然，其它項都不符合文意。
8.D空格所在部分是even when引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，其中it指代上文的Roman thought(羅馬人的想法)，空格處填入的動詞是謂語，其賓語是religious and moral concepts。選項中，abandon意為“放棄，拋棄”，如abandon the hope/one’s lands(放棄希望/丟下土地)。catch意為“染病;聽見，理解”，如catch a cold/what you said(得感冒/弄懂你說的話)。separate意為“分開，隔開”，如It is impossible to separate belief from emotion.(信仰和感情是分不開的。)involve意為“包含;牽涉，牽連”，如Any investment involves an element of risk.(任何投資都有一定的冒險成分。)a serious incident involving a group of youths(涉及一群年輕人的嚴(yán)重事件)。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選[D]，表示“即使涉及到宗教和道德概念”。
9.B空格所在部分was__9__為謂語動詞的被動式，其主語是The first ruler，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to have... 作主補(bǔ)。be told to do意為“被命令、吩咐做某事”，如He was told to sit down and wait.(有人吩咐他坐下等著。)be held to be/do意為“被認(rèn)為是/做……”，如These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.(這些花瓶被視為最精美的希臘藝術(shù)代表作。)suggest不與不定式連用，因此不存在be suggested to do的結(jié)構(gòu)。be advised to do意為“被建議做某事”，如He was advised to take a complete rest.(他被建議徹底休息一下。)文中不定式的完成式to have received表明該動作發(fā)生在空格動詞動作之前，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選擇[B]held，表示“統(tǒng)治者被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)獲得了……”。
10.C空格處填入的名詞被constitutional(立憲的，憲法的)修飾。tendency意為“趨勢，傾向”;procedure意為“程序，手續(xù)，步驟”;development意為“發(fā)展”;relation意為“關(guān)系”。根據(jù)句意，選擇[C]，表示“憲法的發(fā)展”。
11.A authority意為“權(quán)力，職權(quán)”;power意為“控制力，操縱力;權(quán)力”;control意為“控制”;ruling意為“判決，裁定，統(tǒng)治”。由于上文提到，“統(tǒng)治者從神那里獲得了權(quán)利(authority)”，因此空格所在句子的含義應(yīng)是“憲法授予和管理該權(quán)力”，此外，下文也提到“行使權(quán)力(exercise authority)”。
12.D officers指“官員”;men指“男人們”;administrators指“管理人員，行政官員”;復(fù)數(shù)形式的fathers一般指“祖先，先父”。下文的插入語the family... senate是空格處名詞的同位語，其中the family head是對father的解釋，senate(參議院)與assembly(立法機(jī)構(gòu))在含義上相呼應(yīng)。
13.A空格處填入動詞，其主語是the assembly of the fathers，賓語是the religious character。[A]possess意為“擁有;具有(特質(zhì))”，如He doesn’t possess a sense of humor.(他沒有什么幽默感。)[A]在文中可表示“具有(宗教特質(zhì))”，符合文意。其它項：claim意為“要求，請求，主張”;assure意為“保證，擔(dān)�！�，一般接sb.作賓語;enforce意為“強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，強(qiáng)行實施;強(qiáng)迫”。
14.C空格所在部分是because引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，解釋上文“先父們的立法機(jī)構(gòu)擁有行使權(quán)利所必須的宗教特質(zhì)”的原因。confirm意為“確定，批準(zhǔn)，證實”;confer意為“授予”;consult意為“咨詢，請教”;consider意為“考慮”。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選[C]，表示“向神尋求建議或啟示”。
15.C move over意為“挪開，讓位置”，如He felt he should move over in favor of a younger man.(他覺得他應(yīng)該讓位給一個更年輕的人。)move along意為“向前移動(以騰出空間)”，如The people in the bus moved along, to make room for others.(公車?yán)锏娜送芭惨员憬o別人騰地方。)move on意為“往前走;開始做(新的事情)”，如Can we move on to the next item on the agenda?(我們可以接著討論下一項議程嗎?)move about意為“不停地走動”，如You will be warm enough if you move about.(如果你到處走動一下你就會感到很暖和的。)上文提到，“最初的參議院擁有行使權(quán)利所必須的宗教特質(zhì)”，本句則提到，“參議員們將權(quán)利再進(jìn)行分割”，顯然，兩個分句之間是“繼續(xù)，接著”的含義。
16.A空格處填入的形容詞修飾months。alternate可意為“間隔的，每隔(……天的)”，如He has to work on alternate Sundays.(他每隔一周就有一個周日得上班。)different意為“不同的”，如shirts of different colors(顏色不同的襯衫)。varied意為“各種各樣的”，如varied cultures(各種不同的文化)。several意為“幾個，若干”，如several hours a day(每天幾個小時)。根據(jù)句意，司法官或總管官員擁有權(quán)力的時間應(yīng)是“每隔一個月”，而不是“不同的月”、“各種各樣的月”或“幾個月”。
17.D空格處填入的連詞表示所在分句與上文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。上文提到，參議院擁有權(quán)利，并將它下放到各級官員手中�？崭袼诓糠质且粋�長句，其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是the achievement was to create the idea of continuing... authority(成就是創(chuàng)造持續(xù)的……權(quán)力的概念)。authority后是兩個并列的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，即，embodied... in和conferred... 作后置定語。由句意可知，本句仍然在討論權(quán)力下放的問題，但它強(qiáng)調(diào)這種權(quán)力不完全屬于上層階級，也需要大眾的認(rèn)可。因此在含義上本句出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折。
18.A空格處的名詞作定語，修飾authority。本文一開始就提到羅馬人關(guān)于國家理論的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞state。因此可推知，空格部分涉及的是應(yīng)是“國家權(quán)力”。state authority是表達(dá)“國家權(quán)力”的習(xí)慣搭配，一般不用country或people，national authority常表示“民族權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)”。
19.B空格處填入一連詞，引導(dǎo)后面的從句，和空格前的過去分詞一起在句子中作狀語。該分詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以擴(kuò)充為一個完整的句子，即，authority was conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. 由于as和so都不與only連用，應(yīng)排除。能與only連用的連詞是when和if。only when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“只有在……時候才……”，如Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.(只有在他看了報紙后他才知道那則報導(dǎo)。)only if引導(dǎo)條件從句，多與現(xiàn)在時連用,意為“只有在……條件下才……”，如Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.(只有紅燈閃亮?xí)r才有危及職工的險情。)
20.B空格所在部分with enormous__ 20__作狀語，修飾grew。dimension意為“大小，規(guī)模，程度，范圍”;complexity意為“復(fù)雜性”;exercise意為“活動，練習(xí);行使，運(yùn)用”;function意為“功能”。下文as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，說明了主語動作發(fā)生的背景和原因�！靶碌牟块T和立法機(jī)構(gòu)被創(chuàng)造出來并且?guī)缀鯖]有任何一個被擯棄”導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果應(yīng)該是“系統(tǒng)越來越復(fù)雜”。
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