小學(xué)英語語法匯總

　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時的謂語動詞構(gòu)成

　　I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.

　　he/ she/ it has been doing sth.

　　(一)表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，并且還將持續(xù)下去。

　　The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

　　中國有2000年的造紙歷史。(動作還將繼續(xù)下去)

　　I have been learning English since three years ago.

　　自從三年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。(動作還將繼續(xù)下去)

　　(二)表示在說話時刻之前剛剛結(jié)束的動作。

　　We have been waiting for you for half an hour.

　　我們已經(jīng)等你半個鐘頭了。(動作不再繼續(xù)下去)

　　(三)有些現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。

　　They have been living in this city for ten years.

　　They have lived in this city for ten years.

　　他們在這個城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。

　　I have been working here for five years.

　　I have worked here for five years.

　　我在這里已經(jīng)工作兩年了。

　　(四)大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。

　　I have been writing a book.(動作還將繼續(xù)下去)

　　我一直在寫一本書。

　　I have written a book.(動作已經(jīng)完成)

　　我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。

　　They have been building a bridge.

　　他們一直在造一座橋。

　　They have built a bridge.

　　他們造了一座橋。

　　(五)表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。

　　I have known him for years.

　　我認識他已經(jīng)好幾年了。

　　* I have been knowing...

　　這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動詞還有：love愛，like喜歡，

　　hate討厭，等。

　　比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時

　　1)過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作;現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。

　　2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。

　　一般過去時的時間狀語:

　　yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語

　　共同的時間狀語:

　　this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

　　現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語

　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

　　不確定的時間狀語

　　3)現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

　　過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

　　舉例：

　　I saw this film yesterday.

　　(強調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了。)

　　I have seen this film.

　　(強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)

　　Why did you get up so early?

　　(強調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。)

　　Who hasn't handed in his paper?

　　(強調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。)

　　She has returned from Paris.

　　她已從巴黎回來了。

　　She returned yesterday.

　　她是昨天回來了。

　　He has been in the League for three years.

　　(在團內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))

　　He has been a League member for three years.

　　(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))

　　He joined the League three years ago.

　　( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)

　　I have finished my homework now.

　　---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

　　---He's already been sent for.

　　句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。

　　(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

　　(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

　　過去完成時

　　1) 概念：表示過去的過去

　　----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。

　　那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在

　　2) 用法

　　a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。

　　She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

　　b. 狀語從句

　　在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。

　　When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

　　c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"

　　We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

　　3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

　　He said that he had learned some English before.

　　By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

　　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

　　現(xiàn)在完成進行時 :

　　其構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　I / we / they have

　　He / she / it has been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

　　功用如下：

　　1) 表示一個在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動，如：

　　Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.

　　Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

　　2) 表示一個從過去開始但仍在進行的行動，如：

　　It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)

　　Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

　　3) 表示一個從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個階段內(nèi)，重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動，如：

　　She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

　　4) 現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)動作行為的結(jié)果、影響，而現(xiàn)在完成進行時只強調(diào)動作行為本身，如：

　　Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.

　　The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.

　　注意：

　　?

　　現(xiàn)在完成時有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、而現(xiàn)在完成進行時沒有否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)可表示做完的時期以及已有的經(jīng)驗、但現(xiàn)在完成進行時不可以