Directions:

　　Read the following text.Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（ 10 points ）

　　Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of your"body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3. The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the"wrong"times in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.

　　Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.

　　A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.

　　Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual's sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.

　　When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

　　1. A. from　　　B. of 　　C. for　　D. to

　　2. A. eruption　　B. disruption　　C. rupture　　D. corruption

　　3. A. actions　　B. functions　　C. behavior　　D. reflection

　　4. A. formal　　B. continual　　C. regular　　D. circular

　　5. A. experiences　　B. possesses　　C. encounters 　　D. retains

　　6. A. signs 　　B. defects　　C. diseases　　D. symptoms

　　7. A. if　　B. whereas　　C. while　　D. although

　　8. A. agreeable　　B. available　　C. adaptable　　D. approachable

　　9. A. extensive 　　B. tentative　　C. broad 　　D. inclusive

　　10. A. devised 　　B. scrutinized　　C. visualized　　D. recognized

　　11. A. in　　B. as　　C. at　　D. through

　　12. A. more　　B. little　　C. most 　　D. least

　　13. A. shed 　　B. retrieve　　 C. seek　　 D. attain

　　14. A. inB. for　　C. on 　　D. with

　　15. A. specific　　B. complicated　　C. unique　　D. peculiar

　　16. A. mode　　B. style 　　C. norm 　　D. pattern

　　17. A. directories　　B. commentaries　　 C. instructions 　　D. specifications

　　18. A. up　　B. off　　C. on　　D. for

　　19. A. or　　B. but　　C. and　　D. while

　　20. A. spur　　B. stimulus　　C. agitation　　D. acceleration

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

　　Text 1

　　Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term"polygamy", a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.

　　Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world's societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.

　　In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.

　　In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.

　　21. A marriage between several men and women should be called .

　　A�眕olygyny　　B�眕olyandry　　C�眒onogamy　　D�眓ot mentioned

　　22. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, .

　　A�眕olygamy is the predominant form of marriages

　　B�眒ost of the individuals usually have multiple spouses

　　C�眛here are usually a greater of proportion of men than women

　　D�眕eople are not necessarily married to multiple partners

　　23. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which .

　　A�眕olygyny is not prohibited

　　B�眔ne sex greatly outnumbers the other

　　C�眒ost people are undereducated

　　D�盿 minority of people are very rich and powerful

　　24. According to the third paragraph, polyandry .

　　A�眒eans the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives

　　B�眎s a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others

　　C�眎s much rarer than other marriage forms

　　D�眎s often the result of women outnumbering men

　　25. We can infer from the last paragraph that .

　　A�眒any people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies

　　B�眛hose societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral

　　C�眕olygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies

　　D�眛he author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted

　　Text 2

　　More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.

　　It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers.

　　Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.

　　For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.

　　Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.

　　All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.

　　26�盜t is implied in the third paragraph that .

　　A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck

　　B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem

　　C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes

　　D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered

　　27�盬hich of the following is mentioned in the passage?

　　A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.

　　B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.

　　C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.

　　D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information

　　28�盬hat may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged?

　　A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs.

　　B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs.

　　B. They will be denied access to confidential records.

　　D. They must leave the country or go to jail.

　　29�盩he passage is mainly about .

　　A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment

　　B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections

　　C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers

　　D. why computer crimes can't be eliminated

　　30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers?

　　A. To be driven out of the country.　　B. To become a prisoner.

　　C. To commit suicide.                         D. To be recommended somewhere else.

　　Text 3

　　Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

　　An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature——the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earth's surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

　　The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.

　　To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

　　31.What is the main point of the passage?

　　A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.

　　B. There are thousands of insect species.

　　C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.

　　D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.

　　32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs （lines 4~6） ?

　　A. They are approximately the same size. 　　B. They share many similar species.

　　C. Most of their inhabitants require water. 　D. Both have many different forms of life.

　　33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .

　　A. insects 　　B. bacteria　　C. mammals 　　D. birds

　　34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because .

　　A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea

　　B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions

　　C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories

　　D. marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate

　　35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?

　　A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.

　　B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.

　　C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

　　D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.

　　Text 4

　　Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community's moral precepts. Adults also condition each other's observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore's use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fay's punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.

　　The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.

　　In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.

　　In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.

　　36. The best title of this passage would be .

　　A�盋rime and Punishment

　　B�盧eward and Punishment

　　C�盨ocial Order

　　D�盩wo Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca

　　37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?

　　A�盋hildren must be obedient to their parents.

　　B�盤eople must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.

　　C�盤eople should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.

　　D�盤eople should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.

　　38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?

　　A�盡any Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.

　　B�盩he American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.

　　C�盩he caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.

　　D�盡ichael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.

　　39. What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?

　　A�盩o stop giving them pocket money.

　　B�盩o persuade them in a gentle way.

　　C�盩o verbally humiliate them.

　　D�盩o threaten to expel them from the home.

　　40. The word"stigma"（fourth paragraph） most probably means .

　　A�眎ronyB�眝erbal abuseC�眕ersuasionD�眀ad reputation

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

　　I had a man tell me that the problem women have is that we get more hung up on a man's words than we do their actions. He meant that we don't always see if a man walks his talk. We get all caught up in the words, and ignore the value of his actions.

　　How many of us get snowballed by what a man says to us? 41）__________________.But how many of us actually put more weight or at least equal weight on what they display for actions? I'd venture to say not many of us.

　　And why do we do that? That is the real question. Perhaps some of us just get so caught up in the fact that a man is merely talking to begin with. And even more so the fact that they are talking to us. How many of us walk around life starving from lack of conversation, stimulating conversation, with a man?

　　When we first meet someone we are intrigued by what makes them click how they view life. We compare interests and goals. We even analyze whether or not we can see ourselves sharing our life with them. 42）________________________.

　　So why don't we look at a man's actions? Probably because very few actions mirror the words we hear. 43）_______________________________________.Does that make us terrible people? No, but it sure does make us feel like a fool at times.

　　Another man told me the secret men know what women want to hear so they tell us, in order for them to get what it is they want. I don't know if it's that calculated, but it would make some sense, even if it's instinctual.

　　If we were to start judging a man by his words and actions, what would be the outcome? For me, the outcome would be sweet. 44） ___________________________.

　　And who let me down? Me I am the one that rationalized why they never called me, or sent me flowers, or sent me love notes, or just plain put in as much effort as I did. I settled and that hurt me in the end.

　　So what have I done about it? 45）__________________________________________.I look to see the connection in a man's actions. Are they putting as much of an effort into the relationship? Do I feel that they really feel what they say they are feeling? And to a fault, I am skeptical at best that they truly mean what they say. Our best ally is our gut feeling and we are very guilty of ignoring it. When we ignore it we are destined to get hurt.

　　[A]We like the way their words make us feel. And only after the relationship is over do we realize that we were fools in taking only what they said to us.

　　[B]Well it's still a practicing effort, but I don't just listen to what a man says.

　　[C]I've seen women that only give as much as they receive from a man, they never share more than what is shared with them, and they never let a man know how they truly feel.

　　[D]Let's face it as women we crave conversation. The saying that we never run out of something to talk about is accurate. We always have something to say and want someone to listen.

　　[E]I wouldn't feel disappointed or used, less naive, and more respected. I can say that every time I've valued only the words I heard was the times that I was let down.

　　[F]I know only one way to be up front, open, and loving.

　　[G]All those sweet nothings he whispers, the perfect comment at the perfect moment, and the feelings those words give us.

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）

　　In short, agreement on the causes and remedies for global financial contagion （接觸傳染�。﹊s limited. 46） As a result, the world is pursuing what the experts call"architectural reform"at a distinctly measured pace that is typical of the international financial system. The U.S., in particular, is eager to avoid what it deems （認為） to be hastily crafted solutions that might destabilize a growing but still fragile world economy. It's an approach to reform that looks more like a plumber fixing leaky pipes than an architect trying to devise a grandiose （宏偉的） new world order. 47） But until a broad international consensus does form, U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers, like his predecessor, Robert Rubin, is likely to pursue a cautious, incremental （漸進） strategy, which a U.S. Treasury official calls a financial version of the Hippocratic oath:"…at least, to do no harm."

　　The Summers Rubin approach does seem to be working, at least for now. Little more than a year ago, as the world teetered（瀕臨）on a financial precipice（懸崖峭壁）, the duo （Summers was then Rubin's deputy ）worked closely with Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan to maintain the strength of the U.S. economy. 48）Their efforts fueled a spending bings（購買熱）by American consumers, who snapped up exports not only from hard hit emerging markets but also from recession bound Japan as well as Europe, where growth had slowed. Wall Street stock markets surged, while the U.S. racked up record trade deficits. The trade imbalance is headed for more than $ 300 billion by year's end, far above last year's record $ 220 billion.

　　All that spending is at last helping to generate renewed growth in many parts of the world. 49） The Asian Development Bank has announced that 14 developing countries in the region, after recording growth of just 1% in the final quarter of 1998, had a"substantial"4.8% jump in gross domestic production in the first quarter of this year."In just a few short months, Asia has made great strides in recovering from the worst economic crisis in a generation,"said Myoung Ho Shin, an ADB official."Industrial production and exports in most of the crisis-affected economies are on the rise, and in many cases capital outflows have reversed."

　　Other emerging markets are also doing much better than expected even a few months ago.

　　The trouble is that the recovery remains fragile. Most of the improvement has come not from much needed economic reforms but from government pump priming. 50） Result: in Asia each of the five nations hit hardest by the crisis is expected to run a budget deficit equivalent to more than 5% of GDP by the year 2000.

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　51.Directions:

　　You are writing to your grandparents to give your apologize that you cann't visit them in the summer vacation as you have planned. The letter mainly includes:

　　1）tell them that you can't go for the social research task

　　2）say sorry that you can't keep your words

　　3）a good wish to them

　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jack" instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）

　　Part B

　　52.Directions:

　　Direction: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to

　　1）describe the picture and interpret the picture's meaning

　　2）give your comments on the phenomenon

　　3）suggest counter measures

　　You should write about 200 words neatly.

　　SectionⅠUse of English

　　1.D.to

　　這是一道短語固定搭配題。詞組be prone to （do） sth.的含義是“有……的傾向，易于……”。例如：This part of the road is prone to accidents.這段道路容易出事故。

　　2.B.disruption

　　A項eruption的意思是“（火山）噴發(fā)，出疹子”。B項disruption意為“破壞，混亂”；C項rupture意為“破裂，裂開”；D項corruption含義為“腐敗”。原句意為“這實際上是由你體內(nèi)生物鐘紊亂造成的”。

　　3.B.functions

　　原句意為：“生物鐘是指控制生理功能時間的腦細胞群�！盇項action為“行為，行動”，通常指具體的“作為”。B項function可以指人體，或者是機器的“運轉(zhuǎn)，發(fā)揮功效”。C項behavior為“舉止，行為”，側(cè)重于人們行事的方式。D項reflection意為“反射，沉思”，顯然和本句意思不符。

　　4.C.regular

　　原句意為“體內(nèi)的生物鐘是根據(jù)日夜規(guī)律的交替而設(shè)計的”。A項formal：形式的；正式的。B項continual：持續(xù)的，不斷的。D項circular：圓形的，循環(huán)的。用來形容日夜交替的rhythm（節(jié)律）的自然是C項最合適。

　　5.C.encounters

　　原句意為：“它（生物鐘）到了一個新的時區(qū)，經(jīng)歷了時間錯亂的白天和黑夜，就會失去平衡�！逼渲蠥項experiences側(cè)重于“主觀的經(jīng)歷和感受”，主語多為人。B項possess“擁有”和D項retain“保留，保持”放在上下文中都不通。

　　6.D.symptoms

　　“因跨越時區(qū)而導致的不適癥狀通常會持續(xù)數(shù)天”。首先，這種不適并不屬于疾病的范疇，因此C項可以排除。A項sign意為“標志”，“跡象，征兆”。例如：There are no signs of life about the house.這房子沒有有人住的跡象。B項defect通常指事物“固有的”、“先天的”缺陷。例如：heart defects就是指先天的心臟缺損。只有D項symptoms“癥狀”最符合原文。

　　7.C.while

　　文中該處的意思是“時差反應(yīng)的癥狀常常會持續(xù)數(shù)天，在這期間，體內(nèi)的生物鐘也在慢慢適應(yīng)新的時區(qū)”�？梢钥闯�，其中兩個分句的動作是同時進行的。因此應(yīng)選C項while“當……的時候”。

　　8.B.available

　　原文意為“現(xiàn)在有了一種新的防止時差反應(yīng)的方法”。B項available“可用的，有效的”是惟一符合上下文的選項。A項agreeable“令人愉快的，愜意的”；C項adaptable“適應(yīng)性強的”；D項approachable“可接近的，平易近人的”，均不符合題意。

　　9.B.tentative

　　首先可以排除C項和D項。因為broad側(cè)重“寬闊的”，“概括的”，inclusive意為“包括的”，用來修飾pioneering scientific research顯然都不合適。此外我們注意到，extensive意為“廣泛的，大量的”，顯然和文中所給出的pioneering“前衛(wèi)的，創(chuàng)新的”不符合。因此只有B項tentative“試探的，實驗性的”和上下文最貼切。

　　10.A.devised

　　原句大意為“馬丁博士想出了一種調(diào)節(jié)生物鐘的實用策略，以使其更快地適應(yīng)新的時區(qū)”。顯然，A項devised“設(shè)計，發(fā)明，想出某個計劃”是惟一正確的選項。其余選項分別意為：B項scrutinize“細看，細閱，仔細檢查”；C項visualize“使可見，使形象化，設(shè)想”；D項recognize“認出，認可”。

　　11.D.through

　　通過原文可知，此處需填入表示“通過”、“憑借”的介詞。四個選項中只有D項through符合要求。

　　12.C.most

　　本句意為“跨越時區(qū)成了一件容易的事，而且能夠消除絕大多數(shù)由于時差反應(yīng)帶來的不適”。most不是最高級，此處它用作形容詞表示“大多數(shù)的”。

　　13.C.seek

　　顯然此處應(yīng)該填入一個動詞avoid的反義詞。作者介紹說，要想成功地調(diào)適生理節(jié)律以適應(yīng)不同時區(qū)的轉(zhuǎn)換，有兩種辦法：或者是避免，或者是主動尋求光照。A項shed“流出，散發(fā)”；B項retrieve“尋回，找回”；C項seek“主動尋求”；D項attain“達到，完成，獲得”。C項是最符合要求的反義詞。

　　14.B.for

　　此處用介詞for表示“用途”，“目的”。

　　15.A.specific

　　從原文上下文可知，此處需填入一個和individual“個人的”含義相仿的形容詞。其中首先可以排除的是B項complicated“復雜的”，因為它與原文毫無關(guān)系；C項unique表示“獨一無二的，無雙的”，側(cè)重于事物鮮明的，有別其他事物的個體特征；D項peculiar除“特別的，獨具的”含義之外，往往側(cè)重“奇怪的，怪異的”，帶有貶義；而A項specific可以用來表示“特定的，具體的”。用在此處最貼切。此外specific其他的意思為：“詳細而精確的；明確的；詳盡的；清楚的”。例如：I want a specific answer.我想要一個明確的回答。還有“特殊的；特種的；特定的”之意。例如：specific gravity比重。

　　16.D.pattern

　　pattern往往被用來表示行為的“慣勢”，強調(diào)行為的“習慣”和“規(guī)律性”�！八�眠的��(jié)律”顯然用這個詞最合適。A項mode意為“方式”。例如：mode of life生活方式，意思和B項style頗為接近。C項norm則意為“準則，行為規(guī)范”，顯然不符合原文。

　　17.C.instructions

　　A項directory意為“姓名地址錄，目錄”；B項commentary意為“注釋，解說詞”；C項instruction意為“指導，指示，命令”；D項specification意為“詳述，規(guī)格，說明書，規(guī)范”。顯然C項最符合題意。

　　18.D.for

　　call up意為“召喚，打電話給某人”；call off意為“放棄，取消”；call on意為“號召，呼吁”；call for意為“要求，需要”。根據(jù)上下文D項正確。

　　19.A.or

　　原文在該句中表現(xiàn)的是一種并列的假設(shè)關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)該選用連詞or.

　　20.B.stimulus

　　首先排除的是C項agitation“鼓動，煽動，攪動”和D項acceleration“加速”，因為這兩個詞和light（光線）不構(gòu)成搭配關(guān)系。剩下兩個詞中，spur意為“激勵”。例如：We hope that these criticisms will act as a spur to increased effort.希望這些批評的話會激勵你們更努力。而stimulus意為刺激物，顯然更符合原文中用光線對人產(chǎn)生刺激作用之意。

　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Text 1

　　詞語注釋

　　monogamy n.一夫一妻制polygyny n.一夫多妻制

　　polyandry n.一妻多夫制spouse n.配偶

　　statistic adj.統(tǒng)計的prevailing adj.占據(jù)主導地位的

　　proportion n.比例preponderance n.優(yōu)勢，優(yōu)越

　　outnumber v.比……數(shù)量多feasible adj.可行的

　　secure v. （本文中作動詞）得到take precedence over有優(yōu)先權(quán)；地位上有優(yōu)勢

　　disproportion n.不成比例ratio n.比率

　　immorality n.不道德compulsory adj.強迫的，強制性的；義務(wù)的

　　alternative n.可供選擇的事物

　　文章概要

　　Para.1介紹了幾種不同的婚姻形式。

　　Para.2盡管許多社會認可，并鼓勵多個配偶的形式，但一夫一妻仍然是婚姻的主要形式，并分析了其原因。

　　Para.3一夫多妻多于一妻多夫的原因是生活中男人的主導地位，以及男女比例。

　　Para.4作者闡述了其對多種婚姻制度的觀念，多夫多妻并不是不道德，一夫一妻也不是每個人都認可的。

　　答案點評

　　21. D文章開頭介紹了幾種不同的婚姻形式：monogamy：一夫一妻制；polygyny，一夫多妻制；polyandry：一妻多夫制（Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men.）并未提到群婚制。

　　22. D文章第二段介紹說，盡管很多社會都認可，甚至鼓勵多個配偶的婚姻形式，但是這并不意味著在這樣的社會中，這樣的婚姻形式占據(jù)主導地位。因為婚姻形式要受人口比例的局限，因此即使是這樣的社會，一夫一妻制也是最常見的婚姻形式。（Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form.）

　　23. B答案同樣在第二段中：即使在不禁止多個配偶的婚姻方式的社會中，這樣的婚姻形式只有在人口性別比例極端失調(diào)的情況下才大規(guī)模地發(fā)生。（Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other.）

　　24. C文章第三段提到，一妻多夫制相比起一夫多妻制要罕見的多。（Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny.）

　　25. A作者在最后一段中總結(jié)道，多個配偶的婚姻制度，正如很多其他文化的風俗習慣一樣，并不像很多人認為的那樣，是不道德的。我們所認可的婚姻形式，即一夫一妻制，并不是每個民族和文化都認可。在很多社會中，一夫一妻制僅僅是一種婚姻制度的可能性，多個配偶的婚姻形式雖然不如前者那么常見，但是也與之共存。（In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.）四個選項中，只有A. many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies（很多人認為多個配偶的婚姻形式意味著社會的不道德），和原文的最后一段意思最接近，因為那正是作者所批判的一種對其他文化所持有的態(tài)度。B. those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral是錯誤的，因為那種態(tài)度是作者所批判的對象。C. polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies大多數(shù)社會都接受一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，不符合文章原意。D. the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted作者生活的社會認可一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，從作者提供的背景來看，是錯誤的。

　　Text 2

　　詞語注釋

　　keypunch用打孔機打孔tip off給……通風報信

　　juggle巧妙應(yīng)付（尤指為了欺騙）

　　文章概要

　　本文主要介紹了電腦犯罪被抓住但最后離開而且不受懲罰這種現(xiàn)象。

　　Para.1：許多人從事電腦犯罪，但被抓住后卻能最后離開且不受處罰。

　　Paras.2-3：電腦犯罪被抓住但最后離開而且不受懲罰，即使偶爾有被抓住的，也是由于他們的運氣不好。

　　Para.4：作者舉出兩個例子，用以說明發(fā)現(xiàn)計算機犯罪經(jīng)常是偶然的。

　　Para.5：計算機犯罪和其他罪犯的不同后果。

　　Para.6：計算機罪犯不受懲罰而得以逃脫的原因。

　　答案點評

　　26�盌意為“未發(fā)現(xiàn)的計算機犯罪比已發(fā)現(xiàn)的要多得多”。第三段指出，究竟多少犯罪未被發(fā)現(xiàn)（go undetected），我們當然無從知道。我們目前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的這么一部分犯罪只是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的，并沒有通過系統(tǒng)的檢查，或采取其他防范措施查找，一想到這一點就令人感到不安。言外之意，我們的防范措施太差了，有多少犯罪還沒有查出呢？所查出的犯罪是否只是冰川一角呢？所以，作者最后指出，被查出的計算機犯罪者也許只是運氣特別不好的人（victims of uncommonly bad luck）。在第四段，作者舉了兩個例子，用以說明發(fā)現(xiàn)計算機犯罪經(jīng)常是偶然的。

　　27�盉意為“公司通常對揭露計算機犯罪很謹慎”。第六段指出，為什么計算機犯罪者通常都會逍遙法外呢？因為公司的領(lǐng)導們害怕一旦公眾知道他們公司的計算機曾被人動過手腳，自己的名聲就完了（bad publicity）。犯罪者很可能在法庭上鼓吹自己是怎樣在公司的領(lǐng)導、會計師、保安人員的鼻子底下玩弄公司最高機密的，一想到此，他們（對把犯罪分子繩之以法）就猶豫了。這樣，計算機犯罪分子夾著自己需要的推薦信離開了公司，到其他地方繼續(xù)進行自己的犯罪去了。

　　28�盉意為“他們離開公司并很容易地找到另一份工作”。參考上一題題解。另外，第二段也提到，如果沒有人（定期）檢查計算機（check up on），計算機犯罪很可能就查不出來，但是，即使是查出來了，犯罪者也可能逃避懲罰，并帶著老板的推薦信離開公司。

　　29�盇意為“計算機犯罪分子為什么經(jīng)常能逃避懲罰”。第一段指出，商業(yè)、政府、金融機構(gòu)的運作越來越受計算機的控制，需要的信息只能儲存在計算機的記憶庫中（computer memories），所以，每個腦瓜聰明的人都可以根據(jù)自己的需要修改這些信息，為自己帶來極大的好處。最糟糕的是：許多人這樣做了，被查出了，但卻絲毫不受懲罰就一走了之。第三句話引出了全文旨在說明的問題。另外，第二段第二句提到了這一主題，第五、六段照應(yīng)了這一主題。

　　30�盌見文章中部的“Unlike other lawbreakers， who must leave the country……”，注意考點標志Unlike易考對比，初讀文章時應(yīng)該讀出這樣的“路標”，大致能夠預測到可能成為文后的一大出題點。列舉部分也容易構(gòu)造如上的題型，是�？键c。

　　Text 3

　　詞語注釋

　　appreciation n.增值，漲價diversity n.多樣性；多種多樣

　　ecosystem n.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)terrestrial a.陸生的、陸棲的

　　distinctive a.特別的，有特色的dimensional a.……維的，……方面的

　　comprise v.包含、包括、構(gòu)成、組成constrain v.力勸、強迫（某人）做某事

　　category n.種類、類別、范疇phyla n. phylum的復數(shù)（動物或植物分類上的門）

　　abundance n.豐富、富饒assorted a.各種各樣的，混雜的

　　bacterial a.細菌的sponge n.海綿、海綿狀物

　　coral n.珊瑚larva（e） n.幼蟲

　　starfish n.（單、復同形）海星

　　文章概要

　　Para.1人們寫了許多有關(guān)陸地上的各種生物，特別是和熱帶雨林有關(guān)的豐富多彩的生命，但是卻對海洋生物談的相對較少，即使從生命多樣性來講可與熱帶雨林相媲美的珊瑚礁系統(tǒng)，也寫得很少。

　　Para.2海洋的生存空間也許是陸地的100倍。包括90%的地球上的生物。

　　Para.3如果側(cè)重于以綱、門等基礎(chǔ)廣義的類別，那么最豐富多樣的生物就是海洋生物。

　　Para.4以一匙海水內(nèi)包含的生物來窺視海洋中生物之豐富。

　　答案點評

　　31.C海洋中的生（命）物比熱帶雨林中的更豐富。全篇圍繞這一中心展開論述……

　　32.D兩者都有許多不同形式的生命。A項它們大小相近。B項它們擁有很多相似的物種。C項它們中大多數(shù)棲息者需要水。

　　33.A見第三段第一句：已知的一半物種棲居于熱帶雨林這一事實似乎并不令人吃驚，考慮到組成物種的主體大多是昆蟲B項細菌；C項哺乳動物；D項鳥都與題意不符，故只有A昆蟲為正確答案。

　　34.A海洋中存在更多的綱、門生物代表。B項昆蟲大多難以做出有意義的區(qū)分。C項許多昆蟲太小不能分類。D項海洋生命形成再生率較高。

　　35.B需要更加注意保護海洋物種和棲息者。A項海洋生物有高度適應(yīng)性。C項海洋生物主要由植物構(gòu)成。D項海洋對污染造成的破壞具有很強的抵抗力。

　　Text 4

　　詞語注釋

　　observance n.遵守、奉行、紀念censure v.n.責備、批評

　　vandalism n.恣意破壞公物的行為prompt a.及時的、迅速的、準時的

　　deprivation n.剝奪、貧乏、窮困soothe v.平靜或鎮(zhèn)定、安慰、撫慰、緩解、減輕

　　intense a.強烈的、劇烈的stigma n.恥辱的標記、羞恥之心

　　effective a.有效的（區(qū)別于efficient a.有能力的，能勝任的）

　　文章概要

　　Para.1不同的文化，使用不同獎勵和懲罰的措施，來維持社會秩序，維護文化傳統(tǒng)。

　　Para.2人們面對的危險和威脅不同時，獎罰也不盡相同，以Gusii為例，他們面對的危險不僅僅是外來的，還有來自大自然的，故他們有自己的標準來處理獎罰。

　　Para.3 Mextecans是個高度團結(jié)的社會，因此他們用溫和的勸說來阻止攻擊。

　　Para.4在過去的美國，人們十分擔心自己的名字被沾染上污點，尤其在小地方更是這樣，因此當時的社會秩序靠人們怕丟臉的心理得以維持。作者接下去說，但是如今，“臉面”已經(jīng)不那么受重視了。人們認為，執(zhí)法過程并不那么公平，而且就算進過監(jiān)獄，人們也不再覺得像以前那么丟人。

　　答案點評

　　36. B文章的第一句話提供了解題的線索：Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.

　　37. C答案在文章第一段中：各個文化具有的相同點是：父母教育孩子要遠離危險，并遵循該文化的道德傳統(tǒng)。此外，Adults also condition each other's observance of social norms, using methods ranging from…成人之間也用不同的方式相互監(jiān)督彼此是否遵守社會準則。這一點符合選項C.

　　38. DA項是錯誤的。因為原文說的是，美國人認為新加坡實行體罰來維持社會秩序的做法是正確的。（many Americans endorsed Singapore's use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.）B項是錯的，原文沒有說，美國媒體直到1994年才開始關(guān)注文化差異。C項不準確。原文并沒有提到，受到鞭刑的Michael Fay從此不再破壞公物（Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown）。只有D項是正確的，因為原文說Michael Fay受到鞭刑后馬上離開了新加坡。（the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.）

　　39. D肯尼亞Gusii族的女人會如何懲罰孩子呢？答案在原文的第二段中：Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning， food deprivation， and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment. （Gusii族的人更傾向于使用懲罰，而不是獎勵，讓孩子守規(guī)矩。一般常用的懲罰措施有鞭打，挨餓，不給地方住等。）

　　40. D文章最后一段講的是美國社會的獎懲制度。作者說，In the United States， fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior， especially in small communities.從后面的內(nèi)容，可以推測出，stigma是“壞名聲”的意思。

　　Part B

　　答案解析

　　41.G根據(jù)上文，此處應(yīng)填入的是What a man says to us的具體內(nèi)容，G正是對比的列舉，順承上文。

　　42.D上文指女性比較看重人與人之間的交流、人生態(tài)度、興趣、目標等。D項的Let‘s face it承上啟下，對此進行評論，契合段意。

　　43.AA項講的是我們喜歡他們的言辭帶給我們的感覺，而只有當彼此關(guān)系出現(xiàn)問題時才會有種被花言巧語欺騙的感覺。E與下文呼應(yīng)，是that的具體內(nèi)容。

　　44.E上文說對于我來說，結(jié)果是甜蜜的，下文應(yīng)是對此的順承。E項第一句便說我不會覺得失望，符合文境。

　　45.B此處答案既應(yīng)是對上文問題的回答，又應(yīng)該與下文銜接順暢。由備選項來看，B項符合。B項指出我不會只注意一個男人說什么，而下文便說我會觀察他的行為。

　　文章大意：本文討論的問題是為什么女性關(guān)注一個男人對她說什么而對其實際行動并不關(guān)心，作者對其進行了探討和解釋并表達了她的看法。

　　Part C

　　參考譯文

　　46.結(jié)果，世界將以國際金融體制所特有的明顯審慎的步伐對國際金融體系進行專家們所聲稱的“結(jié)構(gòu)改革”。

　　47.但是在形成廣泛的國際共識之前，美國財政部長勞倫斯·薩默斯很可能會像前任部長羅伯特·魯賓那樣，遵循一個謹慎的漸進戰(zhàn)略。美國財政部的一位官員把這個戰(zhàn)略稱為像希波克拉底誓言那樣：至少不要帶來損害。

　　48.他們的努力激發(fā)了美國消費者的購買熱，美國消費者除了搶購經(jīng)濟增長緩慢的歐洲的出口產(chǎn)品，還搶購遭受金融危機打擊的新興市場的出口產(chǎn)品，以及受經(jīng)濟衰退束縛的日本的出口產(chǎn)品。

　　49.亞洲開發(fā)銀行宣布，這個地區(qū)的14個發(fā)展中國家在1998年第四季度經(jīng)濟只增長1%后，今年第一季度的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值‘大幅度’猛增4.8%.

　　50.結(jié)果是，在亞洲受經(jīng)濟危機打擊最嚴重的五個國家中，估計每個國家都會在2000年之前遇到相當于國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值5%以上的預算赤字。

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　參考作文

　　51.

　　Dear grandpa and grandma,

　　I'm sorry to write to tell you that I can't go to see you this holiday as I have planned before. I need to do a social research—go to the northwest provinces to look into their life style. The research would take a month. After that I have to put the mass of information in order and then study it to write a thesis. It would take another month, leaves me no time to go to see you.

　　I regret it very much that I can't keep my words and I'm letting you down. Hopefully, I would get more free time in winter vocation and go to spend New Year's Eve with you.

　　Grandpa and grandma, it's getting hotter and hotter now, please take care of yourselves and don't be too economic to buy fruits. Health is the most important.

Yours, Jack

　　 Jan.14th. 2004

　　52.

　　On Saving Water

　　A simple picture may reveal something that is not simple, and it holds true with this one. The man in the picture is dressed in suit and tie. Right hand holding a bottle of mineral water up into air, he is right quenching his thirst drop by drop. With much careful observation, you could detect that the man's face has chapped so badly that it assume the appearance of the desolate and barren soil. Of course, it will remind you of the shortage of fresh water.

　　We know, as far as our scientists have discovered, that the earth is the only planet in possession of water, which is of vital importance to mankind. It circulates through every vein of our body and makes up about seventy percent of the body's components. But for water, all the living things on earth would have perished soon. Fresh water is not inexhaustible despite the fact that the earth is capable of reproduction to some extent. Furthermore, due to the unbalanced distribution of fresh water, some areas are tormented by the scantiness of it. Maybe that is why bottled mineral water sometimes prices so dearly.

　　This inevitably raises the issue of saving water. But how can we put it into practice? In my opinion, the masses should be fully informed about the serious situation we face today because saving water is largely a spontaneous act rather than a forced behaviour. Only when the importance of saving water has sunk in, could people really treat it with seriousness.