Section I  Use of English
Part A
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

　　The basic function of money is the enable buying to be separated from selling, thus permitting trade to take place without the so�瞔alled double coincidence of barter. If a person has something to sell and wants something else 1 return, it is not necessary to search for someone able and 2to make the desired exchange of items. The person can sell the 3 item for general purchasing power—that is, “money”—to anyone who wants to buy it and then use the proceeds to buy the desired item from anyone who wants to sell it.

　　The importance of this function of money is 4 illustrated by the experience of Germany just after World War Ⅱ, 5 paper money was 6 largely useless because, despite inflationary conditions, price controls were effectively 7 by the American, French, and British armies of occupation. People had to8 to barter or to inefficient money substitutes. The result was to cut total output of the economy in half. The German “economic miracle” just after 1948 reflected partly a currency reform by the occupation authorities, 9 some economists hold that it stemmed primarily from the German government’s 10 of all price controls, 11 permitting a money economy to 12 a barter economy.13 of the act of sale from the act of purchase 14 the existence of something that will be generally accepted in payment—this is the “15 of exchange” function of money. But there must also be something that can serve as a 16 abode of purchasing power, in which the seller holds the proceeds in the interim 17 the first sale and the 18 purchase, or from which the buyer can 19the general purchasing power with which to pay 20  what is bought. This is the “asset” function of money.

1. ［A］ on    ［B］ in    ［C］ by   ［D］ for
2. ［A］ capable   ［B］ likely   ［C］ desirable  ［D］ willing
3. ［A］ excess   ［B］ extra   ［C］ surplus  ［D］ ample
4. ［A］ dramatically  ［B］ urgently  ［C］ faithfully  ［D］ incidentally
5. ［A］ when   ［B］ before   ［C］ since   ［D］ until
6. ［A］ developed  ［B］ reserved  ［C］ rendered  ［D］ imagined
7. ［A］ encouraged  ［B］ enlarged  ［C］ endured  ［D］ enforced
8. ［A］ conform   ［B］ resort   ［C］ commit  ［D］ gear
9. ［A］ and    ［B］ but   ［C］ therefore  ［D］ however
10. ［A］ deprivation  ［B］ stimulation  ［C］ elimination  ［D］ restriction
11. ［A］ thereby   ［B］ therefore  ［C］ then   ［D］ while
12. ［A］ alternate  ［B］ establish  ［C］ substitute  ［D］ replace
13. ［A］ Introduction  ［B］ Specification ［C］ Representation ［D］ Separation
14. ［A］ assumes  ［B］ requires  ［C］ focuses  ［D］ undertakes
15. ［A］ medium  ［B］ function  ［C］ role   ［D］ nature
16. ［A］ fashionable  ［B］ favorable  ［C］ temporary  ［D］ token
17. ［A］ both   ［B］ for   ［C］ between  ［D］ after
18. ［A］ consequent  ［B］ relevant  ［C］ inadequate  ［D］ subsequent
19. ［A］ execute  ［B］ extract   ［C］ exceed   ［D］ exchange
20. ［A］ for   ［B］ off   ［C］ back   ［D］ in

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1
　　Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought.

　　At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content, which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive form—to give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another, nonsensuous idiom. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic reality; it thus ceases to be a reason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us.

　　For this content, displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is to be the true object of aesthetic interest, it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its “sensuous embodiment” without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.)

　　Hegel’s argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises, but, as with Kant’s antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of art can then share either a content or a form-the form being definitive of each work’s individuality.

　　In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning. The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life. If, on the other hand, we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular work of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.

21. Hegel argued that .
［A］ it is our sensuous appreciation that gives peculiar individuality to the work of art
［B］ it is the content of the work of art that holds our attention
［C］ the work of art cannot be understood without a process of logical thinking
［D］ the form of the work of art is what our sensuous appreciation concentrates on

22. It can be inferred from this passage that .
［A］ the paradox that it is both necessary to distinguish form content and also impossible to do so cannot be resolved by rejecting its premises
［B］ both content and form of the work of art are illusory
［C］ the content and form of the work of art are separable
［D］ aesthetic experience is not intrinsically valuable

23. Which of the following is NOT what Hegel believed?
［A］ The content and form of the work of art cannot be separated from each other.
［B］ The content of the work of art is always the true object of aesthetic interest.
［C］ The content presented without any individuality is not the content of the work of art.
［D］ The content understood by means of a process of discursive thought is no more than a husk.

24. Premises that are related to each other seems to be dispensable because .
［A］ Kant thinks they are indispensable
［B］ either of them can resolve the paradox
［C］ the premises are separated
［D］ the premises can account for the theory

25. This passage is mainly about .
［A］ the sensuous appreciation of art
［B］ the basic conception of the aesthetic experience
［C］ how to appreciate the work of art
［D］ the relationship between form and content of the work of art

Text 2
　　Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money market” is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments—to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.

　　The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modern economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form of a market. Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds.

　　In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them, rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences (including his own) that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover, the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price (that is, rate of interest) for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market.

26. The first paragraph is mainly about .
A. the definition of money market
B. the constitution of a money market
C. the basic functions of a money market
D. the general feature of a money market

27. According to this passage, the money market .
A. provides convenient services to its customers
B. has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking funds
C. maintains accounts with various retailers of financial services
D. is made up of institutions who specialize in handling wholesale monetary transactions

28. Which of the following statements concerning money market is not true according to this passage?
A. Money market does not exist in planned economies.
B. Money market has been established in some socialist countries.
C. Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds.
D. Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users.

29. The author uses the example of middleman to show .
A. market transactions are important in different countries
B. dealers are needed in doing business
C. middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countries.
D. middlemen in different countries have different actions in business.

30. According to this passage, .
A. brokers usually perform the same kinds of services to their customers
B. brokers have little contact with each other
C. open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any given moment
D. changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon market tends to maintain a common price for similar transactions

Text 3
　　Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.

　　Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.

　　The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare—the average multiplied by the number of people—is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.

31. The first paragraph is mainly about .
［A］ the intrinsic value of human experiences
［B］ the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals
［C］ the intrinsic value of ecological system as a whole
［D］ an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value

32. , we owe nothing to the future generations.
［A］ In the author’s opinion
［B］ From a social contrast view of ethics
［C］ For a utilitarian
［D］ For most environmentalists

33. Population policy we take should be considered .
［A］ positive  ［B］ negative  ［C］ complex  ［D］ reasonable
34. According to this passage, optimum population .
［A］ refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible
［B］ refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possible
［C］ is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the future
［D］ is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons

35. The proper title for this passage should be .
［A］ A Mystery in Applied Ethics
［B］ Our Obligations to Future Generations
［C］ Environmental Ethics
［D］ Environmental issues

Text 4
　　Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania.

　　Yet Mr Potter’s world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalisation) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling’s fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain’s Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organised is a reading by Ms Rowling in London’s Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast. Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low.

　　Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen—if you believe Britain’s Sunday Times rich list. The process is self�瞘enerating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products.
Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office. This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over commercialised. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all.

　　The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling’s creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio’s global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the property by fans is not waning.”

36. When the author says “there will be no escaping Potter mania”, he implies that .
［A］ Harry Potter’s appeal for the readers is simply irresistible
［B］ it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy
［C］ craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future
［D］ Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over

37. Ms Rowling’s reading in London’s Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show .
［A］ publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter’s business
［B］ businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter’s world
［C］ the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood
［Ｄ］ businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way

38. The author believes that .
［A］ Britain’s Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds
［B］ Time Warner’s management of licenses is a bit over commercialised
［C］ other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will
［D］ what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain

39. Paragraph 4 intends mainly to show Warner’s .
［A］ determination to promote Potter
［B］ consistence in conducting busines
［C］ high regard for Ms Rowling’s request
［D］ careful restrictions on licensing to Coco-Cola

40. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that .
［A］ products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner
［B］ current Hollywood’s marketing of Potter may damage its potential
［C］ readers could get tired of Ms Rowling’s writings sooner or later
［D］ Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in future

Part B
Sample 1
Directions:
　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)． 

　　Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (41) Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000.(42)

Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. (43). Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may save the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.(44) By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start�瞮ps, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.

　　Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical.(45) you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices.

　　To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.

［A］Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.
［B］But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .
［C］Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth.
［D］Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.
［E］According to small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now.
［F］But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories.
［G］Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires

Sample 2
Directions:
　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragrphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

［A］Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous.

［B］He that has wife and children has given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.

［C］Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses。

［D］But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.

［E］Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. There are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. There are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he has a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.

［F］Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, —A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.

［G］A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base.

Order:
B→
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43�薄�
44�薄�
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Sample 3
Directions:
　　You are going to read a text about the tips on books, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　Man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.

［41］A good book may be among the best of friends.
［42］Men often discover their affinity to each other by the love they have each for a book.
［43］A good book is often the best urn(甕) of a life enshrining（銘記） the best that life could think out;
［44］Books possess an essence of immortality.
［45］Books introduce us into the best society they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived.

［A］We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.

［B］The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.

［C］There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.

［D］They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.

［E］For the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “They are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney,“that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”

［F］It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.

Sample 4
Directions:
　　You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Nowadays, as the developments of society progress forward, especially the achievement in the economy and technology, but more and more problems appear. Among these problems, what is the worst belongs to the area of environment.

［A］ It is futile to adjust to the chemicals.
［B］ The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings.
［C］ We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge.
［D］ During the past quarter century the power to influence the nature has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character（性質(zhì)）.
［E］ The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.
［F］ It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth.

41、The new products come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as “pests.”

42、Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.

43、The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.

44、To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.

45、Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.

Part C
Directions:
　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on  ANSWER SHET 2.(10 points)

　　People born in the autumn live longer than those born in the spring and are less likely to fall chronically ill when they are older, according to an Austrian scientist.（46） Using census data for more than one million people in Austria, Denmark and Australia, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in the northern German town of Rostock found the month of birth was related to life expectancy over the age of 50. Seasonal differences in what mothers ate during pregnancy, and infections occurring at different times of the year could both have an impact on the health of a new�瞓orn baby and could influence its life expectancy in older age. （47）“A mother giving birth in spring spends the last phase of her pregnancy in winter, when she will eat less vitamins than in summer,” said Gabriele Doblhammer, one of a team of scientists who carried out the research. （48）“When she stops breast�瞗eeding and starts giving her baby normal food, it’s in the hot weeks of summer when babies are prone to infections of the digestive system.” In Austria, adults born in autumn (October-December) lived about seven months longer than those born in spring (April-June), and in Denmark adults with birthdays in autumn outlived those born in spring by about four months. （49）In the southern hemisphere, the picture was similar. Adults born in the Australian autumn—the European spring—lived about four months longer than those born in the Australian spring. （50）The study focused on people born at the beginning of the 20th century, using death certificates and census data. Although nutrition at all times of the year has improved since then, the seasonal pattern persists, Doblhammer said.

Section Ⅲ Writing
51. Directions:
You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words. and do not need to write the address, you should use the name Li Ming.

52. Directions:
Now more people enjoy buying lottery tickets. Study the following picture carefully and write an article on the topic of Quality Control and Marketing. In your article, you should cover the following points:
（1）describe the phenomenon;
（2）analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

考前預(yù)測(cè)試卷參考答案及解析

Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. B in return是固定短語，表示“作為回報(bào)”，文中的意思正是如果一個(gè)人有什么東西要賣，而有希望得到什么作為回報(bào); by return of post 表示立刻回信, 沒有on return 以及for return 的固定用法。

2. D 做買賣交易肯定是雙方自愿的，所以應(yīng)該選擇willing，be willing to 表示“愿意”，capable 表示具有某種能力，be likely to 表示“可能”，此處不符合題意；be desirable of 表示“渴望得到”也不符合題意，所以正確答案為D。

3.C本題涉及到基本常識(shí)，在過去之所以產(chǎn)生商品買賣是因?yàn)閭�(gè)人手里有了多余的產(chǎn)品，所以此處應(yīng)該選擇C 項(xiàng)“多余的，剩余的”，surplus的用法經(jīng)常表示產(chǎn)品或者資金的剩余；A表示“過度、無節(jié)制”；B項(xiàng)表示“另外的，不包括在內(nèi)的”；D項(xiàng)表示“足夠的”。

4.A此處是意思是表示變化巨大，形容這種狀況的只有A項(xiàng)具有這種含義；B項(xiàng)“緊急的”；C項(xiàng)“虔誠的”；D項(xiàng)表示“恰巧的”。

5.A此處是表示時(shí)間的定語從句，應(yīng)該選擇A項(xiàng)，符合題意。

6.C該題所要表示的意思是二戰(zhàn)中的情況致使貨幣失去本身的價(jià)值，所以此處的詞不應(yīng)該是褒義詞，但是，A和D 項(xiàng)都由褒義的詞性，B項(xiàng)表示“保持”不符合語境，因?yàn)榍懊鏇]有提到過貨幣失去價(jià)值。

7.D此處的含義是被“加強(qiáng)，執(zhí)行”；A項(xiàng)表示“鼓勵(lì)”；B項(xiàng)表示“加大”；C項(xiàng)表示“忍受”，都不符合文章要求。

8.B resort to 表示“求助于”，二戰(zhàn)中，貨幣已經(jīng)不具有價(jià)值了，人們?yōu)榱速徺I生活必須用品，就只好“求助于其他方法”，所以此處應(yīng)該選擇B；conform to 表示“一致”；commit to 表示“執(zhí)行，做”；gear to 表示“使適合”。

9.B閱讀文章，很容易理解前后兩局之間的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，howevrer 的用法是前后都要使用逗號(hào)，所以只能選擇B。

10.C 此處的含義應(yīng)該是取消所有價(jià)格控制，C項(xiàng)具有“取消，消滅”的含義；A項(xiàng)表示“剝奪”；B項(xiàng)表示“刺激、促進(jìn)”，對(duì)于價(jià)格控制不可能促進(jìn)的；D項(xiàng)表示“限制”，限制也是不符合題意的，只有取消這種控制經(jīng)濟(jì)才可能發(fā)展，限制已經(jīng)無法達(dá)到目的。

11.A前后是承接的關(guān)系，表示“所以”；B項(xiàng)的用法同however 一樣，前后都需要使用逗號(hào)。所以正確答案為A。

12.D 根據(jù)上下文，貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)該代替物物交換經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是歷史的必然，A項(xiàng)表示“交替，輪流”；B項(xiàng)表示“建立”，與前后關(guān)系不符；C項(xiàng)雖然也表示“代替，替換”，但是必須使用詞組 substitute A for B。

13.D 本題涉及到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的某些常識(shí)，由于買和賣分離，在一定程度上促使了貨幣的產(chǎn)生，所以此處應(yīng)該選擇D 表示“分開，分離”，前三項(xiàng)都不符合題意要求。

14.B買和賣的分離就要求另一種物品來充當(dāng)媒介，B項(xiàng)表示“需要，要求”，經(jīng)常使用在這種語境中，例如，The emergency requires that it should be done�盇項(xiàng)表示“承擔(dān)”；C項(xiàng)表示“集中”；D項(xiàng)表示“執(zhí)行”， 　

15.A參照14題可知，需要的是中間媒介，所以選擇“A”，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合。

16.C在買和賣之間的這段之間，對(duì)于貨幣來說，人是暫時(shí)的擁有，所以選擇C，其他三項(xiàng)與本題意無關(guān)。

17.Cinterim表示“中間的”，那么后面的介詞必須是兩者之間，所以選擇between 。

18.D此處的含義是先賣，再買， 只有D項(xiàng)具有這種含義。

19.B表示只有先把自己的東西賣了，才能取得購買的能力，表示“取得”的含義也只有B項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)表示“執(zhí)行”；C項(xiàng)表示“超過”；D項(xiàng)表示“交換”。 都不符合題意。

20.Apay for 表示“付款”，為自己買的東西付款；B項(xiàng)pay off 表示“還清”；C項(xiàng)pay back 表示“還回”；D項(xiàng)表示“解款入”。

譯文
　　貨幣比較基本的功能就是將買賣兩種行為分離開來，從而避免了所謂的物物交換行為。如一個(gè)人想賣掉一些東西同時(shí)又想得到其他東西，他無需找一個(gè)有能力并愿意同他交換物品的人。他可以先賣掉多余的物品以換取一般購買力——即“貨幣”——賣給任何想買這件物品的人，然后用所得收益從任何想賣他所需物品的人處來購買。

　　二戰(zhàn)后發(fā)生在德國的事件戲劇性地證明了貨幣這一功能的重要性。那時(shí)，紙幣幾乎變的一文不值，因?yàn)楸M管通貨膨脹，美國、法國和英國的占領(lǐng)軍卻嚴(yán)格地控制著商品的價(jià)格。人們不得不求助于物物交換或者效率很低的貨幣替代品。其結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)總產(chǎn)值銳減了一半。1948年后德國的“經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡”一部分顯示了占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局的貨幣改革，但一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家卻認(rèn)為，這主要源于德國政府解除了所有的價(jià)格控制，從而允許貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)取代物物交換經(jīng)濟(jì)。

　　要分離買賣兩種行為，需要可以普遍接受的支付手段——也就是貨幣作為交換媒介的功能。但同時(shí)也需要購買力的臨時(shí)保存處，以便賣主在下次購買之前存放先前賣得的收益，或便于買主從中取出一般購買力來支付買到的東西。這就是貨幣作為資產(chǎn)的能力。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1

21.D本題的答案線索可以在第一段的比較后一句話中找到。A項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是sensuous attention. B項(xiàng)沒有提到，C項(xiàng)正是黑格爾所反對(duì)的。

22.A根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容，康德對(duì)開始兩句話的否定，表明對(duì)兩個(gè)前提中的一個(gè)予以否定是不可能的，這與A項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容相符合。

23.B本項(xiàng)可以根據(jù)第二段中的內(nèi)容得到答案，第二句話開始人們?cè)噲D對(duì)藝術(shù)品找到一個(gè)實(shí)在東西表達(dá)其含義，但是失敗了。所以B項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是錯(cuò)誤的。

24.B因?yàn)槎�者�?duì)解決這個(gè)paradox沒有作用，所以他們是可有可無的。

25.D通讀全文即可知道，主要是黑格爾對(duì)藝術(shù)的內(nèi)容和形式之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行的論述。所以很明顯正確答案為D。

譯文
　　兩個(gè)相關(guān)的自相矛盾也產(chǎn)生于同一個(gè)基本概念——即美學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。黑格爾對(duì)第一個(gè)矛盾做了詳盡的論述，他大抵認(rèn)為：我們的感覺注意及表現(xiàn)在藝術(shù)品方面的感覺注意是極其個(gè)性化的。因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)品將自己置入我們的感官鑒賞，所以它本質(zhì)上是具體的，是被我們的感覺而不是游離的思想所理解。

　　同時(shí)，我們對(duì)藝術(shù)品的理解也需要部分智力，我們從中尋求概念化的內(nèi)容，它以觀念的形式呈現(xiàn)給我們。批判性解釋的一個(gè)目的就是用游離的形式詳細(xì)地解釋這個(gè)觀念——將藝術(shù)品的內(nèi)容用非感覺的方式呈現(xiàn)出來。但是批評(píng)永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)成功，因?yàn)樵趯��?nèi)容和某一形式分離的過程中已經(jīng)破壞了其個(gè)性。此時(shí)呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)不是那件藝術(shù)品的真實(shí)內(nèi)容。丟失了個(gè)性，內(nèi)容也就失去了其美學(xué)實(shí)體，從而它也就不會(huì)成為我們之所以注意那件作品和比較初吸引我們批判注意的原因。也正是因?yàn)檫@樣我們才會(huì)覺得與解釋相比，原作帶給我們的震撼力總是那么強(qiáng)大。

　　因?yàn)檫@種被游離思想批判過的內(nèi)容充其量不過就是一個(gè)軀殼，一個(gè)逃避我們撲捉被拋棄了的意義。如果內(nèi)容要成為美學(xué)欣賞的真正對(duì)象，它必須保持其個(gè)性：它不與自身分離就不會(huì)同其“感覺鏡像”分離。因此內(nèi)容不能脫離形式，形式也不能脫離內(nèi)容。（形式只能依靠內(nèi)容來體現(xiàn)。）

　　黑格爾的觀點(diǎn)是很多觀點(diǎn)的原形，所有觀點(diǎn)都旨在說明將形式和內(nèi)容分離的必要性和不可能性。拋棄他們各自的前提這一矛盾體也許可以解決，但正如康德的自相矛盾論，任何一個(gè)前提都是不可分割的。認(rèn)為內(nèi)容和形式不可分割，實(shí)際上就是認(rèn)為這兩個(gè)觀念是虛幻的，因?yàn)闆]有兩件藝術(shù)作品能夠共享一個(gè)內(nèi)容或形式——每一個(gè)作品個(gè)性的確定形式。

因此，任何人都不能通過參考藝術(shù)作品的意義來欣賞它。強(qiáng)烈的美學(xué)興趣變成一種迷惑的，幾乎無法說明的精神世界的特征。如果另一方面，我們堅(jiān)持內(nèi)容和形式是可分的，我們永遠(yuǎn)都不能通過研究內(nèi)容來發(fā)現(xiàn)一件藝術(shù)作品吸引我們的真正原因。對(duì)每件藝術(shù)作品的解釋得到的都只是它的替身。在美學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其本質(zhì)之間就會(huì)出現(xiàn)不可逾越的鴻溝，而美學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)在本質(zhì)上是有價(jià)值的論斷也就值得懷疑。

Text 2

26.C第一段的描述很明顯就是貨幣市場(chǎng)的基本功能。所以選擇Ｃ項(xiàng)。

27.D關(guān)于“貨幣市場(chǎng)”的定義，可以通過第一段第二行的后半句話可知“ｍoney market is a set of institutions or arrangements…”該句的意思與D項(xiàng)符合。

28.B根據(jù)第二段第三行我們可以知道，貨幣市場(chǎng)不僅僅存在于社會(huì)主義國家，所以該項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。

29.C三段中，對(duì)這些middleman 的作用進(jìn)行了闡述，從中我們可以看到他們?cè)诓煌�的國家都起到了重要的作用�?/p>

30.C第二段的第五句話中，我們可以知道貨幣市場(chǎng)的一個(gè)分配特征就是依靠資金提供房和需求方各內(nèi)部之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，所以可以得出C項(xiàng)的結(jié)論。A和B項(xiàng)不符合文中的題意。D項(xiàng)貨幣市場(chǎng)的浮動(dòng)并不只是取決于資金提供方，還有市場(chǎng)的需要的因素。

譯文
　　每一個(gè)擁有獨(dú)立金融系統(tǒng)的國家都應(yīng)該有這樣的市場(chǎng)：在這里匯票、期票和其他形式的短期信貸可以進(jìn)行買賣�！敖鹑谑袌�(chǎng)”就是一組用錢和短期信貸進(jìn)行批發(fā)交易的公共機(jī)構(gòu)或組織。在多樣經(jīng)濟(jì)背景下在零售層面中將產(chǎn)品分配給比較終的用戶需要建立很多便利設(shè)施，同樣在批發(fā)方面這樣的設(shè)施的需求也在快速增長。如果零售商要為他的客戶提供充足的服務(wù)，他必須主動(dòng)同大量制造及買賣他所要存貨物品的其他商人聯(lián)系。金融市場(chǎng)就是由這種專門的設(shè)施組成。其設(shè)立的目的是為了幫助金融機(jī)構(gòu)——金融銀行、儲(chǔ)蓄機(jī)構(gòu)、投資公司、信貸中介、甚至政府——的零售商們做好他們的工作。它與那些與不同零售商有關(guān)系的或購買它們的有價(jià)證券或借貸的個(gè)人或公司幾乎沒有什么聯(lián)系。

　　金融市場(chǎng)比較基本的功能必須以現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)形式來體現(xiàn)，甚至是高度計(jì)劃或社會(huì)主義，但社會(huì)主義國家不一定都要采取市場(chǎng)形式。金融市場(chǎng)存在于那些利用市場(chǎng)而不是計(jì)劃來分配資源的國家里。金融市場(chǎng)的基本特征是公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，既存在于某一時(shí)間內(nèi)資金的提供者之間，也存在于將這些資金合理分配的資金尋求者之間。

　　在市場(chǎng)交易中，提供資金和尋求資金者之間依靠經(jīng)紀(jì)人或經(jīng)銷商這些中間人來進(jìn)行交易。這些中間人的特點(diǎn)，他們提供的服務(wù)，他們同其他金融之間的關(guān)系每個(gè)國家都不同。在許多國家，沒有這些中間人聚集的專門地點(diǎn)，但大多數(shù)國家中所有參與者之間的聯(lián)系都是公開進(jìn)行，保證資金提供者和使用者能正確了解目前影響供需的所有因素（包括他自身）的情況下買賣商品。因此幾乎所有的情況中，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)都顯示在某一特定時(shí)間相同交易的一般價(jià)格上（即利率）。市場(chǎng)上資金供應(yīng)壓力和拉動(dòng)市場(chǎng)需求的壓力的變化經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致金融市場(chǎng)的持續(xù)波動(dòng)。

Text 3

31．DD 前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要問題的所在，而第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，在第二句話中就點(diǎn)了出來，前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)是第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的展開說明。故D是正確答案。

32．B從文中第二段我們可以知道，C和D可以排除，因?yàn)楣�利主義者和環(huán)境學(xué)家反對(duì)這種毫不考慮將來的做法，文中沒有表示作者的觀點(diǎn)，而且文中也有“從社會(huì)契約的角度出發(fā)”的字樣。

33．C文中有明確指出情況將會(huì)是“complex”。

34．C文中提出了兩種情況，而且在結(jié)尾的比較后一句話中也表明成為一個(gè)謎，所以C應(yīng)該是正確答案，只能留到將來解決的哲學(xué)問題。

35．C本文主要討論的并不是環(huán)境問題，而是由環(huán)境問題而引出的道德問題，對(duì)于應(yīng)用道德中的謎是比較后一段提到的，還有第二段提到的我們對(duì)下一代的責(zé)任，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想內(nèi)容。

譯文
　　環(huán)境問題引起很多其他嚴(yán)重的道德倫理問題，包括內(nèi)在固有的價(jià)值本質(zhì)之一。雖然很多過去的哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)是具有內(nèi)在固有的價(jià)值，而且功利論者至少認(rèn)為非人類動(dòng)物的快樂和痛苦具有某些內(nèi)在價(jià)值，但是并不足以解釋我們?yōu)槭裁凑J(rèn)為渡渡鳥滅絕或者熱帶雨林被破壞是非常糟糕的。這些事物僅僅被視為對(duì)人類或其他具有感情物種的一種損失嗎? 或者其他什么原因呢？一些哲學(xué)家開始準(zhǔn)備為某些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行辯護(hù)，即樹木、河流、物種和其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整體上具有一種獨(dú)立于功能主義的價(jià)值，所謂的功能主義是對(duì)于人類或其他感情物種來說具有某種價(jià)值。

　　我們對(duì)環(huán)境的擔(dān)心同時(shí)也引起了我們對(duì)下一代的責(zé)任問題。對(duì)于將來我們欠下了多少東西？從社會(huì)契約道德角度來說，或者道德自我注意的角度出發(fā)，答案似乎是什么也沒有。因?yàn)槲覀兛梢詮闹惺芤妫�然而他們卻不能互惠互利。其他很多的道德理論確實(shí)對(duì)下一代的利益予以重視。功利主義者并不會(huì)認(rèn)為，就因?yàn)橄乱淮�還不存在就可以對(duì)他們利益的考慮要少于對(duì)我們本身的考慮，假如我們確定它們將會(huì)存在而且它們的利益將會(huì)受到我們現(xiàn)在的所作所為的影響，情況會(huì)是如何呢？例如，放射性廢棄物的堆積，似乎非常清楚，我們確實(shí)會(huì)影響下一代人民的利益。

　　但是當(dāng)我們考慮到，我們所采取的人口和家庭政策，將會(huì)影響下一代的人口數(shù)量時(shí)，問題就變得更加復(fù)雜了。大部分的環(huán)境學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界擁擠程度已經(jīng)非常危險(xiǎn)了。這也許還不那么糟糕，但是這種人口過剩的觀念隱蔽了一個(gè)哲學(xué)問題，這個(gè)哲學(xué)問題由Derek Parfit 在Reasons and Persons 這本書中提出的。什么是比較佳人口數(shù)量？是平均福利水平比較好時(shí)候的人口嗎？還是總體福利水平比較高的時(shí)候，即把平均水平按照人口數(shù)量翻番？兩個(gè)答案都會(huì)導(dǎo)致違反直覺的結(jié)果，而且這個(gè)問題成為應(yīng)用道德中比較令人費(fèi)解的一個(gè)謎。

Text 4

36. A這是一道句意題。第一段描述了波特迷們的世界性狂熱，沒有人能躲過哈利波特狂潮，暗示哈利波特的吸引力不可抵擋，所以A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

37. D這是一道例證題。文章說到Rowling應(yīng)邀朗讀一事是為了說明此次商家的行為比較低調(diào)，這種舉措并不常見。故此答案為D。

38. D這是一道作者觀點(diǎn)題。依據(jù)“in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000.”，作者稱之為steal，可知答案為D。

39. C這是一道主旨題。段落的主要意思是華納按Rowling的要求做了，嚴(yán)禁過分的商業(yè)化。故答案為C。

40. D這是一道推論題。A項(xiàng)可以從上面推測(cè)到，但并不是比較后一段的引申，B項(xiàng)，本文對(duì)華納采取的政策時(shí)予以肯定的，C項(xiàng)與本文內(nèi)容相反，前文說華納不想過分商業(yè)化Potter，比較后一段重申這種做法的正確性，并說市場(chǎng)調(diào)研表明Potter迷們的激情未減，可以推論，公司在未來還將保持這一策略。故答案為D。

譯文
　　也許只有在Hogwarts魔術(shù)學(xué)校受訓(xùn)并成為魔術(shù)師的小男孩才能產(chǎn)生如此大的魅力，造就有史以來比較大的銷書狂潮。6月20 日，無論在世界的什么地方，午夜的鐘聲一響，他的追隨者就蜂擁而至，搶購1000萬冊(cè)《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》中屬于自己的一本。書店半夜開門，送貨公司招募更多的雇員、租用更多的卡車。相關(guān)的玩具、游戲、DVD及其他商品處處皆是。哈里波特?zé)岢睙o所不在。

　　然而，波特的世界很奇怪，事情與往常不一樣。盡管易于激動(dòng)的媒體(包括《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》雜志也樂于宣傳這樣一個(gè)全球化的經(jīng)典之作)幫著鼓吹J.K. Rowling的第五部小說的發(fā)行，出版商所做的比較大膽的宣傳不過是請(qǐng)Rowling小姐到倫敦皇家阿爾伯特大廳朗讀一段，并在網(wǎng)上實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。擁有除出版權(quán)之外與哈里波特有關(guān)的一切的好萊塢，動(dòng)作也不多。真是不可思議，商標(biāo)的擁有者說，為了保護(hù)與哈里波特相關(guān)的權(quán)利，他們正試圖保持低姿態(tài)，真的夠低。

　Rowling小姐于1998年與華納兄弟，美國在線時(shí)代華納的一部分，簽訂了合約，賦予電影廠獨(dú)有的許可及商品開發(fā)權(quán)，而她所得到的現(xiàn)在看起來十分廉價(jià)：約50萬美元。華納許可其他公司使用哈里波特的人物形象生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品，Rowling小姐也從中分得一大塊，使她比女王還富有——只要你相信英國Sunday Times所列的富人名單。這是一個(gè)增值的過程：書籍為電影搭建平臺(tái)，電影促進(jìn)書的銷售，書的銷售又帶動(dòng)哈里波特產(chǎn)品的銷售。

　　從全球來看，哈里波特的前四冊(cè)已被翻譯成55 種語言的文字，并銷售2億冊(cè)；兩部電影的票房也達(dá)到18億美元。怎么說，這也是令人震驚的成功，尤其是Rowling小姐還一直要求不要將哈里波特過于商業(yè)化。與她的要求一致，華納說他們一直很小心，至少按好萊塢的習(xí)慣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來說是這樣，無論是發(fā)放哪類許可還是發(fā)放給誰都這樣。華納對(duì)Coca-Cola實(shí)施了嚴(yán)格的要求，堅(jiān)持哈里波特的形象不能出現(xiàn)在易拉罐上，而目前正將許可的發(fā)放進(jìn)一步嚴(yán)格化。Coca-Cola太大眾市場(chǎng)化了，不能持用波特商標(biāo)。

　　與華納的交易使得商品的開發(fā)多系于電影本身。還沒有官方認(rèn)可的與《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品出來，《哈利波特和阿茲卡班囚徒》也沒有，后者是第三部書的電影版，電影將在2004 年6月發(fā)行。華納也認(rèn)為，Rowling小姐的創(chuàng)作是一種不同的商品，它具有長期的潛力，用好萊塢的閃電式營銷方式會(huì)破壞它的前景，電影廠的哈里波特全球商標(biāo)經(jīng)理Diane Nelson就這么認(rèn)為。她還說，由于更多的系列還未出版，不能將讀者疏遠(yuǎn)很關(guān)鍵�！笆袌�(chǎng)研究表明，波特迷們對(duì)波特的激情并沒有消減”。

Part B
Sample 1
正確答案：FDGEB
41.F 在文章開始提出大跨國公司的起伏牽動(dòng)著媒體，而在該空后面卻對(duì)小企業(yè)進(jìn)行了闡述，說明中間銜接的這句話應(yīng)該與小企業(yè)有關(guān)，F(xiàn)中提到小企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位，表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，所以比較佳答案應(yīng)該為F。

42. D項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容仍然是對(duì)中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r進(jìn)行描述，所以應(yīng)該放在該位置。對(duì)上句話進(jìn)行承接和進(jìn)一步說明。

43. 在本題后面的文字， 對(duì)企業(yè)家的失敗原因和狀況進(jìn)行了描述，本題應(yīng)該是一個(gè)具有概括含義的句子，G項(xiàng)認(rèn)為很多企業(yè)家失敗的原因是低估了成功的要素。正好符合該題的要求。

44. 根據(jù)本提前一句話，人們預(yù)測(cè)這100家企業(yè)在將來的結(jié)果。E項(xiàng)內(nèi)容恰好是該句話中100家企業(yè)比較終得到的真實(shí)結(jié)果的闡述，雖然結(jié)果與預(yù)測(cè)的相反。

45. 本段的第一句表明在策劃成立企業(yè)階段是非常重要，B項(xiàng)是對(duì)該句話的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，而且根據(jù)下文企業(yè)可能出現(xiàn)問題的描述，可以肯定該內(nèi)容應(yīng)該放在此處。

譯文
　　大跨國公司可能是那些經(jīng)常成為頭條的企業(yè)。但是超出美國人意料的是，經(jīng)濟(jì)的活力需要依靠那些小商店、飯館、相關(guān)服務(wù)業(yè)以及工廠的命運(yùn)。小企業(yè)，被定義為那些員工不超過100的企業(yè)，現(xiàn)在卻雇用了市場(chǎng)勞動(dòng)力的60%，并且從現(xiàn)在到2000年間其創(chuàng)造的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)有望占總量的一半。在過去的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的6年中120萬家這種企業(yè)相繼開業(yè)，并且1989年將再增加20萬家。

　　但是，很多企業(yè)會(huì)在準(zhǔn)備之前就會(huì)失敗。理想者們將會(huì)過高地估計(jì)他們產(chǎn)品的魅力或競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的失敗因素。中等創(chuàng)業(yè)者，由于被收購或整頓放棄企業(yè)而另謀他路，他們可能會(huì)保留自己當(dāng)老板的念頭，但同時(shí)也可能會(huì)忘記企業(yè)家至少在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)也是秘書和接待人員。根據(jù)小企業(yè)管理數(shù)據(jù)，在今天開業(yè)的100個(gè)企業(yè)中的24家很可能在兩年內(nèi)就會(huì)倒閉，而27家將在4年內(nèi)倒閉。到1995年，其中60%的企業(yè)啟動(dòng)，而且77%的企業(yè)仍然存在。比較成功者中80%都是做自己以前做過的。

　　在創(chuàng)業(yè)之前仔細(xì)考慮是非常關(guān)鍵的。但是很多企業(yè)家忘記了嬰兒時(shí)期的健康對(duì)以后成長是多么的重要。所以你必須體貼地測(cè)試它的脈搏，在他們熱情的時(shí)候進(jìn)行擴(kuò)張。小企業(yè)主經(jīng)常忽視早期的市場(chǎng)停滯和收益萎縮的警告。他們情愿不去承認(rèn)較少的收益意味著自己的商品失去了市場(chǎng)，他們必須削減薪水或者減少奢侈的辦公室。只有當(dāng)他們的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)資金干枯了，他們才能看到嚴(yán)重性，但是這個(gè)時(shí)候企業(yè)已經(jīng)無力回天了。
經(jīng)常檢查企業(yè)的活力信號(hào)也能引導(dǎo)你對(duì)增長率進(jìn)行判斷。為了抓住機(jī)會(huì)，你必須確定信號(hào)是時(shí)候征服新的市場(chǎng)，增加產(chǎn)品或者把自己的好主意付諸實(shí)施

Sample 2
正確答案：EDGCA

41．第一段在比較后一句話提到很多人愿意單身是怕家庭的緣故，E項(xiàng)的主要內(nèi)容也是說的家庭，所以此處的比較佳答案為E。

42．此處有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵連詞就是“but”，而且說明單身比較大的理由就是自由，也是對(duì)上段內(nèi)容的否定，根據(jù)正常邏輯此項(xiàng)應(yīng)該緊跟在上個(gè)段落。

43．G項(xiàng)敘述的內(nèi)容是對(duì)其他種類的單身進(jìn)一步說明，頭三段的內(nèi)容緊密相連，該段也是關(guān)于單身的，所以只能放在這個(gè)位置，此后的幾項(xiàng)就轉(zhuǎn)向了家庭的方面。

44．前三段對(duì)單身的原因及各方面進(jìn)行了論述，此處進(jìn)行了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，表明家庭也有益處，可以鍛煉一個(gè)人的意志。

45．由于比較后一段的開頭就說妻子的角色，可知，上一段的主要內(nèi)容肯定是和妻子有關(guān)或者與女人有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，所以此處選擇A。

譯文
　　成了家的人，可以說對(duì)命運(yùn)之神付出了抵押品。因?yàn)榧彝ルy免拖累事業(yè)，而無論這種事業(yè)的性質(zhì)如何。所以是能為公眾獻(xiàn)身的人，應(yīng)當(dāng)是不被家室所累的人。因?yàn)橹挥羞@種人，才能夠把他的全部愛情和財(cái)產(chǎn)，都奉獻(xiàn)給唯一的情人——公眾。而那種有家室的人，恐怕寧愿把比較好的東西留給自己的后代。

　　有的人在結(jié)婚后仍然愿意過獨(dú)身生活。因?yàn)樗麄儾幌矚g家庭，把妻子兒女看作經(jīng)濟(jì)上的累贅。還有一些富人甚至以無子嗣為自豪。也許他們是擔(dān)心，一旦有了子女就瓜分現(xiàn)有的財(cái)產(chǎn)吧。

　　但是獨(dú)身比較好的理由是為了保持自由，以避免受約束于對(duì)家庭承擔(dān)的義務(wù)和責(zé)任。但這種人，可能會(huì)認(rèn)為腰帶和鞋帶，也難免是一種束縛呢！實(shí)際上，獨(dú)身者也許可以成為比較好的朋友，比較好的主人，比較好的仆人，但很難成為比較好的公民。因?yàn)樗麄冸S時(shí)可以遷逃，所以差不多一切流竄犯都是無家者。

　　作為獻(xiàn)身宗教的，是有理由保持獨(dú)身的。否則他們的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。作為法官與律師，是否獨(dú)身關(guān)系并不大。因?yàn)橹灰�他們身邊有一個(gè)壞的幕僚，其進(jìn)讒言的能力就足以抵上5個(gè)妻子。作為軍人，有家室則是好事，這正可以在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上激發(fā)他 們的責(zé)任感和勇氣。這一點(diǎn)可以從土耳其的事例中得到反證——那里的風(fēng)俗不重視婚姻和家庭，結(jié)果他們士兵的斗志很差。

　　對(duì)家庭的責(zé)任心不僅是人類的一種約束，也是一種訓(xùn)練。那種獨(dú)身的人，雖然在用起來似乎很盡力，但實(shí)際上往往是心腸很硬的，因?yàn)樗麄儾欢�得�?duì)他人的愛。 一種好的風(fēng)俗，能教化出情感堅(jiān)貞的男子漢，例如像尤里西斯（Ulysses)那樣，他曾抵制美麗女神的誘惑，而保持了對(duì)妻子的忠貞。

　　一個(gè)獨(dú)身的女人常常是驕橫的。因?yàn)樗�需要顯示，她的貞節(jié)似乎是自愿保持的。如果一個(gè)女人為丈夫的聰明優(yōu)秀而自豪，那么這就是使她忠貞不渝的比較好保證。但如果一個(gè)女人發(fā)現(xiàn)她的丈夫是妒忌多疑的，那么她將絕不會(huì)認(rèn)為他是聰明的。

　　在人生中，妻子是青年時(shí)代的情人，中年時(shí)代的伴侶，暮年時(shí)代的守護(hù)。所以在人的一生中，只要有合適的對(duì)象，任何時(shí)候 結(jié)婚都是有道理的。但也有一位古代哲人，對(duì)于人應(yīng)當(dāng)在何時(shí)結(jié)婚這個(gè)問題是這樣說的：“年紀(jì)少時(shí)還不應(yīng)當(dāng)，年紀(jì)大時(shí)已不必要�！泵罎M的婚姻是難得一遇的。�？梢姷皆S多不出色的丈夫卻有一位美麗的妻子。這莫非是因?yàn)檫@種丈夫由于具有不多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而更值得被珍視嗎？也許因?yàn)榘殡S這種丈夫，將可以考驗(yàn)一個(gè)婦人的忍耐精神吧？如果這種婚姻出自一個(gè)女人的自愿選擇，甚至是不顧親友的勸告而選擇的，那么就讓她自己去品嘗這枚果實(shí)的滋味吧。

Sample 3
正確答案：FGEDA

41．本題說書是人類比較好的朋友，而在F中解釋到無論在什么時(shí)候書都會(huì)對(duì)你不離不棄，剛好符合本題的意義。

42．G中提到人們可能會(huì)仰慕同一個(gè)人而成為至交，同樣也可以因?yàn)橐槐緯�而結(jié)交為好朋友，這與本題的意思相符。

43．書可以珍藏人的思想，成為思想的容器，可以作為題干的例子。

44．書可以使人的思想不朽，被人類一代代的流傳下來，所以D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

45．A項(xiàng)提到我們可以接觸偉人的生活，而題干說書籍可以讓我接觸到很多偉大的事務(wù)，所以A項(xiàng)正是該題的例子。

譯文
　　看一個(gè)人讀些什么書就可知道他的為人，就像看一個(gè)同什么人交往就可知道他的為人一樣。因?yàn)槭澜缟嫌腥说陌閭H，也有書的伴侶。無論是書友或朋友，我們都應(yīng)該擇其比較佳者而從之。

　　一本好書就像是一個(gè)比較好的朋友。它始終不渝，過去如此，現(xiàn)在仍然如此，將來也永遠(yuǎn)不變。它是比較有耐心、比較令人愉快的伴侶。在我們窮困潦倒、臨危遭難的時(shí)候，它也不會(huì)拋棄我們，對(duì)我們總是一往情深。在我們年輕時(shí)，好書陶冶我們的性情，增長我們的知識(shí)；到我們年老時(shí)，它又給我們以安慰和勉勵(lì)。

　　人們常常因?yàn)橥瑦垡槐緯�而結(jié)為知己。古諺說：“愛屋及烏”。但是，“愛我及書”這句話卻有更深的哲理。書是更為堅(jiān)實(shí)而高尚的情誼紐帶。人們可以通過共同愛好的作家溝通思想感情，彼此息息相通。他們的思想共同在作者的著述里得到體現(xiàn)，而作者的思想反過來又化為他們的思想。

　　好書常如比較精美的寶器，珍藏著人的一生思想的精華。人生的境界，主要就在于他思想的境界。所以，比較好的書是金玉良言的寶庫，若將其中的崇高思想銘記于心，就成為我們忠實(shí)的伴侶和永恒的慰籍。菲利普•悉尼爵士說得好：“有高尚思想作伴的人永不孤獨(dú)�！� 

　　書籍具有不朽的本質(zhì)，是人類勤奮努力的比較為持久的產(chǎn)物。寺廟會(huì)倒坍，神像會(huì)朽爛，而書卻經(jīng)久長存。對(duì)于偉大的思想來說，時(shí)間是無關(guān)重要的。多少年代前初次閃現(xiàn)在作者腦海里的偉大思想今天依然清新如故。他們當(dāng)時(shí)的言論和思想刊于書頁，如今依然那么生動(dòng)感人。時(shí)間唯一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因?yàn)橹挥姓嬲�的佳作才能�?jīng)世長存。

　　書籍引導(dǎo)我們與比較優(yōu)秀的人物為伍，使我們置身于歷代偉人巨匠之間，如聞其聲，如觀其行，如見其人。同他們情感交融，悲喜與共。他們的感受成為我們自己的感受，我們覺得有點(diǎn)像是在作者所描繪的人生舞臺(tái)上跟他們一起粉墨登場(chǎng)了。

　　即使在人世間，偉大杰出的人物，也是永生不滅的，他們的精神載入史冊(cè)，傳之四海。書是人們至今仍在聆聽的智慧之聲，永遠(yuǎn)充滿著活力。所以，我們永遠(yuǎn)都是在受著歷代偉人的影響。多少世紀(jì)以前的蓋世英才，如今仍同當(dāng)年一樣，顯示著強(qiáng)大的生命力。

Sample 4
正確答案：FDBEA

41．指出環(huán)境的變化不再跟隨自然的節(jié)奏，而受到了人的主宰，在F項(xiàng)中就提到了大自然沒有，由人類創(chuàng)造的一種物質(zhì)，并對(duì)大自然形成巨大的負(fù)面影響。

42．提干中說人對(duì)自然的影響不僅表現(xiàn)在數(shù)量上還有質(zhì)量上，選項(xiàng)中沒有對(duì)正面作用的表述，但是對(duì)反面作用進(jìn)行了大量的闡述，也就是D項(xiàng)，提到了大量人類帶給環(huán)境的惡劣影響。

43．該提說到地球上的生命是要經(jīng)過進(jìn)化很多年，在B項(xiàng)中涉及到了時(shí)間的概念，生物需要幾千年的時(shí)間來適應(yīng)環(huán)境，而且比較后一個(gè)句子正好與題干形成強(qiáng)烈的對(duì)比。

44．題干涉及的是人和自然的相互作用構(gòu)成了歷史。那些在尋找例子的時(shí)候就要注意關(guān)于說明二者關(guān)系的段落，而E選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容提出地球上動(dòng)植物的形態(tài)由外部環(huán)境構(gòu)成，同時(shí)又影響了周圍的環(huán)境，正式說明二者的關(guān)系是相輔相成的。

45．題干的意思是適應(yīng)這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的是徒勞的，在A項(xiàng)中，說明為什么是徒勞的。

譯文
　　地球上生命的歷史一直就是一部生物與其環(huán)境相互作用的歷史。在很大程度上，地球上動(dòng)植物的形態(tài)以及習(xí)性都是由外部環(huán)境所塑造的。考慮到地球上生命存在的整個(gè)時(shí)間，相反作用，即生命對(duì)其周圍環(huán)境的實(shí)際改變作用，卻相對(duì)很小。只有在當(dāng)前這個(gè)世紀(jì)(指20世紀(jì))才有一個(gè)物種——人類，獲得了強(qiáng)大的力量，改變了其所生存的世界的自然狀態(tài)。

　　在過去的1/4世紀(jì)中，這種力量不僅日趨強(qiáng)大，而且其性質(zhì)也發(fā)生了變化。在人類破壞環(huán)境的種種行為中，比較令人擔(dān)憂的是人類向大氣、土壤、河流以及海洋中排放危險(xiǎn)甚至致命物質(zhì)，而當(dāng)今這種污染在很大程度上是無法挽救的。在當(dāng)今這種對(duì)環(huán)境的普遍污染中，化學(xué)制品與輻射狼狽為奸，改變著地球的自然狀態(tài)，也就是改變著地球上生命的自然狀態(tài)。噴灑到農(nóng)田、森林或者花園里的化學(xué)物質(zhì)長期滯留于土壤中，滲入有機(jī)體內(nèi)，并彼此相傳，形成了一個(gè)中毒與死亡的鏈條�；瘜W(xué)物質(zhì)還神秘地通過地下水傳遞，比較終以新的形式出現(xiàn)并結(jié)合，使植物毒死，牲畜害病，并使飲用一度純凈的井水的人遭受了不明之害。正如一位科學(xué)家所言：“人類甚至對(duì)自己創(chuàng)造的惡魔都不認(rèn)識(shí)�！�

　　地球歷經(jīng)了許多億年才創(chuàng)造了棲息其上的生命。經(jīng)過了一定時(shí)間——不是以若干年計(jì)而是以若干千年計(jì)的時(shí)間——生命開始適應(yīng)環(huán)境，并形成了一種與環(huán)境的平衡。但是在現(xiàn)代世界中，時(shí)間這一因素已經(jīng)沒有了。

　　環(huán)境改變的速度不再順從大自然從容不迫的節(jié)奏，而是順從人類急匆匆的步伐。輻射是當(dāng)今人類通過支配原子而得到的一種非自然的創(chuàng)造物�；瘜W(xué)制品則是人類有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造力的頭腦創(chuàng)造出來的合成物，在自然界本無相應(yīng)的東西。

　　為了適應(yīng)這些化學(xué)制品，人類需要付出的時(shí)間不會(huì)只是一個(gè)人一生的時(shí)間，而是幾代人的時(shí)間。而即使這樣，就算出現(xiàn)奇跡成為可能，這種適應(yīng)也是徒勞的，因?yàn)樾碌幕瘜W(xué)制品從我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中源源不斷地涌出。僅在美國，每年就有大約500種化學(xué)制品投入使用，其中許多是用于人類對(duì)自然的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。從20世紀(jì)40年代中期起，人類已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了200多種基本化學(xué)制品用來消滅昆蟲、野草以及其他所謂的“有害生物”。

　　我不是說人類決不能使用化學(xué)殺蟲劑。我要說的是，我們不分青紅皂白地將這些有毒的、具有強(qiáng)大生物功能的化學(xué)制品，交給了那些對(duì)這些制品的潛在危害基本上或者完全無知的人去使用。我們使眾多的人接觸這些有毒物質(zhì)，卻沒有征得他們的同意，并常常將他們蒙在鼓中。我還要說的一點(diǎn)是，我們?cè)试S使用這些化學(xué)制品，卻事先很少或者根本沒有調(diào)查它們對(duì)土壤、水、野生生物以及人類自身造成的影響。我們?nèi)狈��?duì)萬物賴以生存的自然界生態(tài)統(tǒng)一的關(guān)心，對(duì)此，我們的后代是不可能原諒的。

Part C
46. 馬克斯-普朗克人口研究學(xué)院位于德國北部城市羅斯托克，該學(xué)院的科學(xué)家們通過分析奧地利、丹麥和澳大利亞3國超過100萬的人口普查數(shù)據(jù)得出結(jié)論，人們50歲以后的平均壽命與出生月份之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。

47. 春天分娩的母親孕期的比較后階段適逢冬季，因此她攝入的維生素要比夏季時(shí)少。

48. 她停止哺乳開始讓嬰兒正常進(jìn)食的時(shí)候又正好趕上夏天比較熱的那幾個(gè)星期，這時(shí)候嬰兒容易發(fā)生消化系統(tǒng)感染。

49. 生于澳洲秋天——?dú)W洲的春天——的成人壽命比春天出生的長大約4個(gè)月。

50. 研究者們使用死亡證明和人口普查數(shù)據(jù)作為參考資料，主要對(duì)象是20世紀(jì)初出生的人。多布哈默說，盡管人們?cè)谝荒曛懈鱾�(gè)時(shí)期的營養(yǎng)狀況與那時(shí)相比都已經(jīng)有所改善，這樣的季節(jié)性差異卻依然存在。

Section Ⅲ Writing
51��
May 20th
Dear Lily,
　　I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p.m. I am terribly sorry.

　　However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.
Sincerely yours,Li Ming

52��
　　From the picture, we can see that sellers and manufacturers try their best to make consumers believe that their products are qualified. Promotion now becomes more and more important in marketing for all marketers. But quality of products plays increasingly vital role in it.

　　Quality one the one hand determines the sum of sales and on the other hand guarantees the confidence of the consumers. Now, in China the government set 3.15 as the ceremonial day for reminding people of quality which reveals the past that quality of product were not satisfied by consumers. Good quality can gradually make consumers confident with the product and at the same time buyers can purchase the same brand of product to a large degree.

　　All in all, products can always play the decisive role in sales of all kinds of products. Fortunately, not only the government but also the sellers now in China have realized that the quality of products should be stressed and corresponding measures have been taken to ensure its effectiveness. As I am sure, in the near future, quality products and quality service will become a life.