五招搞定考研英語完形填空

來源：育路教育網(wǎng) 時(shí)間：2011-07-01 08:22:01

1. 7 選 5 的命題分析

本題型的內(nèi)容是一篇總長度為 500~600 詞的文章，其中有 5 段空白，文章后有 6~7 段文字，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從這 6~7 段文字中選擇出 5 個(gè)答案，分別放進(jìn)文章中 5 個(gè)空白處。

此題型所考文章不僅長度上長于閱讀理解 A 節(jié)中的文章（每篇約 400~450 詞），閱讀量大，而且在文字難度和做題要求上也都高于 A 節(jié)。 A 節(jié)中的文章是完整的，在通讀文章或查讀細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，思路不會(huì)被打斷。而此題型文章中有 5 處空白，在閱讀過程中，如果不明白文章的主旨和段落主題、作者的寫作意圖，就很難順暢地讀下去、讀明白，自然就很難選出正確答案。而一個(gè)空填錯(cuò)勢必又影響到對另外一個(gè)空的選擇。另外，此題有 5 個(gè)空白處，卻提供 6~7 個(gè)選項(xiàng) （根據(jù)大綱），因此有 1~2 個(gè)選項(xiàng)是多余的干擾選項(xiàng)，從而又加大了選出正確答案的難度。

該題型要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強(qiáng)的意識(shí)和熟練的把握，并具備運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)分析理解長難句的能力�？梢哉f，此題型是對語言能力和閱讀理解能力的綜合測試，因此在要求上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于這兩種題型，考生有必要對這類題型的答題思路多練習(xí)，以提高自己在這個(gè)部分的應(yīng)試能力。

2. 7 選 5 的考察要點(diǎn)

這一考查題型對閱讀理解提出了更高層次的要求，即不僅要有閱讀速度，要對所讀文章的主旨要義、具體信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的寫作意圖、觀點(diǎn)，區(qū)分出論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，并且能夠把握文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)層次，只有了解了這一切，才能比較準(zhǔn)確地確定應(yīng)該選擇哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

不過，只要了解了這種新題型所考查的要點(diǎn)，出題位置，在閱讀文章時(shí)有意識(shí)地加強(qiáng)對文章寫作思路和結(jié)構(gòu)組織安排的理解，掌握英語文章常見的幾種寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，對迅速增強(qiáng)此類新題型的應(yīng)對能力還是非常有幫助的。

1）出題位置

（a）句子（段首，段中，段尾，缺 1 句或 1 個(gè)以上的句子）

（b）段落（一般是一段）

該節(jié)分為兩個(gè)部分：主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約 600 詞，其中有 5 段空白處，空白處的位置可能在段首、段中、段未，但不會(huì)是文章的第一句，一般情況下也不會(huì)是比較后一句。選項(xiàng)部分為 6 或 7 段文字，每段可能是一個(gè)句子，可能是兩三個(gè)短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中 5 段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇 5 段文字放回到文章中相應(yīng)的 5 段空白處。

2）出題數(shù)量

非等額選項(xiàng) （題目 5 道， 7 個(gè)選項(xiàng) ）

3）文章結(jié)構(gòu)

（a）描述性結(jié)構(gòu) （主要介紹事物、問題或傾向的特點(diǎn)，對人物的描述如傳記，包括人身體特征、家庭背景、成長過程、個(gè)性愛好、成就貢獻(xiàn)等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行描述，因此時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)往往是出題重點(diǎn) ）

（b）釋義性結(jié)構(gòu) （解釋某一理論、學(xué)科、事物，主要用例子比喻類比闡述）

（c）比較性結(jié)構(gòu) （把兩個(gè)人或事物功能、特點(diǎn)、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對比）

（d）原因性結(jié)構(gòu) （這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要分析事物的成因，客觀的、主觀的、直接的、間接的）

（e）駁斥性結(jié)構(gòu) （這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是先介紹一種觀點(diǎn)，然后對其評論或駁斥，然后分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)、危害性、比較后闡明自己的觀點(diǎn) ）

3. 7 選 5 的解題步驟

1）快速閱讀全文要點(diǎn)詞句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及獨(dú)立成段的句子和文章中帶轉(zhuǎn)折詞的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要內(nèi)容。

但是由于文章中空缺了五處，而且有的地方空缺的是幾句話甚至是一整段，文章的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯是被打斷了的，因此在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握文章要點(diǎn)或邏輯思路是很困難的。因此這一步可能對很多考生來說會(huì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間。如果感覺困難而且收獲不大，可直接進(jìn)入第二步，即一開始就邊閱讀邊分析做題。

2）邊讀邊做題，重點(diǎn)閱讀各個(gè)問題附近的句子，圈定線索詞，然后從選項(xiàng)中尋找相關(guān)的特征詞，以確定答案。做題時(shí)可以采用代入排除法。如果一題做不出或拿不準(zhǔn)，可先放過，繼續(xù)往下讀，先做容易的能做出的題，直到讀完整篇文章。至此，文章的要點(diǎn)和主旨、各個(gè)段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)基本清楚了。

3）重新閱讀相關(guān)詞句，重點(diǎn)做剛才沒做出的題或不確定的題，此時(shí)可將已選出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同時(shí)檢查核對已選出的答案，看文章從內(nèi)容上是否語義連貫合理，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)上是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當(dāng)貼切。如果所選的答案可以滿足上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，則表明各個(gè)問題的答案基本正確。

4. 7 選 5 的解題策略

1）從意思上判斷

在做題時(shí)比較重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項(xiàng)中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，再利用線索特征詞等進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)答案。

2）從詞匯上鎖定線索

做題時(shí)很重要的一點(diǎn)是保持對一些線索詞的敏感，比較主要的線索特征詞是空白前后的名詞和動(dòng)詞，尋找答案時(shí)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等。其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時(shí)間 / 年代的詞、地點(diǎn) / 名稱等專有名詞等。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。

3）從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找

由于英語的句段之間經(jīng)常會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項(xiàng)中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標(biāo)性信號(hào)詞在選擇答案時(shí)都是很重要的線索。關(guān)于這樣的路標(biāo)性信號(hào)詞請?jiān)斠娤乱还?jié)文章段落的語段特征之“連貫性”一部分。

在做題時(shí)可將這三個(gè)層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來。例如，在看到表示并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時(shí)，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；而表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對立，或褒貶對立或肯否對立；而表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或某一觀點(diǎn)的句子，往往會(huì)有復(fù)數(shù)名詞出現(xiàn)。

5. 根據(jù)試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略

1）如果問題在段首

（a）通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。

（b）與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一兩句，鎖定線索信號(hào)詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的比較后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會(huì)有某種的銜接手段，尤其當(dāng)選項(xiàng)是幾句話時(shí)。比如，如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)間年代時(shí)，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對應(yīng)關(guān)系。

（c）段落間的過渡句。這時(shí)要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾有機(jī)地銜接起來，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來。

2）如果問題在段尾

（a）空白前的一句或兩句是重點(diǎn)語句，重點(diǎn)閱讀以鎖定關(guān)鍵詞。

（b）通常是結(jié)論、概括性語句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，如 therefore， as a result， thus， hence， in short， to sum up， to conclude， in a word 等詞語，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。

（c）與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對立、對比關(guān)系。

（d）與前文是并列或排比關(guān)系。在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補(bǔ)全說明本段主題的其他細(xì)節(jié)，因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項(xiàng)中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，通常在選項(xiàng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示并列 / 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或與前文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他信號(hào)線索。前面的一句與正確答案的第一句是緊密相連的。要特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句，通常會(huì)找到關(guān)鍵的線索詞句。

（e）所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與選項(xiàng)的比較后一句緊密連接起來。

（f）如果第一段的段尾是空白，要認(rèn)真閱讀，看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來，正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。

3）如果問題是一整個(gè)自然段

（a）這個(gè)段落應(yīng)該是承上啟下，而且自成一體，即有一個(gè)段落的中心，因此可重點(diǎn)閱讀選項(xiàng)中較長的選項(xiàng)，以此類推直至找到正確答案。

（b）著重閱讀前一段結(jié)尾和后一段開頭的一兩句查找相關(guān)的線索，而且重要線索通常會(huì)在后一段開頭，因此后一段開頭往往比前一段結(jié)尾更為重要。

（c）分析段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系及內(nèi)容的連貫性，注意段落間的銜接手段。將選項(xiàng)代入原文，如果前后內(nèi)容連貫，符合邏輯，就能得出正確答案。

7 選 5 考查的是語篇的連貫性和一致性，因此就要使用到各種達(dá)到連貫?zāi)康牡母鞣N銜接手段，即：詞匯銜接、邏輯銜接、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接。通過對這些銜接手段的分類， 7 選 5 的解題方法主要有以下幾種：

1）詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法

復(fù)現(xiàn)，是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對同一個(gè)概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述，從而使得同樣的意思在文章不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系，主要是指同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。

例 1（2005 年真題）

Canada ‘ s premiers （the leaders of provincial governments）， if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting， might spare a moment to do something， together， to reduce health-care costs.

They ‘ re all groaning about soaring health budgets， the fastest  growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.

What to do？ Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs， bureaucracy， procedures and limited bargaining power， all would pool resources， work with Ottawa， and create a national institution.

［ A ］ Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec ’ s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent！

［ B ］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby ‘ s report： “ The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription  drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”

［ C ］ What does “ national ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［ E ］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

［ F ］ So， if the provinces want to run the health-care show， they should prove they can run it， starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication， save administrative costs， prevent one province from being played off against another， and bargain for better drug prices.

［ G ］ Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers， they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that， if one province includes a drug on its list， the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

「解析」［ E ］空白前的一段說： They ‘ re all groaning about soaring health budgets， the fastest  growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs（省長們都在抱怨醫(yī)療成本飛漲，其中漲得比較快的就是藥品的費(fèi)用） .在這句話中，談?wù)摰年P(guān)鍵是 pharmaceutical cost（醫(yī)藥成本），同時(shí)我們注意到文章的第一段談?wù)摰闹黝}也是關(guān)于 health costs（醫(yī)療成本）的問題，因此可以判斷文章下一段談?wù)摰脑掝}一定圍繞“藥品成本”展開，也就是“藥品成本”這個(gè)概念會(huì)在下面的一段文字中復(fù)現(xiàn)。對比選項(xiàng)，只有選項(xiàng)［ E ］中出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于“藥品成本” （drug costs）的論述，同時(shí)從內(nèi)容上來看，試題前面的句子說“藥品的成本飛漲”，選項(xiàng)［ E ］對前面的句子作了補(bǔ)充說明，解釋了藥品上漲的原因（Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices） .

例 2（2005 年真題）

But “ national ” doesn ‘ t have to mean that. “ National ” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body.

［ C ］ What does “ national ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

「解析」［ C ］試題前的一段提到了要成立全國性的機(jī)構(gòu) （create a national institution），并講到了它的特點(diǎn)�？瞻缀蟮囊欢我� But 開頭，解釋 national 的含義：“ National ” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body（ “全國性”也可以說是省際間的，也就是說，各省可以共同努力成立一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu) ），試題的前后都出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于 national 的信息，由此可以判斷，要填入的句子中一定會(huì)復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)于 national 的內(nèi)容，比較選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)［ A ］和選項(xiàng)［ C ］中出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于 national 的復(fù)現(xiàn)信息，但選項(xiàng)［ A ］講的是 Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency（Quebec 對國家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的抵制），作者對 national 的定義還沒有交代清楚之前，不可能出現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)［ A ］中的信息，因此選項(xiàng)［ C ］是正確答案。

例 3（2006 年真題）

In March 1998， a friend of Williams ‘ s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions， and wrote to inform the casino of Williams ’ s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers， and wrote to him a “ cease admissions ” letter. Noting the “ medical/psychological ” nature of problem gambling behaviors， the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning： “ Enjoy the fun … and always bet with your head， not over it ” . Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless， Williams ‘ s suit charges that the casino， knowing he was “ helplessly addicted to gambling ” ， intentionally worked to “ lure ” him to “ engage in conduct against his will. ” Well.

［ A ］ Although no such evidence was presented， the casino ‘ s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

［ D ］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever， but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin， or a social disease. Now it is a social policy： the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

［ G ］ The anonymous， lonely， undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling， what would be its grounds for doing so？

「解析」［ A ］空格前面一句 the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well  being 的主語是 letter ， letter 后面的賓語從句講的是 letter 的內(nèi)容： David Williams 在進(jìn)入賭場之前要提交能證明不會(huì)對他的人身安全和財(cái)務(wù)造成威脅的信息。緊接著這句話的句子所表達(dá)的信息應(yīng)當(dāng)還要提及關(guān)于信件（letter）及其內(nèi)容的信息，因此要填入的選項(xiàng)要表達(dá)這一方面的內(nèi)容，才能在語義上和上文連貫。比較選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)［ A ］中出現(xiàn)了 letter 的同義詞 mail ，同時(shí)從內(nèi)容上分析，選項(xiàng)［ A ］中的 Although no such evidence was presented 和上文中的 he would have to present medical/psychological …語義上銜接緊密，語義連貫。因此選項(xiàng)［ A ］是正確答案。

2）詞匯同現(xiàn)法

詞匯同現(xiàn)是指屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中共同出現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語義銜接的目的。一般來說，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。

例 1（大綱樣題）

42 . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action， and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals， birds， and insects of which we know noting.

［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

「解析」［ F ］本題出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)段落的首句，從答題策略來看，應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)看后文的敘述，后文中 water 重復(fù)了兩遍，說明這一信息是本段落的重點(diǎn)信息。同時(shí)這一信息很可能會(huì)在上下文中，即我們要填入的信息中出現(xiàn)復(fù)現(xiàn)詞或同現(xiàn)詞。對比選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)［ F ］中出現(xiàn)了 lake ， stream ， river ， sea 等同類詞匯，因此可以判斷這一選項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題比較大的干擾項(xiàng)為［ G ］，因?yàn)椋?G ］項(xiàng)一開始就有 how fossils ate preserved 與下文 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks …所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容從形式上來看似乎是吻合的；但是［ G ］項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織（organism）可能轉(zhuǎn)化成幾種形式而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴人們 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action（巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下來），語義上主要說明泥沙對于化石保存下來所起的作用，因此兩者在語義的銜接上是不連貫的。

例 2（2006 年真題）

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “ pathological gambling ” involves persistent， recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

44 Pushed by science， or what claims to be science， society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

「解析」［ F ］首先可以利用詞匯同現(xiàn)的方法解答此題，試題前句的 diagnostic（診斷上的），選項(xiàng)中的 medicalize（醫(yī)學(xué)化）以及空格后面的 physical（身體上的）雖然不是近義詞或同義詞，但很明顯它們屬于同一醫(yī)學(xué)范疇，因此屬于同一范疇詞匯對應(yīng)；其次，還可以利用結(jié)構(gòu)銜接法，選項(xiàng)中的 defining as（注意選項(xiàng)中有倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，原結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是 define … as … ）與空格后的 reclassifying … as …是近義詞表達(dá)法，都是表示“歸類為，定義為”；再次，可以利用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法，選項(xiàng)中的 weakness of will（意志上的弱點(diǎn) ）和空格后句中的 character flaws（性格的缺陷）是上下義詞的關(guān)系，前者屬于后者。

3）代詞線索

英語表達(dá)中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞的作用無非是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念，巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系和根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。

例（大綱樣題）

There were also crab-like creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

44 Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea  lilies， relations of the star  fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

「解析」［ A ］下文一開始就出現(xiàn)了指示代詞 these ，這說明試題前面的句子表明了一類事物，也就是說，試題部分應(yīng)該有“ some， several， many ”或類似的詞，對比答案只能是選項(xiàng)［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. ［ A ］里面出現(xiàn)了 many different kinds of ，這個(gè)短語和后面的指示代詞 these 形成了對應(yīng)關(guān)系。

4）數(shù)字線索

包括具體數(shù)字以及和數(shù)字相關(guān)的詞匯諸如 ratio， rate 等等。作者列出數(shù)字，除了和其他數(shù)字進(jìn)行對比和比較之外，還可以用數(shù)據(jù)來說明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。

例 1（2006 年真題）

He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him， as a good customer， a “ Fun Card ” ， which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks， and enables the casino to track the user ‘ s gambling activities. For Williams， these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.

41 In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72，186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time， all night， until the boat docked at 5 a.m.， then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino， charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

「解析」［ C ］從前后文表達(dá)的語義來看，前文的第一句話表明了本段的主題 He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left .試題后面的句子是 In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days ，兩者的側(cè)重點(diǎn)都集中在 lost（輸錢）上，同是前后文中都出現(xiàn)了一些數(shù)字加以說明，因此從語義上判斷，要填入的內(nèi)容一定和此人輸錢有關(guān)，同時(shí)選項(xiàng)中很可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)數(shù)字。對比選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)［ C ］中出現(xiàn)了 $5，000 和 $5 ， 500 和前后文的數(shù)字形成照應(yīng)，由于其他選項(xiàng)中沒有任何數(shù)字，考生應(yīng)該很快能看出這個(gè)答案。此外，從語義邏輯上看，試題所在的選項(xiàng)句和試題后面的一句其實(shí)是用具體的事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)在描述 David Williams 的賭癮越來越大，兩者的語義邏輯表達(dá)方向一致，因此選項(xiàng)［ C ］是正確答案。

5）邏輯關(guān)系線索

（a）并列與遞進(jìn)關(guān)系： and， or， also ， neither … nor … ，either … or … ，likewise， similarly， equally， in the same way， that is to say ，as well as， the same … as，besides， additionally， furthermore， moreover， in addition to ，what is more

例（大綱樣題）

43 There were also crab-like creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

「解析」［ E ］本題選擇的特征詞是“ also ”。“ also ”表并列關(guān)系，語義上對前文進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和說明，這就證明本題前面的句子中應(yīng)當(dāng)與 also 后的 crab-like creatures（類似螃蟹的生物）相并列的內(nèi)容，或者出現(xiàn)了有關(guān)“類似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比較選項(xiàng)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)［ E ］中出現(xiàn)的信息 Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea  lilies， relations of the star  fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks 描述了一些生物具有“類似螃蟹的信息”： had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rock（有長腕且通過長柄附著于海床或巖石上） .因此，選項(xiàng) ［ E ］是正確答案。

（b）因果關(guān)系： because， for， since， as， thus， hence， therefore， so， so … that， consequently， accordingly， due to， thanks to， as a result ，because of ，in that， for this reason， of course

例（2005 年真題）

Rather than， say， Quebec， negotiating on behalf of seven million people， the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers， the higher the likelihood of a better price.

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment， funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it， a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably， and regrettably， Quebec refused to join.

［ B ］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby ‘ s report： “ The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”

［ C ］ What does “ notional ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［ E ］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health  care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

「解析」［ G ］試題前的一段講到 the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers， the higher the likelihood of a better price（全國的機(jī)構(gòu)是代表 3100 萬人去談判，潛在的顧客的人數(shù)越多，得到底價(jià)的可能性越高） .通過這段話可以得知，建立全國性機(jī)構(gòu)后，醫(yī)藥的價(jià)格會(huì)下降，醫(yī)藥公司會(huì)做出反應(yīng)，即上一個(gè)段落和本題之間是因果關(guān)系。因此選項(xiàng)［ G ］是正確答案。選項(xiàng)［ G ］中的 of course 起承上啟下的作用，表達(dá)了某種因果關(guān)系，從 of course 后面的語義來看，表達(dá)的正是關(guān)于醫(yī)藥公司的內(nèi)容： Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream ，這兒的 scream 原作“尖叫”解，在這里作“高聲抱怨”解。因此選項(xiàng)［ G ］是正確答案。

同時(shí)，本題還可以根據(jù)和后面一個(gè)段落之間的關(guān)系做出選擇。從后面一個(gè)段落的第一句話 A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency 來看，討論的是如何解決國家機(jī)構(gòu)的問題，這是一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的句子，由此可以推知要填入的試題中一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)關(guān)于如何對待 national agency 的論述。選項(xiàng)［ G ］的比較后一句話 They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self  interest would lead them to deal with it 表達(dá)的正是這個(gè)含義，不論從內(nèi)容上，還是從措辭上和下文的內(nèi)容非常的銜接，因此是正確答案。

（c）轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系： but， however， yet， on the contrary， by contrast， on the other hand， unfortunately， while， whereas， unlike， rather than ，instead of， it is true that，of course，although， though， even though， even if， nevertheless， despite， in spite of

例（大綱樣題）

Long before Man lived on the Earth， there were fishes， reptiles， birds， insects， and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now.

41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land， often of the plants that grew on it， and even of its climate.

［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

「解析」［ B ］從試題前后的語義邏輯關(guān)系來看，試題前面的一段話表明的信息是 Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now（盡管這些動(dòng)物是某些活到現(xiàn)在的物種的祖先，但有的動(dòng)物卻滅絕了，也就是說它們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有子孫后代活在這個(gè)世界上） .試題的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago（有時(shí)候這些石頭可以將它們的外表展現(xiàn)出來，這樣，除了顏色我們就可以對那些數(shù)百年前死掉的生物形成一個(gè)比較準(zhǔn)確的印象） .從語義關(guān)系里看，前文中說動(dòng)物滅絕了，暗含的意思是我們不可能得到這些動(dòng)物的任何信息，而后面的句子說我們可以對這些動(dòng)物形成準(zhǔn)確的印象，因此，前后文形成了明顯的對比關(guān)系，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中能夠表達(dá)這種關(guān)系的，只有選項(xiàng)［ B ］。

本題還可以采用詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)來確定正確答案，從試題后面的句子 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin 來看， rocks 的前面使用了定冠詞 the 修飾，這表明 rocks 在前文中一定出現(xiàn)過，但我們考察第一段時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一段中并沒有出現(xiàn)關(guān)于 rocks 的內(nèi)容，因此可以確定，關(guān)于 rocks 的內(nèi)容一定出現(xiàn)在要填入的試題中。選項(xiàng)［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate 中出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)物的骨骼被保存在 the rocks 中，變成化石的論述，由此可以判斷選項(xiàng)［ B ］是正確答案。

（d）時(shí)間關(guān)系： afterwards， at first， at last， finally， first， firstly， in the first place， to start with ， in the mean time， last， later， next， second， secondly， then， third， thirdly， to begin with 以及一些具體的時(shí)間。

例（大綱樣題）

… Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed， and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals， though now extinct， were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

「解析」［ C ］從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看，這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”：前面幾段講的都是動(dòng)物不斷的進(jìn)化過程，而下文中表示時(shí)間的短語“ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over ” 很可能向我們傳達(dá)了這樣一個(gè)信息：文章對地球上動(dòng)物進(jìn)化過程的描寫很有可能是按照時(shí)間順序的，因此本題所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在時(shí)間上的延續(xù)關(guān)系，即本題所在的段落很可能會(huì)提到比 75 million years ago 更早的時(shí)間。通過對比選項(xiàng)可知選項(xiàng)［ C ］中的兩個(gè)表示時(shí)間的短語 375 million years 和 150 million years 和下一個(gè)段落中提到的時(shí)間狀語具有了延續(xù)性，是正確答案。

此外，還可以采用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法解答本題。試題后面一句話 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out 中的 reptile 在本題前的文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞，只有［ C ］項(xiàng)中有“ The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the sea ，and in the air ”。所以正確答案只能是［ C ］。

結(jié)束

特別聲明：①凡本網(wǎng)注明稿件來源為"原創(chuàng)"的，轉(zhuǎn)載必須注明"稿件來源：育路網(wǎng)"，違者將依法追究責(zé)任；

②部分稿件來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系我們溝通解決。