Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

　　1990年考研英語英譯漢試題

　　People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

　　Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.(61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture.

　　(62)Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(63)That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

　　Those who support the nurture theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F.Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.(64)The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

　　Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.(65)Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(66)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

　　The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.(67)In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.(68)Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

　　Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.

1990年考研英語翻譯(英譯漢)真題參考答案

　　61. 他們(社會(huì)科學(xué)家)想要說明，為什么我們具有某些性格特征并表現(xiàn)出某些行為。

　　62. 這場爭論中，贊成“天性(理論)”的社會(huì)科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大部分是由生物因素所決定的。

　　63. 這種理論(“天性”理論)的核心是，即使我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，那也是微不足道的。

　　64. 行為主義者認(rèn)為，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境中成長，且這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么這個(gè)兒童的智力將獲得更高的發(fā)展。

　　65. 相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績差異的原因在于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其它環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。

1990年考研英語英譯漢試題翻譯全文

　　長期以來，人們一直想弄清楚其性格特征和行為模式是如何形成的。為什么一個(gè)人聰明，而另一個(gè)人卻愚蠢;為什么一個(gè)人具有協(xié)作精神，而另一個(gè)人卻具有競爭意識(shí);這些都是很難解釋的。

　　當(dāng)然，社會(huì)科學(xué)家對這類問題極為關(guān)注。(61)他們(社會(huì)科學(xué)家)想要說明，為什么我們具有某些性格特征并表現(xiàn)出某些行為。盡管這些問題尚無明確的答案，在此方面卻已經(jīng)形成了兩個(gè)截然不相同的學(xué)派。正如人們所料，這兩個(gè)學(xué)派的看法大相徑庭。為方便起見，這種爭論通常被稱為“天性論與環(huán)境因素論之爭”。

　　(62)這場爭論中，贊成“天性(理論)”的社會(huì)科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大部分是由生物因素所決定的。(63)這種理論(“天性”理論)的核心是，即使我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，那也是微不足道的。該理論極端地堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，我們的行為模式在很大程度上是由先天決定的，我們幾乎完全受我們的本能所支配。

　　環(huán)境因素論的贊成者，也就是提倡教育的人，通常被稱為行為主義者。他們聲稱，在決定我們的行為方式方面，環(huán)境比基于生理的本能更為重要。行為主義者B.F.史基納認(rèn)為，人的行為幾乎完全是由周圍環(huán)境所塑造的。行為主義者堅(jiān)信，人像機(jī)器一樣，對環(huán)境的刺激作出反應(yīng)，這是其行為的基礎(chǔ)。

　　讓我們來看看這兩種理論對人的智力這一性格特征的不同解釋。天性論者認(rèn)為，我們生來就具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)能力，這是由生物因素所決定的。勿庸說，他們認(rèn)為，周圍環(huán)境的各種因素對基本上是由先天決定的性格特征沒有重大的影響。相反，行為主義者卻認(rèn)為，我們的智力水平是我們經(jīng)歷的產(chǎn)物。(64)行為主義者認(rèn)為，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境中成長，且這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么這個(gè)兒童的智力將獲得更高的發(fā)展。

　　這兩種理論蘊(yùn)含著深刻的社會(huì)和政治內(nèi)涵。在美國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化智力測試中，黑人的成績常常低于白人。于是，一些天性論的擁護(hù)者據(jù)此得出結(jié)論，認(rèn)為黑人在生理上比白人略低一籌。(65)相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績差異的原因在于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其它環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。

　　大部分人認(rèn)為，這兩種理論都不能完全解釋人的行為。