You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Cho"/>
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.
(41) __________
He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.
Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.
(42) __________
For example, an expression like “maiden dawn” for “sunrise” resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.
Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.
(43) __________
Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).
The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.
(44) __________
This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.
Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core—whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.
(45) __________
[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.
[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.
[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths—like dreams—condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.
[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.
[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning “fable”) to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.
[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).
答案
41.F 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹19世紀(jì)神話研究發(fā)展的文學(xué)藝術(shù)理論型文章。
第一至六段:歐洲學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)神話的復(fù)雜多樣性不僅是地域差異也是不同歷史時(shí)期造成的,于是他們試圖尋找世界上神話的共性:所有歐洲神話共同的母神話,并提出此后的神話都是關(guān)于早期人類對自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述的曲解。
第七至十二段:在進(jìn)化論的影響下,神話研究中不同時(shí)期的神話被看作是反映了人類社會(huì)宗教、哲學(xué)發(fā)展的不同階段。其中一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為神話來源于農(nóng)耕民族的祭祀活動(dòng)。
第十三至十四段:從18世紀(jì)到20世紀(jì),神話研究者從注重神話的本質(zhì),轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)注神話敘述形式本身。
試題精解
41.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第二段。上文提到一種結(jié)論:神話人物變化多樣,不僅隨地理區(qū)域也隨歷史時(shí)期而變化。下文則通過引用專家觀點(diǎn)給出了論據(jù),即他提出相對簡單的希臘神話反映了初級農(nóng)耕社會(huì)所關(guān)注的問題,而更為錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的神話則是較發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的產(chǎn)物。因此上下文的主題都是關(guān)于歷史時(shí)期對神話的影響,即不同的時(shí)期有不同的神話。由于下文中出現(xiàn)了特征詞——人稱代詞he,因此空格處應(yīng)出現(xiàn)專有人名,但所有的選項(xiàng)都符合這個(gè)條件,因此關(guān)鍵是內(nèi)容上的銜接。[A]項(xiàng)提到,神話是曲解了早期人類對自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述而產(chǎn)生的。[B]項(xiàng)指出所有神話源自于社會(huì)的集體宗教儀式。[C]項(xiàng)提到,神話像夢一樣,把經(jīng)歷濃縮并用象征的方式表達(dá)出來。[D]項(xiàng)指出,人類宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展可以分成不同的進(jìn)化階段。[E]項(xiàng)談到第一位用拉丁詞myths來指英雄和神的故事的學(xué)者。顯然,以上選項(xiàng)都超出了上下文的主題,含有新信息。而[F]項(xiàng)只提到一個(gè)專有人名和他的代表作,沒有給出新信息。其中this line of inquiry(這種研究思路)指上文的“神話隨歷史時(shí)期而變化”。
注:1Persephone珀?duì)柸D�,宙斯之女,被冥王劫持娶作冥后。其母親谷神得墨忒耳大為發(fā)狂,威脅冥王如果不交還女兒就將人類世界變成永恒的冬天。他們比較終達(dá)成了協(xié)議,在比較溫暖的夏季的開始,珀?duì)柸D唤换刈约耗赣H的身邊。而每到冬天,珀?duì)柸D惨氐降馗惆橼ね豕纤埂6媚才沙鰬?zhàn)車去人間播種,讓經(jīng)歷過嚴(yán)酷懲罰的人間再次回復(fù)生機(jī)。2Homer荷馬,希臘史詩作者,創(chuàng)作了西方文學(xué)比較偉大的兩部作品《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》。
42.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第五段中。上文提到神話研究專家們尋找一種衍生了歐洲所有民族神話的母神話。下文是舉例子:像用“少女般的黎明”來表達(dá)“日出”開始是使黎明擬人化,后來則成了關(guān)于少女的神話�?崭裉幍膬�(nèi)容應(yīng)承上啟下。[A]項(xiàng)前部分提到,德國裔英國學(xué)者麥克斯·繆勒提出,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》(Rig Veda)是保存下來的用印歐語言創(chuàng)作的比較古老的文獻(xiàn),它反映了印歐神話的比較初階段。該內(nèi)容與上文的“母神話”相呼應(yīng)。[A]項(xiàng)后部分提到,繆勒認(rèn)為所有后來創(chuàng)作的神話都是曲解了早期人類對自然現(xiàn)象生動(dòng)形象的敘述而產(chǎn)生的。而下文的例子正好說明了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。因此[A]項(xiàng)正確。
43.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第八段中。上文提到,學(xué)者對神話歷史的研究就如同鉆研化石沉積的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造一樣。要更好地理解這句話就得再看這句話的上文,即該段首句:英國自然學(xué)家達(dá)爾文提出的進(jìn)化論極大地影響了對神話的研究。它也是整段的主題句。下文首先出現(xiàn)的表示比較關(guān)系的邏輯詞similarly(同樣地,類似地)表明空格處內(nèi)容和下文在邏輯上是順接關(guān)系。下文接著提到,英國人類學(xué)家弗萊齊在其人類學(xué)名著《金枝》(The Golden Bough)中提出了人類進(jìn)化歷史的三個(gè)大體階段。綜合上下文,可見該段的主題都是討論進(jìn)化論觀點(diǎn)對神話的影響。[D]項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞evolutionary,談到英國人類學(xué)家泰勒爵士在《原始文化》(Primitive Culture)一書中將人類宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展分成不同的進(jìn)化階段,符合段落主題,是正確答案。
44.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在第十一段中。上文提到,受英國學(xué)者史密斯的影響,弗萊齊開始相信很多神話源自古代農(nóng)耕民族的宗教儀式,因?yàn)閷τ谶@些民族來說,植物一年四季的循環(huán)生長至關(guān)重要。下文提到,這種方式在英國人類學(xué)家拉德克利夫·布朗所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)——功能主義里達(dá)到了極端的形式。他認(rèn)為每一個(gè)神話都暗示著一種祭祀,而每一種祭祀又體現(xiàn)了一個(gè)神話�?梢娫摱沃黝}內(nèi)容是關(guān)于祭祀與神話之間的關(guān)系。[B]項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞rituals,指出神話和祭祀理論在英國學(xué)者那里得到充分發(fā)展,她指出所有的神話源自于一個(gè)社會(huì)的全部祭祀。
45.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:上下文內(nèi)容的銜接+段落主題。
本題空格出現(xiàn)在末段。上文將18、19世紀(jì)的神話與20世紀(jì)的神話作比較,指出前一階段趨向于把神話還原為一些本質(zhì)核心的內(nèi)容——不管是自然的季節(jié)循環(huán)、歷史環(huán)境還是宗教儀式。一旦敘述中想象的成分被剝離后,就會(huì)剩下核心內(nèi)容。而后一階段研究者開始密切注意神話敘述本身。因此空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)延續(xù)上文,繼續(xù)討論20世紀(jì)神話的特點(diǎn)。[A]和[B]項(xiàng)分別討論神話的本質(zhì):描述自然現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的誤解和祭祀;[C]項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了神話的敘述方式,指出它如夢一般,是把經(jīng)歷濃縮再用象征的方式表達(dá)出來的。因此和上文內(nèi)容銜接緊密。
全文翻譯
當(dāng)從其他文化獲得的資料越來越多時(shí),歐洲的學(xué)者逐漸認(rèn)識到神話傳統(tǒng)的極大復(fù)雜性。尤其有價(jià)值的是像《薄伽梵歌》和《亞吠陀》這樣的古印第安和伊朗經(jīng)文提供的證據(jù)。這些來源很清楚地說明了神話人物變化多樣, 不僅有地理區(qū)域的不同,也有歷史時(shí)期的差別。
德國學(xué)者卡爾·奧特弗雷德·繆勒在其1825年出版的《科學(xué)神話緒論》一書中遵循了這種研究思路。
他認(rèn)為, 希臘有關(guān)珀?duì)柸D南鄬唵蔚纳裨挿从沉顺跫夀r(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的憂慮,而后來在荷馬史詩中發(fā)現(xiàn)的更復(fù)雜的神話則是較發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)的產(chǎn)物。
學(xué)者們也試圖以某種方式把全世界各種各樣的神話聯(lián)系起來。從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)早期,為了解釋歐洲和近東各種各樣語言之間的驚人相似性,對語言的比較性研究導(dǎo)致假設(shè)母語的重構(gòu)。學(xué)者們作出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為這些語言屬于一種印歐語系。研究神話的專家也在探求一種共同神話,這種神話可能衍生了歐洲所有民族的神話。
德國裔英國學(xué)者麥克斯·繆勒得出結(jié)論:現(xiàn)存的用印歐語記載的量古老作品,古印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是比較初階段的印歐神話。穆勒把后來的所有神話歸結(jié)為人們的誤解,這些誤解源于早期人們用來描述自然現(xiàn)象的生動(dòng)語言。
比如,用“少女般的黎明”來表示“日出”比較初使得黎明人格化,后來演變成有關(guān)少女的神話。
19世紀(jì)末期,英國的自然學(xué)家查爾斯·達(dá)爾文提出的進(jìn)化理論對神話的研究產(chǎn)生了重要影響。學(xué)者們研究神話的歷史,就像他們?yōu)榱藢ふ疫b遠(yuǎn)的古代遺跡而鉆研化石沉積的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造一樣。
在英國人類學(xué)家愛德華·伯納德·泰勒的作品中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這種方式。在他1871年出版的《原始文明》一書中,泰勒把人類的宗教和哲學(xué)發(fā)展系統(tǒng)地分成單獨(dú)的不同的進(jìn)化階段。
同樣,英國的人類學(xué)家詹姆士·喬治·弗萊齊在《金枝》一書中提出了一個(gè)“三階段進(jìn)化體系”。根據(jù)弗萊齊的體系,起初人們把自然現(xiàn)象歸結(jié)為反復(fù)無常的超自然力量(魔法),后來把它們解釋為上帝的意愿(宗教),比較后,把它們歸類為理性的研究(科學(xué))。
英國學(xué)者威廉·羅伯遜·史密斯1889年登載于《有關(guān)閃族人的宗教的演講》一文中的研究也對弗萊齊產(chǎn)生了影響。通過史密斯的作品,弗萊齊開始認(rèn)為,許多神話源于古代農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)人們的宗教儀式習(xí)慣,對這些人來說,植物的年輪意義非凡。
這種方法被英國學(xué)者簡·艾倫·哈里森發(fā)展得充分,并逐漸被稱為“神話和宗教儀式理論”。應(yīng)用從法國社會(huì)學(xué)家埃米爾·德克海姆的作品中獲得的見解,哈里森認(rèn)為,所有神話都源于一個(gè)社會(huì)的集體宗教儀式。
這種方式在英國人類學(xué)家A·R·拉德克利夫·布朗所謂的結(jié)構(gòu)——功能主義中達(dá)到了極點(diǎn),他認(rèn)為,每一種神話都預(yù)示著一種宗教儀式,而每一種宗教儀式也暗示著一種神話。
18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)有關(guān)神話的大多數(shù)分析表現(xiàn)出一種把神話還原為本質(zhì)核心的內(nèi)容的趨勢——不管是自然的季節(jié)性循環(huán)、歷史環(huán)境,還是宗教儀式。一旦敘述中的想象成分被剝離后,留下的可能就是核心內(nèi)容。在20世紀(jì),研究人員開始更密切地關(guān)注敘述本身。
奧地利心理分析家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德認(rèn)為,神話就像夢一樣,濃縮了經(jīng)驗(yàn)素材,并用象征的方式表達(dá)出來。
干擾項(xiàng)[E] 這個(gè)時(shí)期里進(jìn)行的研究在德國學(xué)者克里絲汀·海尹的作品中得到鞏固,他是第一個(gè)用拉丁詞myths(而不是fibula,意思是“神話”)來表示英雄和神的故事。
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