You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Cho"/>

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2010教育部考試中心考研英語模擬試題(新題型6)

來源:來源于網(wǎng)絡 時間:2009-11-02 09:12:14

  Directions:
   You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
   Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person’s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else’s. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.
   “Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it’s particularly important for small business,” says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.”
   Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes:
   41. Be inclusive.
   With a smaller operation, it’s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.
   42. Mission, not just money.
   Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that’s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.
   43. Nothing to fear but fear itself.
   Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.
   44. It’s their careers, too.
   Don’t forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it’s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.
   45. Made, not necessarily born.
   One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.
   [A] “It’s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it’s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,” says Sheehan.
   [B] “You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,” says Sheehan.
   [C] “People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,” says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.”
   [D] If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.
   [E] For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers’ health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.
   [F] “This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we’re not going to kill each other if things don’t work out,” says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It’s a question of what you want to focus on.”
   答案
   41.B 42.E 43.F 44.D 45.C

  總體分析
  本文是說明文,主要介紹了好的雇主所具有的品質和特點。
  第一、二段:指出很多特點、態(tài)度和能力是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司對于領導技能的要求就越突出。
  第三至十段:具體論述好的雇主所擁有的技能、策略和品質。其中,第三段是一個引言,第四至八段分別論述。
  試題精解
  (一)審題,讀主題詞。
  標題配對題中往往會給出主題詞,如本題中的how to be a good boss(如何成為一位好的老板),由此考生可以預測文章的內容應包括好的老板的特點或品質。
  (二)通讀全文,了解大意,并判斷小標題的作用。
  略讀全文,把握小標題和文章其他部分的邏輯關系。文章一開始提出,很多特點、態(tài)度和能力是所有好雇主所共有的。41題前比較后一句話是過渡句,承上啟下指出,接下來列出的是一位好雇主所擁有的技能、策略和品質。由此可以得知下述幾個小標題都是好雇主的特點。
  (三)瀏覽選項,概括大意。
  由于選項部分多是段落,內容相對較多,并且和原文是非等額搭配,因此可以先概括各選項的大意,將濃縮后的信息迅速地記下來,或者將各項中的重要信息劃出來,以便解題時一目了然,與小標題一一對應。本文六個選項有的是列舉具體事例,有的是引用專家話語,有的則是兩著兼有。其大意是:
  [A] 要像一個教練一樣教育你的雇員,舉出實例來說服他。
  [B] 要確保每一位雇員都得到公正的待遇。
  [C] 我們都有成為好老板的內在品質,關鍵是要將它們發(fā)揮到極至。
  [D] 幫助雇員實現(xiàn)他們自己的事業(yè)目標。
  [E] 明確的職責有利于激發(fā)雇員的積極性。
  [F] 要鼓勵進步而非恐懼犯錯。
  (三)掌握論證方法,將論據(jù)與論點一一匹配
  六個選項要么舉例要么引用專家話語,顯然文章的主要論證手法是例證和引證。根據(jù)文章的基本結構,接下來要做的就是論據(jù)和論點的匹配工作�?梢韵瓤礃祟}后看選項,也可根據(jù)選項來找合適的標題。
  41題的標題是“be inclusive”,顯然,僅從標題無法判斷出作者究竟要表達什么含義。因此,需要繼續(xù)閱讀下文的論述部分。第四段的主題句是首句:雇主要讓每個雇員都覺得自己是團隊平等而投入的成員。后面部分具體說明方式是什么。其中treat each employee fairly和[B]項中的everyone is treated fairly相呼應。因此[B]項正是讓雇員平等而投入的方式。從而可知inclusive在這指的是(心胸)包容而廣闊。
  42題的標題是“使命而非金錢”。第五段首句就money展開論述,指出:企業(yè)的首要目標不是賺錢。接下來的兩句話則就mission展開論述,指出:企業(yè)使命的形成也取決于老板設定的比較重要的目標。至此,本段主要強調了mission的重要性,但沒有具體說明它指的是什么。[E]項以餐飲和醫(yī)療器材為例說明了不同企業(yè)的不同使命,為正確選項。其中responsibility是mission的近義詞。
  43題的標題中的關鍵詞是fear。第六段先將兩種老板進行了比較,一種老板不允許員工犯錯,另一種鼓勵員工不要害怕犯錯。[F]項出現(xiàn)了being afraid of的同義表達,該項中席翰以游泳為例說明,不要讓恐懼而要讓鼓勵來敦促人前進。這個內容顯然和前面提到的兩類老板的內容相吻合。
  44題的標題是“這也是他們的事業(yè)”,聯(lián)系全文主旨可知代詞their指的是“雇員”,careers是這個標題中的關鍵詞。第七段對標題內容進行了闡釋:要幫助雇員明白如何為自己改善和創(chuàng)造有意義的事業(yè)。[D]項以一名雇員為例,說明老板應該幫助雇員實現(xiàn)他們的目標,其中a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business與careers呼應。
  45題的標題是“是后天的而不一定是天生的”。第八段首句對made一詞進行了闡釋:成為一位好的領導者是一種后天學習的行為(learned behavior)。接下來該段又列舉了多種后天學習的方法:參加課程和研討會,閱讀書籍等。[C]項中席翰的一番話是對標題內容的論述:我們都有成為好的老板的內在品質,關鍵是要(后天)挖掘它。其中innate traits與標題中的born相對應。

  核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
  (1)mercurial(a.)水銀的;活潑的,易變的~ situation(易變的形勢)
  (2)top-notch拔尖的,一流的,頂好的~performance一流的表演
  (3)inclusive(a.)包含的,包括的;包容廣闊的,范圍廣泛的,如~ strategies and broad vision廣泛的策略和遠大的視野
  (4)altruism(n.)利他主義;altru-相當于前綴alter-,表示“其他”,如alternative其他選擇,替代物
  (5)mission(n.)使命;使團,代表團
  (6)at home with 精通,熟悉,如:He is at home with Spanish(他精通西班牙語)
  (7)gun shy (馬、獵狗)怕槍[炮]的;風聲鶴唳的,提心吊膽的
  (8)touch(n.)作風,風格,手法,如professional ~專業(yè)手法
  (9)natural(a.)自然的,天然的;(n.)有天賦的人,擅長做某事的人
  (10)top flight 一流的,名列前矛的,領先的
  全文翻譯
  你是否曾經(jīng)想過一個好老板到底好在什么地方。誠然,這個問題的答案是因人而異的,因為一個人對優(yōu)秀雇主的看法和其他人不同。然而,很多特點、態(tài)度和能力卻是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司對于堅實的領導技能的要求就越突出。
  馬里蘭大學詹姆士·麥奎格·波恩斯領導藝術管理學院領導教育課程的負責人羅布·席翰說,“在任何組織中做一個好老板都很重要,當企業(yè)規(guī)模較小時,你真地有機會來決定整個公司的風格”。
  記住好的領導能力對于企業(yè)的重要性,同時考慮以下列出的技能、策略和品質:
  1. 要包容廣闊
  在較小范圍內的運作中,比較關鍵是要讓每個人都覺得自己是團隊平等而投入的成員。一個好的雇主肯定會公正地對待每一位雇員,不僅在新酬和其他形式的報酬方面如此,而且在雇員如何參與公司的日常職能方面也如此。鼓勵雇員的回饋意見、創(chuàng)新與創(chuàng)意,這樣他們會覺得自己真正地參與到企業(yè)中。
  席翰說:“你需要創(chuàng)造一種誠實、信任和尊敬的環(huán)境,絕對確保每一個人都得到公正的待遇,無論他們之間的差異有多大”。
  2. 使命而不是金錢
  很少有幾家企業(yè)的運營純粹是為了利他,但是那并不表示牟利就是首要的哲學和實用的目標。實際上,有效率的老板會建立起真正的企業(yè)使命。使命如何形成既取決于企業(yè)也取決于老板設定的比較重要的目標。
  比如,一位餐館老板可能推出午間快餐服務作為服務忙碌的商業(yè)團體的一種方式。同樣,醫(yī)療器材裝備公司則強調它的產(chǎn)品如何改善顧客的健康狀況。明確的使命(職責)不僅有利于激發(fā)雇員的積極性,而且在他們的工作中注入了一種重要感。
  3. 除了恐懼本身之外,沒有什么可恐懼的。
  我們許多人曾經(jīng)遇到過這樣的老板,他們擅長于在臺歷旁放上一把刀,誰犯一個錯誤,就應很自然地把腦袋放在刀刃下。相反,有效率的老板鼓勵他或她的員工不要提心吊膽地工作:一時的混亂是通向良好的工作表現(xiàn)的“必經(jīng)之路”。
  席翰說:“這需要一種鼓勵學習而非害怕犯錯的心理。嘗試新的、不同的事物,但是必須清楚如果事情沒有得到解決,也不必大發(fā)雷霆。我在大學時是個游泳選手。當我想象著有只鯊魚在追我時,我游得很快;當我想象著在參加奧林匹克賽時,游得也一樣快。問題在于你想要集中于什么�!�
  4. 這也是他們的事業(yè)。
  不要忘記為你工作的人在指望著你能幫助他們開拓和發(fā)展自己的事業(yè)。正如我所說的,不完全是為了錢,而是要讓你的雇員明白如何為自己改善和創(chuàng)造有意義的事業(yè)。
  如果一名雇員的目標是有一天成為經(jīng)理或經(jīng)營自己公司。幫助它實現(xiàn)那個目標。告訴他們?yōu)榱藢崿F(xiàn)比較終計劃而需要努力培養(yǎng)的特點。
  5. 后天制造,不一定要天生就是。
  做一名好老板比較后要注意的方面是:成為一位有效率的領導者很大程度上是一種后天學習的行為。當然,過去總是有而且將來還會有一些似乎在領導和激發(fā)動力方面有著完美技能的老板。但對于有領導才能的人來說,很多一流的雇主是通過參加管理課程和研討會,閱讀有關高效率領導的書籍而成長起來的,當然同樣重要的是明白一個好的雇主自然會吸引一流的雇員的道理。
  席翰說:“人們肯定能發(fā)揮好的領導才能。在某種程度上,我們都有成為好的老板的內在品質。你真正需要做的是盡可能將它們發(fā)揮到極至”。

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