主題: 考什么類型作文? 怎么寫? 用什么句型寫? 如何才能寫好？

    I. The main types of guided writing:

    1. 提綱加圖畫或圖表式作文: (2003年考研作文試題)

    Directions: Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should

    1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and

    2) point out its implications in our life.]

    You should write 160--200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

    溫室花朵經(jīng)不起考驗(yàn)

    As is shown above, there are two pictures presenting two quite different situations. One shows a pot of flower blooming with vigor under the shielding roof of a greenhouse, while the other depicts the same flower struggling helplessly in the thunderstorm. Obviously, it is doomed to wither away without the protection of the greenhouse. This set of drawings means a lot to us. It teaches us that a flower, which grows in favorable conditions, can’t stand up to the sudden attack of a storm when the roof of the greenhouse is removed.

    Traditionally, we Chinese tend to compare a child to a flower in full bloom. Now with the living conditions improving rapidly, most of our children are brought up under the wings of their parents just like flowers cultivated in greenhouses. The adults spare no pains to ensure that their children’s lives will be as comfortable as possible. They try to build their homes into warm nests free of cold, hunger, fear or any form of external threat. Of course, it would be unfair to blame their parents for their painstaking efforts. However, it should be pointed out that their children, while enjoying all the comforts of life, are at the same time deprived of opportunities to face and experience any sorts of challenges and hardships. Whenever they are faced with difficulties, they will feel terrified and helpless and unable to stand up to them.

    In short, flowers, reared in a greenhouse, will wither when a thunderstorm strikes, and similarly, children, raised in comfortable nests, will collapse under the weight of life. As a consequence, it is crucial for parents to realize the necessity of exposing their children to difficulties and hardships in life. Only in this way can their children withstand any challenges in the future. (297 words)

    注：be doomed to do … 注定；stand up to經(jīng)得��；compare … to … 把 … 比作；spare no pains to do sth不遺余力做某事；blame sb. for sth. 因某事責(zé)備某人；be deprived of 被剝奪 …；expose … to … 使 … 接觸到 …

    2. 提綱式作文:

    Directions: Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following

    outline.

    1. Role of women in modern society

    2. Prejudices and discrimination against women

    3. My comment

    Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of them are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.

    There are, however, still prejudices and discrimination against women in our modern society. In the first place, some people think that many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. In their eyes, women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women can only be suited to the performance of domestic duties. And a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, they believe that most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, they assert that the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In a word, men should enjoy more rights than do women.

    Personally, I'm firmly standing on the side of those woman right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (244 words)

    3. 規(guī)定情景式作文：

    Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write an essay of 200 words entitled "The Role of Migrant Workers". You can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should give sound supporting reasons.

    As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of the construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cities. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.

    However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not well educated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know, illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to disturb the peace, endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.

    In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)

    注：disturb the peace 擾亂治安。would stop at nothing to do sth. 不擇手段做某事。

    II. The structure of a paragraph and its development:

    1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, developing sentences and concluding sentence.

    2. Ways of developing a paragraph:

    1) Comparison and contrast (對(duì)比法)

    2) Cause and effect (因果法)

    3) Exemplification (舉例法）

    4) Generalization and qualification (概述法）

    5) Argument (議論法）

    III. Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :

    ---描述圖畫或圖表的常用句型：

    1. As can be clearly seen from the picture, …. 從這張畫中可以清楚地看到，…

    譯：從這張畫中可以清楚地看到，隨著國際文化交流的增加，越來越多的外國人渴望訪問中國。

    As can be clearly seen from the picture, with the increase in cultural exchange among countries, an increasing number of foreigners are eager to visit China.

    2. As is shown above，… 正如上面所示，…

    譯：正如上面所示，有兩幅漫畫描述了兩種完全不同的情景。一幅描繪了人們?cè)谂�力工��，而另一幅暗示了懶惰�?dǎo)致失敗。

    As is shown above, there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations. One depicts people who are working hard, while the other implies that laziness results in failure.

    3. What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that… 這是一幅多么生動(dòng)形象的畫��！它告訴我們…

    譯：這是一幅多么生動(dòng)的畫��！它告訴我們，愛就像一盞在黑暗中的油燈, 它照亮了人們的心靈。

    What a vivid picture it is! It tells us that love is just like an oil lamp in the dark, which lightens people’s hearts.

    4. According to the statistics given in the table, … 根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，…

    譯：根據(jù)表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，比較近5年來旅游者的人數(shù)大大增加，2002年達(dá)到80,000,000人。

    According to the statistics given in the table, the number of tourists has grown greatly, ____________80,000,000 people in 2002.

    5. This chart shows that … 這張示意圖表明，…

    譯：這張示意圖表明，全世界吸煙者的人數(shù)不斷上升,占總?cè)丝诘?0%。

    This chart shows that the number of smokers continues to climb (=rise), _________________ 20 % of the total population.

    6. It is indicated by the graph that … 這張曲線圖表示，…

    譯：這張曲線圖表示，某些野生動(dòng)物物種的滅絕(extinction)與世界人口的猛增密切相關(guān)。

    It is indicated by the graph that the extinction of some species of wild animals ___________________________ the sharp increase of the world’s population.

    7. It can be seen from the statistics (or picture) that … 從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字(或這張圖畫)中可以看到，…

    譯：從這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字(或這張圖畫)中可以看到，隨著城市中汽車數(shù)量的不斷增加,空氣污染和噪音已經(jīng)成為威脅城市居民生存的主要公害(public hazards)。

    It can be seen from the statistics (or picture) that with the rapid increase in the number of cars, air pollution and noise have become the main public hazards threatening the survival of city residents.

    8. It is generally believed (或accepted, thought, held) that … 人們普遍認(rèn)為，…

    譯：人們普遍認(rèn)為，各國政府應(yīng)該采取有力措施來保護(hù)森林資源。

    It is generally believed that the governments of all countries should ______________________________ to protect forest resources.

    9. The picture is thought-provoking, … 這幅畫發(fā)人深省，…

    譯：這幅畫是發(fā)人深省的，它所說明的是我們今天社會(huì)普遍存在的一種現(xiàn)象。

    The picture is thought-provoking, and what it illustrates is a common phenomenon in our society today.

    10. What the drawing describes implies that …… 這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了，…

    譯：這張圖畫所描述的內(nèi)容暗示了，我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)得住失敗的考驗(yàn)。

    What the drawing describes implies that we should _______________________ (=withstand) the test of failure.

    ---關(guān)于比較、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的句型:

    1. S + have (or has) a lot of advantages over... (與...相比有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)) 譯：汽車與自行車相比有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

    2. Compared with …, sb./sth. has/have the advantage of … (有… 方面的長處；... 的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 …)

    與中國相比，澳大利亞的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是人口少。 Compared with China, Australia has the advantage of having a small population.

    譯: 與他們相比，他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是會(huì)操作電腦。

    3. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (對(duì)... 有益）

    譯：你的計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)對(duì)你將來的工作十分有益。

    4. benefit sb/sth. (對(duì)...有好處)

    譯：這家新醫(yī)院對(duì)整個(gè)社區(qū)有利。

    benefit from sth. (由于...而受益)

    譯：我們將從技術(shù)發(fā)明中受益。

    5. do (a lot of) good to sb. (對(duì)... 有許多好處)

    譯：早晨鍛煉對(duì)你很有好處。

    be good for sb./sth. (對(duì)... 有益)

    譯：蔬菜和水果有利于人的健康。

    do damage to sth./damage sth. (對(duì)... 造成損壞）

    譯：這次地震對(duì)城市建筑損壞嚴(yán)重。

    do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (對(duì)... 有害處）

    譯：吸煙危害人的健康。

    6. be as (not so) good/great as...

    譯：他做的沒有說的好。

    7. not so much ...as... (與其說...,不如說...)

    人口的迅速增長與其說是由于出生率的上升，還不如說是由于死亡率的下降。

    The reason for the rapid increase in population is_________a rise in birth rate____a fall in death rate.

    ---說明原因的句型:

    1. There are two/some good reasons for sth./to do sth. …

    生活條件改變的原因有兩條。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)在迅速發(fā)展并且出生率得到了控制。

    There are two reasons for the changes in people's living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control.

    2. We have two good reasons for/against ...

    我們有兩條充分理由反對(duì)工業(yè)不受控制的發(fā)展。

    We have two good reasons against the uncontrolled development of industry.

    3. The reason for...is that + 從句

    我們支持“希望工程”的原因是, 許多貧困地區(qū)的兒童付不起繼續(xù)學(xué)業(yè)的各種費(fèi)用。

    The reason for us to support the “Project Hope” is that many children in poor areas _____________________different kinds of expenses to continue with their schooling.

    --- 關(guān)于因果關(guān)系的句型:

    1. 物價(jià)上升的原因是需求的增加。The cause of (=reason for) higher prices was an increase in demand.

    或: Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

    或: An increase in demand results in higher prices.

    或: The demand has increased. As a result, the prices are higher.

    或: If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise.

    譯：他們?nèi)〉玫某晒�是由于他們的刻苦努力�?

    What they have achieved results from their hard (=painstaking) work.

    譯：由于所有這些因素，政府越來越多地依賴于科學(xué)家來安排適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃并付諸實(shí)踐.

    As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and ___________________________.

    --表示不同看法的句型:

    1. 人們對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法各不相同。Different people have (= hold) different opinions (=views) on this question (=problem, matter).

    有些人認(rèn)為 … ；其他人爭辯說 … ；還有一些人主張 …

    Some believe that ... Others argue that .... Still others maintain that ...

    人們對(duì)旅游業(yè)的看法各不相同。有些人認(rèn)為，旅游業(yè)是浪費(fèi)金錢和時(shí)間。另一些人則爭辯說，中國是一個(gè)具有5000年歷史的文明古國, 并且有自己的傳統(tǒng)文化，它和西方文化截然不同。旅游業(yè)有助于文化交流和各國人民之間的友誼和了解。我認(rèn)為，第1種看法是片面的。發(fā)展旅游業(yè)是非常重要的。各國應(yīng)該互相了解、互相學(xué)習(xí)以便促進(jìn)我們和平和發(fā)展的共同事業(yè)。

    People_______________ their opinions on tourist industry. Some believe that tourism is a waste of money and time. Others argue that China is an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own traditional culture, which is quite different from that in the western countries. Tourism___________to the cultural exchanges between countries and to the friendship and understanding of the people all over the world. Personally, the first view is one-sided. Tourism is of great importance now. All nations should understand each other and learn from each other to promote our common cause of peace and development. (105 words)

    2. 他們的觀點(diǎn)各不相同。They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

    3. 有些人持這樣的觀點(diǎn)：孩子少是好事。 Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.

    4. 他們對(duì)這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度大相徑庭。They think quite differently on this question.

    5. 他們對(duì)噪音問題的態(tài)度截然不同。They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.

    家長和孩子對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法不同。家長認(rèn)為，孩子應(yīng)努力學(xué)習(xí)，得到好的學(xué)習(xí)成績。而孩子們則認(rèn)為，他們應(yīng)該有更多的自由來支配他們的閑暇時(shí)間，來安排他們的未來。

    Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.

    ---- 表示必須、緊急、有困難做某事的句型:

    1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable,advisable) for sb. to do sth.

    請(qǐng)翻譯下列4句：

    1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them 在不斷增長.

    不可避免的是，

    2) It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy 直接相關(guān)the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.

    顯然，

    3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/ to 把沙漠變?yōu)榱继?

    政府迫在眉睫的是

    4) It is necessary for us to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to 滿足the increasing needs of the people.

    我們必須建立

    2. have trouble/ difficulty/ a hard time/ a difficult time (in) doing sth (有困難做某事)

    他很難找到一份滿意的工作。 He has trouble finding a satisfactory job.

    have trouble with sth. (對(duì)...有困難,不好對(duì)付) I have some trouble with my English study.

    --- 常用諺語 (在議論文中):

    1. 常言道，“事物總是一分為二的。” As a popular saying goes, "Every coin has two sides".

    2. As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides". On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don't deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.

    3. As a proverb says, " Where there is a will there is a way." （有志者事竟成。）

    4. As a popular saying goes, "A man is known by the company he keeps." （觀其交友，知其為人。）

    5. As is known to all, "No pains, no gains". （沒有苦，就沒有甜。）

    6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. （覆水難收。）

    7. More haste, less speed. （欲速者不達(dá)。）

    8. Look before you leap. （三思而后行。）

    9. He who laughs last laughs best. （誰比較后笑，誰笑得比較好。）

    --- 辯論中常用的句型:

    1. There is no doubt that ... 譯：毫無疑問the rapid increase in population 促使 the sharp decrease in the species of wild animals.

    2. It is obvious/clear that 愛心是一盞燈, 越黑暗的地方, 它越明亮。

    3. 眾所周知，中國一貫主張, 國家不管大小, 應(yīng)該一律平等。As is known to all, China always maintains that all nations should be equal, be they large or small.

    4. (It's) no wonder ... (難怪) 譯：他不努力工作, 難怪他丟了工作。

    5. It goes without saying that ... ( 不成問題, 很自然 ) ：很自然，健康的人比病人幸福。It goes without saying that healthy people are much happier than sick ones.

    6. What is more important, we should 保持 ecological balance.

    7. I am convinced that only if our society is full of love, tomorrow will be much better and brighter.

    8. It is no exaggeration to say … 可以毫不夸張地說，…

    --- 舉例表示法:

    1. For example, the people's economic status has been greatly improved.

    2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.

    3. Let's have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.

    ---結(jié)尾句型:

    請(qǐng)翻譯下列5句中的漢語部分：

    1._____________________________(依我看), I am in favor of (or am opposed to) owning a private car.

    2._____________________________(就個(gè)人而言), I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city.

    3._____________________________(總之), parents and children should learn to get through to each other. Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly.

    4._____________________________(比較后), we cannot achieve success without hard work.

    5._____________________________(至于我), I agree with the opinion that " No pains no gains."

    IV. 作文漢英互譯練習(xí):

    (1) 提綱式作文

    Road Accidents

    Directions:

    Road accidents are a serious problem in modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about road accidents. Your composition should be based on the following outline.

    1. Losses caused by road accidents

    2. Suggested ways to reduce road accidents

    3. My comments

    比較近5年來道路事故的數(shù)目不斷上升, 尤其在城市中。 每當(dāng)發(fā)生交通事故, 有關(guān)的人員不是受傷就是死亡。它們對(duì)國家和受害者的家庭造成了巨大的損失。因此, 迫在眉睫的是, 我們應(yīng)該采取措施來減少交通事故并確保道路安全。

    我想有幾個(gè)方法可以降低事故率。首先, 政府應(yīng)該采取積極措施來改善道路狀況。例如: 應(yīng)該投資更多的錢來建造新的公路, 許多又老又窄的城市街道應(yīng)加寬或重建。其次, 地方當(dāng)局應(yīng)該用各種可能的方法來教育人民遵守交通規(guī)則。 比較后, 行人穿過繁華街道時(shí)應(yīng)小心謹(jǐn)慎。

    我認(rèn)為, 以上所提到的幾個(gè)方面是避免交通事故所必需的。隨著車輛不斷地增加，城市道路正變得越來越擁擠。但是假如每個(gè)人各盡其責(zé)并遵守交通規(guī)則, 道路將會(huì)變得更安全。我相信，交通狀況將會(huì)改善，盡管我們還有許多困難要克服。

    Road Accidents

    In the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great losses both to the country and to the victims’ families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe.

    There are several ways I think to cut down the accident rate. In the first place, the government should take intensive measures to improve road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of the old narrow streets in cities widened or reconstructed. Secondly, local authorities should educate people in every possible way to comply with traffic regulations. Finally, pedestrians should be very careful whenever crossing busy streets.

    In my opinion, the above-mentioned ways are essential to avoid traffic accidents. With the number of cars continuing to rise, the roads in cities are getting more and more crowded. But if everyone does his part and observes traffic rules, the road will be safer to all of us. I trust traffic conditions will be improving though we still have a long way to go. (200 words)

    (2) 規(guī)定情景式作文

    Directions:

    Stress is a natural part of modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about "Stress in Modern Life" (現(xiàn)代生活中的壓力). You are to state briefly the relationship between stress and modern life and the different attitudes towards stress. At the end of your composition you should draw your own conclusion.

    眾所周知, 壓力是日常生活中很自然的事, 并且也無法躲避壓力。 隨著現(xiàn)代生活的節(jié)奏不斷加快, 我們從早到晚總是感到忙忙碌碌。而且很難減慢。我們似乎覺得我們周圍人人都在拚命干。因此, 不管一個(gè)人干什么，他總會(huì)感到壓力。可見，在競爭社會(huì)中壓力和生活是影印不離的。

    然而, 不同的人對(duì)壓力的看法不同。有些人認(rèn)為, 壓力并不是通常所認(rèn)為的壞事。他們的觀點(diǎn)是, 某種壓力對(duì)提供動(dòng)力和使生活有目的所不可缺少的。 其他人則爭辯說, 壓力加劇了精力的消耗, 因此危害人的健康。在他們看來, 壓力的反面, 即放松, 是身心健康所必不可少的。

    就個(gè)人而言, 我贊成前一種觀點(diǎn)。 當(dāng)一個(gè)人全心投入到他所從事的事業(yè)時(shí), 壓力是不可能避免的。 依我看, 只有當(dāng)壓力失去控制時(shí), 它才會(huì)導(dǎo)致行為失調(diào)和身體不適。

    Stress in Modern Life

    As everyone knows, stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. As the pace of modern life continues to increase, we are always feeling on the go from morning till night. And it is hard to slow down. It seems to us that everyone around us is aggressive. Therefore, whatever one does, he feels under stress all the time. It is clear that stress has much to do with the life in a competitive society.

    Different people, however, think of stress quite differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and to give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.

    Personally, I’m in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible to avoid stress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues. In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.

    注：be on the go 忙碌。(207 words)

    (3) 圖畫、漫畫或圖表式作文

    Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

    1) describe the drawing,

    2) interpret its meaning, and

    3) support your view with examples.

    You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

    終點(diǎn)又是新的起點(diǎn)

    As the picture given above depicts, a runner, summoning up his last ounce of strength, is dashing to the finishing line, hot sweat rolling from his forehead. He is overjoyed to have won the race. Besides, on both sides of the line are written two big words in Chinese: Scratch and Finish.

    What does the author of the drawing intend to tell us? In my opinion, by the picture he means that what one has achieved so far is merely a new starting point for what he is going to do next.

    There are a lot of examples to support my view. The most obvious one is the discovery of the radioactive element radium, which stands for the successful result of Curie’s research work. Yet it is just a good beginning of the scientific study on atomic energy. Let us take another example to illustrate the view. We have achieved great success in rural reforms, which has greatly raised the living standards of farmers in the country. But it serves only as the starting point for pushing forward urban reforms in a comprehensive way. A third example is the successful return of Shenzhou 5 spaceship, which marks the triumphant end of the launch. At the same time it has created a new era for China’s space exploration. It is obvious that the finish of one thing signifies a new scratch of another. (232 words)

    Notes: summon up 鼓起，鼓足；last ounce of 比較后一點(diǎn)；Scratch and Finish 起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)； stand for象征著；push forward推進(jìn)。

    Directions:

    In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Your essay should cover all the information provided in the bar charts and meet the requirements below.

    1. Interpret the pictures above.

    2. Give your reasons for the increase in population.

    3. Draw your own conclusion.

    根據(jù)圖中所給的數(shù)字, 從人類生活的初期到 1830年地球人口達(dá)到了10億。 那表明至少有 200萬年的時(shí)間間隔。后來世界人口迅速增長, 到 1930 年達(dá)到 20 億。到 1960 年又增加了 10億, 其間只有 30年時(shí)間, 從那時(shí)起, 全球人口一直在上升, 1975年總計(jì)為 40億, 只有 15年又增加了 10億。

    我認(rèn)為, 世界人口據(jù)增的原因至少有三點(diǎn)。首先, 在許多國家, 尤其是發(fā)展中國家出生率持續(xù)上升。 一般來說, 那里的人持有這樣的看法, 孩子們費(fèi)不了多少錢, 當(dāng)孩子長大工作了, 就能掙錢, 當(dāng)父母親老了, 孩子們會(huì)照料他們。 其次, 有些不發(fā)達(dá)國家結(jié)婚年齡在下降，這也促使了人口的上升。比較后，許多發(fā)達(dá)國家中的死亡率穩(wěn)步下降, 因?yàn)槿嗣裆�活水平提高�? 衛(wèi)生保健改善了。

    依我看, 人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升, 還不如說是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

    According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, reaching two billion in 1930. The next billion was added to it by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which was another billion people in only 15 years.

    There are at least three reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate continues to climb in many countries, especially in developing ones. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don’t cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the marriage age in some of the underdeveloped countries is going down, which also contributes to the rise in population there. Finally, the death rate in most developed countries declines steadily because people’s standards of living are raised and health care improves.

    In my opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. (229 words)

    V. 碩士研究生英語入學(xué)考試短文寫作的基本模式: (僅供參考，使用時(shí)務(wù)必根據(jù)命題要求做相應(yīng)調(diào)整!)

    (一) 描述圖表性議論文

    As is shown in the picture, .... From the picture we can also see that ... According to the information conveyed by the picture, we can deduce that … It is clear that the picture implies … because we tend to (do) …

    There are at least two good reasons for this phenomenon. On the one hand, ... Let’s have an example to illustrate it. On the other hand, ... is due to the fact that ... In addition, ... is responsible for ... Maybe there are some other reasons to show ... But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.

    As far as I am concerned , ... So my conclusion is that ... I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. (114 words)

    (二) 一般性議論文

    As is known to all, it is important to be /do... I think the measures we need to take are as follows. For one thing, ...... For another, .... Let's take ... for example … From what I have mentioned above we can see that without ... we cannot ...... It is obvious that ... plays an important part in ...

    Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter. Some people think that ... According to them, all of us should ... Others argue that ... In their opinion, nobody can ... without ...

    It seems to us that compared with the first standpoint, the second one is much more reasonable …. There is no doubt that ... As a consequence, ...

    In short, I firmly support the view that ... It is because ... So my conclusion is that .... (123 words)

    (三) 應(yīng)用文格式示例

    1. A letter of application (申請(qǐng)信)

    Dear Sir or Madam,

    I’m writing to you to inquire if there would be any position available for me to work as an English teacher in your department. Please allow me to give you my brief reference. …

    …

    I’m looking forward to your kind early reply. (or Your kind early reply would be very much appreciated.) If you need any further information, please feel free to contact me.

    Many thanks.

    Yours sincerely,

    Li Ming

    2. A letter of complaint (投訴信)

    Dear Sir or Madam,

    I am writing to you to complain of the X Chemical Works, which seriously pollutes the city environment. The major problems are as follows. In the first place, … Secondly, … Finally, …. As a result, ….

    I think several urgent measures should be taken to solve the problems. On the one hand, … On the other hand, …

    It is my sincere hope that the pollution problems caused by the works will be looked into thoroughly and solved as soon as possible. I’m looking forward to your early reply.

    Thanks.

    Yours truly,

    Li Ming

    注意：考試中的書信作文重在測試考生的書面表達(dá)能力，而不是書信的格式，因此試題往往只要求考生寫出正文部分。書信作文的命題形式一般是給出英語或漢語的寫作提綱或其它指令性要求。請(qǐng)參考今年試題的命題形式和要求。

    寫作能力培養(yǎng)的途徑：1. 總結(jié)“復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”一書中“寫作”一章內(nèi)近5年考研寫作參考作文的基本框架、結(jié)構(gòu)和常用句型。 2. 準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)小本隨時(shí)記錄所讀到的優(yōu)秀句子、句型，并經(jīng)常背記。 3. 對(duì)照參考作文的英漢文本，總結(jié)兩種語言在表達(dá)同一思想時(shí)的異同，然后朗讀、背記。4. 改寫（加長或縮短）書中或講義中的參考作文，注意段落結(jié)構(gòu)。

    閱讀欣賞 經(jīng)濟(jì)英語

    In this article: China’s negotiations to re-enter GATT(關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定) reached a climax（高潮）as the important Uruguay round (烏拉圭回合) of world trade negotiations was concluded and the new WTO was set up. This article is an interview with the retired Director-General (總干事) of GATT, Mr Peter Sutherland, whose term finished on December 31, 1994. Mr Sutherland is credited with (被譽(yù)為) being a key figure in bringing the Uruguay round negotiations to a successful conclusion. In this interview, which Mr Sutherland gave especially to Terry Snow of the New Zealand Listener (新西蘭知音雜志) for the World of English, he talks about GATT, the new WTO, the principles of negotiation and China’s place in the world trade system.