Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is ___1___, the other is the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. ____2____ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out ___3___ effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or ___4___ , often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

    The degree of secrecy naturally ____5___ considerably. Some of the bigger firms are ___6___ in researches which are ___7____ such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive ___8___ to them not to keep them secret. ___9___ a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy___10 ___the stage at which patents can be ____11___ . Even more processes are never patented ___12___ but kept as secret processes. This ___13___ particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part ___14___ they do in physical and mechanical industries.

    Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an ___15___ that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ____16___ technical or scientific books from libraries ___17___ they are unwilling to have their names entered ___18___ having taken out such and such a book, ___19___ the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be ____20___ . (269 words)

    1. A. kept up B. carried out C. set up D. worked out

    2. A. In so far as B. For all that C. Just as D. As far as

    3. A. to B. within C. from D. for

    4. A. so B. else C. still D. even

    5. A. varies B. revises C. modifies D. alters

    6. A. participated B. embarked C. engaged D. dedicated

    7. A. with B. of C. in D. beyond

    8. A. fault B. failure C. merit D. advantage

    9. A. Yet B. Furthermore C. Consequently D. Otherwise

    10. A. when B. until C. unless D. after

    11. A. taken out B. made out C. turned out D. searched out

    12. A. at large B. at stake C. at all D. at once

    13. A. fits B. suits C. conforms D. applies

    14. A. which B. than C. as D. that

    15. A. excess B. exception C. extreme D. extent

    16. A. attaining B. acquiring C. obtaining D. achieving

    17. A. because B. though C. if D. where

    18. A. for B. before C. into D. as

    19. A. much as B. for fear C. even if D. as though

    20. A. understanding B. undermining C. undergoing D. undertaking

    II. 選擇搭配題

    Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about divorce and alternative lifestyles. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A--F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    [A] The problems divorce has brought about

    [B] Does high divorce rate mean refusal to marry?

    [C] Children’s rights are well protected

    [D] The root of high divorce rate in America

    [E] Sex equality is apparent in American divorces

    [F] Certain marriages are more likely to break

    During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promise each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occurred in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce. The U.S.A. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.

    41

    What goes wrong? The fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just the opposite is true. Americans expect a great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be deeply loved and understood. It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love and understanding.

    42

    Which marriages are most likely to end in divorce? Marriages between people with low incomes or limited education and marriages between teenagers are at greatest risk. The number of divorces between couples with children under the age of 18 is declining, and almost 45% of divorcing couples are childless.

    43

    When a couple gets divorced, the court may require the man to pay his former wife a monthly sum of money called alimony. The amount of alimony depends on the husband’s income, the wife’s needs, and the length of the marriage. If the woman is working and earns a good salary, she may receive no alimony at all. Occasionally, the court decides that a woman should pay her husband alimony. About 10% of American women outearn their husbands. If the woman has totally supported her husband during the marriage, the court may decide that she must continue to support him after the divorce. This is a rather new concept in the United States.

    44

    If a divorcing couple has children, the court must determine which parent the children will live with and who will provide for their support. In most cases, the children live with the mother, and the father pays child support and has visitation rights. However, it is not uncommon for a father to get full custody or joint custody of his children when this arrangement seems to be in the children’s best interest.

    45

    The high risk of divorce doesn’t seem to make Americans afraid to try marriage—again and again. By middle age, about 95% of Americans have been married at least once. About 80% of those who get divorced eventually remarry. Only in Japan is the married proportion of the population as high as it is in the U.S. A. In fact, remarriage and the creation of new families is so common in the United States that one American joke tells of a wife calling to her second husband, “Quick, John! Come here and help me! Your children and my children are beating up our children!”

    Despite the dominance of the married lifestyle, the number of people choosing alternative lifestyles is increasing, and their behavior is increasingly accepted by the general population. The number of unmarried couples living together rose from about 500,000 in 1970 to about 2.6 million in 1988. Many older people are horrified by the growing trend of unmarried couples living together. However, it is not just an American trend. It’s even more common in Europe than in the U.S.A.

    (課外練習(xí) 下次課給答案)

    Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about You’re Stuck. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    [A] Load up on new tools

    [B] Be creative

    [C] Avoid taking cover

    [D] Look beyond your job description

    [E] Manage your own PR

    [F] Build a circle of allies

    As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory—there’s no way up and no way out.

    After talking to career coaches, manager, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together the following tips to help workers break free from the inertia.

    41

    Don’t hide out behind your computer. “You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have,” says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren’t willing to tackle.

    42

    Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. “Allies will be helpful in terms of letting your know information, like if there’s a job possibility that comes up,” says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times.

    43

    This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can’t pay, do it on your own.) Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field – and when jobs do open up, you’ll be ready.

    44

    People don’t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Dolliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, has a client looking to hire a COO. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. “He said no because the VP only does what’s expected,” says Doliva. “The CEO didn’t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better.”

    45

    Doing well is part productivity and part publicity,” says Marilyn Moats Kennedy, a managing partner at Career Strategies. Let people know when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you’re giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outburst, and appearing calm and organized. And don’t forget to look the part. Many didn’t get promotions because of their professional presence—grooming, clothes, and body language.

    III. English-Chinese Translation

    How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow? How can the results of science be used to the best purpose for the benefit of humanity? 1) It was to find the answers to these questions, which are not merely academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to find them.

    The way to answer the first question is to find the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 2) In essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when science is given social importance and material means and is continually stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and social spheres.

    3) Now these problems have been essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology. 4) The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur, Kelvin.

    5) But for the secure advance of science it is also essential that those interests should lie along lines which bring the scientists into connection with constructive practical activities. For example, the relative sterility of natural science in the times between Pericles and Alexander is an indication of what able and gifted individuals could fail to do, if divorced from any relation to production through the overriding interests of the political problems of a decaying, small-city, slave society. (386 words)

    IV. Writing

    Directions:You are working as a part-timer for a foreign enterprise, your boss is asking you to writing a letter for him to John, one of the staff members, to reject a proposal on expanding field operations.

    Write a letter to John to:

    1) thank him for the proposal,

    2) tell him gently but firmly why his offer cannot be accepted,

    3) give him some encouragement for future efforts.

    Letter of Rejecting

    Dear John,

    I read with great interest your proposal to expand our field operations. Thanks for taking time to present this idea. 這個計劃聽起來不錯，但是很遺憾目前還派不上用場。

    As you know, we are making preparations to introduce several new products, and recent figures indicate this operation is going to draw on all our available resources for the next eight months.只是我們現(xiàn)在還沒有資金，人力或者培訓(xùn)能力來拓展我們的地盤。You may be certain I’ll remember your suggestion if the right time comes.

    希望能收到更多像你提供的這種好點子，那將會使我的工作變得更輕松。Thanks, John.

    Yours sincerely,

    Li Ming

    作業(yè)：1. 認真復(fù)習(xí)本單元內(nèi)容。 2. 詞匯背記必須結(jié)合完形、閱讀和英譯漢練習(xí)。 3. 在使用“復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)”時，要注意各章分頭全面推進，并針對自己的弱項選擇相關(guān)章節(jié)做重點突破。

    贈言： 要有收獲就必須不斷投入。全神貫注是事業(yè)成功的必修課。勝利往往就在于堅忍不拔。

    選擇搭配題參考譯文(1)

    在傳統(tǒng)的婚禮上，新郎和新娘會相互許諾終生相愛。然而美國約有1/4的婚姻以離異收場。自1940年以來，離婚率增長了一倍還多，專家預(yù)言，20世紀70年代的婚姻中，約有50% 會以離婚告終。美國是世界上離婚率比較高的國家之一，也許可稱世界之比較。

    問題究竟出在哪里呢？離婚在美國司空見慣并不意味著美國人視夫妻關(guān)系為兒戲，恰恰相反，他們對婚姻的期望值很高。他們追求肉體和諧、情感相通和智力相當，他們希望彼此深知深愛。正是因為美國人對婚姻的期望值太高，才使離異的人居高不下。他們寧愿不結(jié)婚，也不要沒有愛情和缺乏理解的婚姻。

    哪一種婚姻比較可能以離婚收場呢？低收入或少教育階層之間的婚姻，以及青少年之間的婚姻風險比較大。孩子在18歲以下的夫婦間的離婚率在下降，幾乎45%的離異夫婦都沒有子女。

    夫婦離婚時，法庭會要求男方每月付給前妻一筆錢，即贍養(yǎng)費。贍養(yǎng)費的金額依丈夫的收入、妻子的需要和婚姻時間長短而定。 如果妻子有工作而且收入不菲，她可能連一點贍養(yǎng)費也拿不到。偶爾也有法庭裁定妻子付給丈夫贍養(yǎng)費的。約有10% 的美國婦女收入超過他們的丈夫。如果妻子在婚姻期間一直完全供養(yǎng)丈夫，法庭可能裁定離婚后女方必須繼續(xù)供養(yǎng)丈夫。這在美國是一個相當新的觀念。

    如果辦理離婚的夫婦有孩子，法庭必須確定父母中誰與孩子一起生活，誰為孩子提供羊育費。在大多數(shù)情況下，孩子同母親一起生活，父親則支付孩子的撫養(yǎng)費并享有探視權(quán)。然而，只要比較大限度地對孩子有利，父親擁有對孩子的全部監(jiān)護權(quán)或父母共有監(jiān)護權(quán)的情況并不少見。

    離婚的高風險似乎沒有使美國人產(chǎn)生恐懼心理，他們依然一次又一次地嘗試婚姻，約95% 的美國中年人至少結(jié)過一次婚， 離婚的人中，約有80% 比較后還是再次成婚。只有日本人結(jié)婚的比例同美國人一樣高。其實，再婚和組織新家庭在美國非常普遍。美國有一則笑話說：一位妻子對她的二婚丈夫大聲喊：“快來呀，約翰，不好啦！你的孩子和我的孩子正在打我們的孩子！”

    盡管大多數(shù)都結(jié)婚成家，選擇其他生活方式的人也在增加， 他們的行為日益被一般人認可。未婚同居伴侶的人數(shù)已從1970年的50萬人增加到1988年的260萬人。許多老年人對日益增長的未婚同居趨勢感到震驚。不過這不僅是美國的趨勢，這種趨勢在歐洲更甚。

    選擇搭配題參考譯文(2)

    當公司持續(xù)消減經(jīng)費的時候， 頻繁升遷的日子就變成了遙遠的回憶。同樣，有無窮的機會展示你才華的日子也成了遙遠的回憶。面對著更多寥寥無幾的選擇，失業(yè)浪潮中的幸存者們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了事業(yè)的苦難中---- 進退維谷。

    在經(jīng)過與職業(yè)指導(dǎo)、經(jīng)理、招聘人員和心理學(xué)家們的交流之后，《財富》雜志總結(jié)了以下幾條幫助上班族們“解套”的秘訣。

    1．避免蝸居效應(yīng)

    不要把自己藏在電腦后面�！澳阏娴膽�(yīng)該努力去開擴或保持自己的視野，”大衛(wèi)•奧普頓—─ExecuNet事業(yè)管理公司的創(chuàng)辦人和首席執(zhí)政官這樣說。在會上積極發(fā)言，加盟各個項目小組，并主動去做你的同事們都不愿去做的困難項目。

    2．建立自己的盟友圈

    鞏固你現(xiàn)有的關(guān)系網(wǎng)并努力在辦公室內(nèi)外增加新的“關(guān)系網(wǎng)”。 “盟友們在幫助你獲得信息方面是非常有用的， 比方說，是否有新的工作機會出現(xiàn)，”首席執(zhí)行官、前景集團的創(chuàng)始人迪伊•索德這樣說。你所認識的人可能會給你的生活帶來很大的變化， 特別是當你處境艱難的時候。

    3．裝備新的謀生工具

    此時是獲得新技能的比較佳時間。 （如果你的老板不愿意為此出錢，你就自己支付這筆費用。）復(fù)習(xí)電腦知識， 旁聽一門課程，或是獲得一個與自己的工作領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的證書或?qū)W位—─這樣， 當新的工作來臨時，你已經(jīng)準備就緒。

    4．看得比職務(wù)要求的更遠

    人們并不是僅僅因為做好自己應(yīng)該做的工作就得到提升； 他們得到提升是因為他們以一種積極主動的態(tài)度來工作。 海德里克-斯特拉格爾斯國際招聘公司的合伙人勞倫•多莉娃有個客戶想雇傭一個首席運營官。 可是，當有人提出那個搞營運的副總裁是明顯符合條件的候選人時，這個首席執(zhí)行官卻馬上拒絕了他。 “他之所以說不，是因為那個人只做職責之內(nèi)的事，”多莉娃說�！笆紫瘓�(zhí)行官認為他不是那種敢于擔風險和肯花時間把自己工作做得更好的人�！�

    5．處理好你的公共關(guān)系

    “出色的工作部分表現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)能力上，部分表現(xiàn)在公眾形象上，”職業(yè)策略公司的管理合伙人瑪里琳•莫茨•肯尼迪說。當你完成了某件事情或是通過額外的付出提早完成工作時，應(yīng)當讓別人知道。不要自慚形穢，確保自己通過保持一種積極的態(tài)度、避免感情沖動和表現(xiàn)得冷靜而有條理去營造良好的氣氛。不要忘記讓自己看上去像做這個事的人。 許多人之所以失去了晉升的機會，就是因為他們忽視了良好的職業(yè)儀表—─裝飾、服裝和身勢語言。

    閱讀欣賞 經(jīng)濟英語

    Black Economic Development in Atlanta

    Since the early 1970s, Atlanta has enjoyed the reputation as a Mecca for black economic development. Perhaps the most significant boost to this image came when the city elected its first black Mayor, Maynard Jackson, who served two terms from 1974 to 1981, ushered in 18 years of black political leadership at city hall and helped create an environment in which the number of black-owned companies tripled, from 3961 in 1977 to 11804 firms today. Atlanta now ranks sixth among U.S. cities in the number of black-owned businesses.

    In 1982, Jackson was succeeded by Andrew Young, who became the city’s second elected two-term black mayor. During the Young administration, Atlanta’s minority participation goal was increased to 35 percent on all city contracts. By this time, the city’s Minority and Female Business Enterprise (MFBE) program was a model for the nation – not only because it created greater access to public work, but because it paved the way for Atlanta’s minority-owned firms to do business in the private sector as well.

    Between 1973 and 1988, the city of Atlanta awarded almost 1600 contracts to 612 minority-owned firms. The average value of those contracts was more than $300,000. During the same period, minority firms received 38 percent of the $283 million in joint-venture contracts awarded by the city.

    “Fair government created an environment for success for all people, ” says Herman J. Russell, chairman and CEO of H.J. Russell & Co. “I was ready to take advantage of opportunities when the doors opened. That’s the key.” Russell, who started his construction empire in 1952, won $75.2 million in contracts through the city’s MFBE program between 1980 and 1990. In 1972, the company grossed $6 million; in 1991, it posted sales of $143.6 million.

    Notes: Mecca原為Mecca伊斯蘭教圣地麥加，此處指“向往的地方”。 usher in 迎來。gross v. 總收入。post v. 公布。