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小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo):分詞
分詞也是動(dòng)詞的另一種非謂語(yǔ)形式,有-ing形式與-ed形式兩種。由于前面已經(jīng)講過(guò)動(dòng)名詞,這種形式跟-ing是一樣的,所以這講,著重講解-ed分詞。
-ed分詞即我們平常所說(shuō)的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。它有兩種形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞形式和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞形式。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞形式由規(guī)則動(dòng)詞+-ED構(gòu)成;不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有其特殊的-ED分詞。在語(yǔ)法功能上,它在句子中所能承擔(dān)的成分基本與-ING分詞相同,可以作表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),也可以用在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含義是“被動(dòng)”的。-ED分詞在語(yǔ)法功能和意義上與-ing分詞有一定的區(qū)別。
一、-ed分詞作表語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)一般用來(lái)表示感受、狀態(tài)(系詞+分詞)。如:
We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.
我們對(duì)她昨天給我們的小說(shuō)非常感興趣。
She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door.
她被門外突然的吵鬧聲嚇住了。
可以用作表語(yǔ)的常見過(guò)去分詞有:
amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, faded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unknown, upset, worried等。
二、作定語(yǔ)的-ed分詞
-ed分詞可以作前置定語(yǔ)也可以作后置定語(yǔ),作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
1.-ed分詞可以作前置定語(yǔ),此時(shí),分詞與名詞之間有兩種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系:一種是分詞表示主動(dòng)意義;一種是分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
He is a retired worker.
他是一個(gè)退休工人。
This is a newly-developed device.
這是一個(gè)新開發(fā)的工具。
2.-ed分詞作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí),其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如:
She likes to drink cold boiled water.
他喜歡喝涼白開。
They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
他們正在視察被暴風(fēng)雨毀壞的房屋。
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from ______ interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
[A] earn
[B] earned
[C] to earn
[D] was earned
解析:B為正確答案�?諜n前是一完整的句子,在沒有連詞的情況下,不能填充A和D;根據(jù)題意,“利息”是“通過(guò)…(被)掙來(lái)的”,有被動(dòng)之意,所以選B。
2) On his return from his _______ college, he found the house.
[A] deserting
[B] deserted
[C] desert
[D] to be deserted
解析:B為正確答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遺棄,沒人住”,是被動(dòng)的意義,而A和C都不符合這一點(diǎn)。D是動(dòng)詞不定式,一般表示將來(lái)或具體動(dòng)作,所以D也不對(duì)。
3) 改錯(cuò):The age [A] of a geological sample can be estimated [B] from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present [C] in the object is examined [D].
解析:D錯(cuò)。應(yīng)去掉多余的“is”,使-ED分詞“examined”作后置定語(yǔ)修飾“object”。C處并沒有錯(cuò)。“present”是形容詞,它與后面的成分構(gòu)成形容詞短語(yǔ)修飾限定前面的“the ratio...carbon”。
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