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表示過去:
1、發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果
2、某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)
構(gòu)成:have/has+過去分詞
句型基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+have/has+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句:主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句:主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句:Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)
過去分詞
1 、規(guī)則動詞:規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則:
(1)、一般動詞,在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work——worked——worked ,visit——visited——visited
(2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動詞,只在詞尾加“ d ”。
live——lived——lived ,
(3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動詞,將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study——studied——studied ,cry——cried——cried ,
play——played——played ,stay——stayed——stayed
(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop——stopped——stopped , drop——dropped——dropped
2 、不規(guī)則動詞:
AAA型
原型 過去式 過去分詞
burst burst burst
cast cast cast
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
put put put
set set set
shut shut shut
spread spread spread
let let let
AAB型
beat beat beaten
ABA型
become became become
run ran run
come came come
特殊情況
read read read
read原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過去式和過去分詞發(fā)音為/red/
ABB型
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
build built built
burn burnt burnt
catch caught caught
dig dug dug
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
hear heard heard
hold held held
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
sell sold sold
shoot shot shot
sit sat sat
stand stood stood
sweep swept swept
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
win won won
ABC型
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
draw drew drawn
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
fly flew flown
forgive forgave forgiven
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
grow grew grown
know knew known
ride rode ridden
rise rose risen
ring rang rung
shake shook shaken
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
swim swam swum
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過或完成的動作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說,動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。
I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現(xiàn)在桌子已經(jīng)擺好了。)
Michael has been ill.(含義是:現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現(xiàn)在已在此地)
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for(+時間段),since(+時間點(diǎn))連用。
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注(超重要):瞬間動詞(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動詞
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
………………
1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be+形容詞”代終止性動詞
1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill
3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be+副詞”代終止性動詞
1“be+on”代start,begin
2“be+up”代get up
3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be+介詞短語”代終止性動詞
1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to
常用瞬間動詞變延續(xù)性動詞表:
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相應(yīng)的介詞
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up;
7. have died → have been dead;
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep;
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over;
11. havemarried → have been married;
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ;
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven‘t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold;
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party‘s member/the league member/the soldier…
注意: 1.現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時間連用,(如表示過去的時間狀語)
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非與for,since連用。
2.現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
,如already「已經(jīng)」(肯定), yet「已經(jīng)」(否定,疑問), just, before, recently,still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately)。
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現(xiàn)在這段時間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。
We have had four texts this semester.
6.現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束,但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況——燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動作不延續(xù),因此,該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如:this morning / month /year……,today等)連用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
7.現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段時間+has passed+since從句
9. 現(xiàn)在完成時常和短語 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過好多故事書。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別
gone:去了沒回
been to :去過
been in:呆了很久
11.不能與when連用
一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時( 1 )、一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式,而現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語基本構(gòu)成是“助動詞 have/ has + 過去分詞”。
(2) 、一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如: yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等;而現(xiàn)在完成時則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ……, for …… 等表示一段時間的狀語連用。
試比較以下幾組句子,有什么區(qū)別:
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析:你看過這部電影嗎?( A )句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解;( B )句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過,并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析:他是怎么做的這件事?( A )句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做著件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響;( B )句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析:他在北京住了 8 年。( A )句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年,可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。( B )句講的是他在北京住過 8 年,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在北京了。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,而一般過去時與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系,只是說明某個動作發(fā)生的時間是在過去。
比:I have washed the car. 我洗過了車。(看上去很漂亮)
I washed the car a moment ago. 我剛才洗過車了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了)
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫好了,但還沒有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周寫的那封信,3天前寄出的。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去,而一般過去時則單純表示過去某段時間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
比:It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個小時了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5個小時的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個小時了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個小時,然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說話時還在上午)
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說話時已是下午或晚上
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