Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary(每題0.5分，共20分)
Section A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times [] 1979.
［A］from［B］after［C］for ［D］since
The sentence should read, I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose ［D］. Sample Answer
［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］
1、Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery [] just around the corner was untrue.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查動名詞的用法。從句中的謂語是WAS，在填入部分中需用現在分詞BEING，作定語，修飾名詞RECOVERY。
［A］would be
［B］to be
［C］was
［D］being
2、Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills [] people each year than automobile accidents.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查倍數表達問題。該句是個比較級，比……多7倍用SEVEN TIMES MORE ...THAN...。
［A］seven more times
［B］seven times more
［C］over seven times
［D］seven times
3、It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes [] place in our everchanging world.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查非謂語動詞的用法。TAKE PLACE需用主動態(tài)。在這里應選擇現在分詞。該句意思是，“人們之間交談的減少應怪罪現代生活的節(jié)奏以及在這個世界中莫名其妙的變化”。
［A］taking
［B］to take
［C］take
［D］taken
4、This is an exciting area of study,and one [] which new applications are being discovered almost daily.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查關系代詞用法知識。ONE指的是“研究領域”，在這個領域中幾乎每天可以發(fā)現新的應用。所以需用IN WHICH。
［A］from
［B］by
［C］in
［D］through
5、[] can be seen from the comparison of these figures,the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查關系代詞的用法。AS引導的非限制性定語從句，通常修飾整個主句或主句的部分內容。相同的句子有，AS IS SHOWN IN THE TABLE,THE U.S.A IS THE MAJOR COPPERPRODUCING COUNTRY.
［A］As
［B］What
［C］That
［D］It
6、Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony,I was unable to attend [] such short notice.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查介詞與名詞的固定搭配。ON SHORT NOTICE是一個習慣表達方式，意思是“得到通知的時間很短”。需選擇ON。
［A］to
［B］in
［C］with
［D］on
7、California has more light than it knows [] to do with but everything else is expensive.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查“連接詞+不定式”的結構用法。KNOW后面是由WHAT引出的不定式。該句意思為，“加利福尼亞擁有的太陽光要比已知可利用的多，但除此之外，一切都很昂貴�！�
［A］how
［B］what
［C］which
［D］where
8、The solution works only for couples who are selfemployed,dont have small children and get along [] to spend most of their time together.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查副詞的用法。GET ALONG WELL是“相處很好”，ENOUGH在修飾副詞和名詞時，一般位于后面，相似的例子有，“IT IS GOOD ENOUGH TO...”。
［A］so well
［B］too well
［C］well as
［D］well enough
9、Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about [] compliments to his political leaders.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查固定搭配知識。BE (NOT) ABOUT TO DO 表示“即將做……”。所以，［C］是正確的答案。
［A］paying
［B］having paid
［C］to pay
［D］to have paid
10、These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than [] in traditional media.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題涉及THAN引導的比較狀語從句的省略問題。在GREATER...THAN的結構中，THAN引導的是限制性定語從句，相等于THAN THOSE WHICH EXIST IN TRADITIONAL MEDIA.
［A］exist
［B］exists
［C］existing
［D］to exist
Section B
Directions:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)
Example:
A number of［A］ foreign visitors were taken［B］ to the industrial exhibition, which［C］ they saw［D］ many new products. Answer ［C］ is wrong. The sentence should read, A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose ［C］.
Sample Answer
［A］ ［B］ ［C］［D］
11、Your math instructor would have been ［A］ happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone ［B］ and explained ［C］ that your parents had been ［D］ ill at the time.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查時態(tài)問題，解題關鍵在于考生能否排除句中虛擬語氣的干擾。HAD BEEN改為WERE.表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，需用過去時，該句中“父母生病”不用虛擬語氣，只是過去發(fā)生過的一件事情。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
12、As the children become financially ［A］ independent of ［B］the family, the emphasis on ［C］family financial security will shift from protection to save ［D］ for the retirement years.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查動名詞用法。TO SAVE改為TO SAVING.FROM…TO的詞組中，TO是介詞，不是引出不定式的TO。所以需將SAVE改成SAVING。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
13、Were ［A］ the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could ［B］ dramatically transform a family-ran ［C］ enterprise that still gets 90%of its ［D］ revenues from newspapers.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查現在分詞與過去分詞作定語時的區(qū)別。A FAMILYRAN改成A FAMILYRUN。應該用過去分詞，修飾后面的ENTERPRISE。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
14、Symposium talks will cover a wide range ［A］ of subjects from ［B］ overfishing to physical and environment ［C］ factors that affect the populations ［D］ of different species.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題要求考生辨析代詞ONE和THAT的用法。ONE改為THAT。THAT指的是前面的ROLE。不是泛指的某一個。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
15、Conversation calls for a［A］willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one ［B］of listener,［C］and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by ［D］both.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
16、If two theories are equal to ［A］their ability to account for ［B］a body of data,the theory that does so ［C］ with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred.［D］
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題涉及固定搭配問題。TO改為IN，表示“某……方面”是相同的。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
17、The Committee adopted a resolution requiring ［A］ the seven automakers selling ［B］ the most cars in the state making ［C］2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free ［D］ by 1998.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查考生對REQUIRE SB. TO DO STH. 這一結構的熟識程度。MAKING改為TO MAKE。REQUIRE要求后面的賓語補足語應是不定式。全句意思是：“委員會通過一項決議，要求在本州銷售大部分汽車的七名汽車廠商，在1998年之前應使其產生的汽車中的2%成為排放清潔尾氣的汽車�！�
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
18、As long as ［A］ poor peolpe, who in general are colored, are in conflict with ［B］ richer people who in general are lighter ［C］skin,［D］theres going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查句子的平行結構。SKIN改為SKINNED。需用形容詞SKINNED,表示“具有……的皮膚”。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
19、All those left undone ［A］ may sound greatly ［B］ in theory,but even the truest believer ［C］ has great difficulty when ［D］ it comes to specifics.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查實義動詞作系動詞用時的區(qū)別。GREATLY改為GREAT。SOUND是系動詞，后面應用形容詞。
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
20、Even if［A］ automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on ［B］alternative fuels,［C］the cars wont catch on in a big way when ［D］ drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查連詞的使用問題。WHEN改為UNLESS。主句意思是，“采用替代燃料的汽車無法大量生產，除非開車人能夠在加油站用這種燃料裝滿油箱�！�
［A］
［B］
［C］
［d］
Section C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.
［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejected
The sentence should read, The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose ［C］.
Sample Answer［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］
21、An important property of a scientific theory is its ability tofurther research and further thinking about a particular topic.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查詞義的使用辨析。STIMULATE 是激發(fā)。［B］ RENOVATE “更新，修理”；［C］ AROUSE 是“喚起，引起”；［D］ ADVOCATE 是“擁護，提倡”。
［A］ stimulate
［B］ renovate
［C］ arouse
［D］ advocate
22、Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查慣用的動賓搭配知識。 CONSIDERATIONS 是“需求，要求”。［A］ OBLIGATIONS 是“職責”；［B］ REGULATIONS 是“規(guī)章”；［C］ OBSERVATIONS 是“觀察”。
［A］ obligations
［B］ regulations
［C］ observations
［D］ considerations
23、Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against lossthe bread-winners death.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查介詞短語知識，尤其是［C］與［D］的用法區(qū)別。AS A RESULT OF 是“由于”。［A］ AT THE COST OF 是“以……為代價”；［B］ ON THE VERGE OF 是“接近于，瀕于”；［D］ FOR THE SAKE OF 是“為了……”。
［A］ at the cost of
［B］ on the verge of
［C］ as a result of
［D］ for the sake of
24、In education there should be a goodamong the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查考生對詞義的準確把握。BALANCE 是“平衡”。［A］ DISTRIBUTION 是“分發(fā)，分配”；［C］ COMBINATION 是“結合，聯合”；［D］ ASSIGNMENT 是“分配，委派”。
［A］ distribution
［B］ balance
［C］ combination
［D］ assignment
25、 The American dream is mostduring the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。PLAUSIBLE 是“似乎有理的，似乎可能的”。［B］ PATRIOTIC 是“愛國的”；C) PRIMITIVE 是“原始的”；［D］ PARTIAL“部分的”。
［A］ plausible
［B］ patriotic
［C］ primitive
［D］ partial
26、Poverty is not in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查考生利用上下句意思上的轉折關系來做題的能力。PREVALENT 是“流行的，盛行的”。［A］ RARE 是“稀有的，罕見的”；［B］ TEMPORARY 是“臨時的，暫時的”；［D］ SEGMENTAL 是“部分的，分割的”。
［A］ rare
［B］ temporary
［C］ prevalent
［D］ segmental
27、People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in populated areas.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查詞匯的慣用搭配。DENSELY 是“密集地，稠密地”。［B］ INTENSELY 是“強烈地，劇烈地”；［C］ ABUNDANTLY 是“豐富地”；［D］ HIGHLY 是“高度地”。
［A］ densely
［B］ intensely
［C］ abundantly
［D］ highly
28、As a way ofthe mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B［注釋］本題考查動詞短語的用法。COPING WITH 是“處理”。［A］ PICKING UP 是“拾起”；［C］ PASSING OUT 是“昏倒；死”；［D］ GETTING ACROSS 是“使通過”。
［A］ picking up
［B］ coping with
［C］ passing out
［D］ getting across
29、Toms mother tried hard to persuade him tofrom his intention to invest his savings in stock market.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題涉及動詞短語及其搭配用法。BACK DOWN 是“放棄”。［A］ PULL OUT 是“拔出，挖出”；［B］ INTERRUPTION 是“中斷，打斷”；［C］ DRAW IN 是“到站”。
［A］ pull out
［B］ give up
［C］ draw in
［D］ back down
30、 An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞義辨析。INTERVENTION 是“介入”。［A］ INTERFERENCE “干涉，干預”，［B］ INTERRUPTION 是“中斷，打斷”；［D］ INTERACTION 是“相互作用”。
［A］ interference
［B］ interruption
［C］ intervention
［D］ interaction
31、 These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized theof higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞義辨析。DOMAIN 是“領域，范圍”。［A］ BRANCH 是“分支”；［B］ CATEGORY 是“種類，目錄”；［D］ SCOPE 是“范圍(活動的)”。
［A］ branch
［B］ category
［C］ domain
［D］ scope
32、Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously thein the financial system will drag down the economy.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查一般的詞匯知識。SHAKINESS 是“不穩(wěn)定”。［A］ SHALLOWNESS 是“淺薄”；［C］ SCANTINESS 是“貧乏”；［D］ STIFFNESS 是“僵硬”。
［A］ shallowness
［B］ shakiness
［C］ scantiness
［D］ stiffness
33、 Crisis would be the right term to describe thein many animal species.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查詞義辨析。DECLINE 是“減少，下降”。［A］ MINIMIZATION 是“縮到最小”；［B］ RESTRICTION 是“限制”；［C］ DESCENT 是“降下，下降”。
［A］ minimization
［B］ restriction
［C］ descent
［D］ decline
34、The city is an important railroadand industrial and convention center.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞義辨析。JUNCTION 是“交叉點”。［A］ CONJUNCTION 是“結合，聯合”；［B］ NETWORK “網絡”；［D］ LINK “連接，環(huán)節(jié)”。
［A］ conjunction
［B］ network
［C］ junction
［D］ link
35、 Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to myself of every chance to improve my English.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞義搭配。AVAIL OF 是“利用”。［A］ ASSURE 是“使確信，向……保證”；［B］ INFORM 是“告訴，通知”；［D］ NOTIFY “通知”。
［A］ assure
［B］ inform
［C］ avail
［D］ notify
36、Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas thatdisease resistance in neighboring plants.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查詞義辨析。ACTIVATE 是“使激活，使活化”。［A］ CONTRACT 是“訂約，承包”；［C］ MAINTAIN 是“維持”；［D］ PRESCRIBE 是“規(guī)定，開處方”。
［A］ contracts
［B］ activates
［C］ maintains
［D］ prescribes
37、Corporations and labor unions have great benefits upon their employees and members as well us upon the general public.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查動詞與介詞的固定搭配。CONFER UPON 是“給予，授予”。［B］ GRANT 是“同意，準予”；［C］ FLING 是“扔，擲”；［D］ SUBMIT 是“呈送，呈交”。
［A］ conferred
［B］ granted
［C］ flung
［D］ submitted
38、The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was from one new moon to the next.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查動詞詞義辨析。RECKON 是“把……看作”。［A］ MEASURE 是“測量”；［C］ JUDGE 是“判斷，審判”；［D］ ASSESS 是“評估”。
［A］ measured
［B］ reckoned
［C］ judged
［D］ assessed
39、 The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it wasto the issue at hand.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題主要考查固定搭配知識。IRRELEVANT TO 是“與……無關的”。［A］ IRRATIONAL 是“不合理的”；［B］ UNREASONABLE 是“無理的”；［C］ INVALID 是“無效的”。
［A］ irrational
［B］ unreasonable
［C］ invalid
［D］ irrelevant
40、Fuel scarcities and price increasesautomobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查動詞詞義辨析。PROMPT 是“促使，激勵”。［A］ PERSUADE 是“勸告”；［C］ IMPOSE 是“把……加強”；［D］ ENLIGHTEN 是“啟發(fā)，開導”。
［A］ persuaded
［B］ prompted
［C］ imposed
［D］ enlightened
Part ⅡCloze Test(每題1分，共10分)Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies (41)[] low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them (42)[] and active. When the work is well done, a (43)[] of accident-free operations is established (44)[] time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may (45)[] greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by (46)[] rules or regulations. (47)[]others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety (48)[]. The fewer the injury (49)[], the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at (50)[] or at a loss.
41、
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查介詞用法。［B］IN和［C］ON與其后的RATES沒有任何關系，構不成任何搭配，故［B］和［C］應立即排除。當談到“速度”或“價格”時，RATE前面可以用AT。如：AT THE RATE OF 50 MILES AN HOUR或者 ORANGES ARE SOLD AT THE RATE A DOLLAR PER KILOGRAM. 在用作“比率”或“率”時，RATE前通常不加AT。如：THE RATE OF FINISHED PRODUCTS 成品率。本題中ACCIDENT RATE 意為“事故率”。選項［D］WITH可理解為“有”，“具有”，即“（具有）低事故率的公司”，所以應該選［D］。
［A］at
［B］in
［C］on
［D］with
42、［A］alive［B］vivid［C］mobile［D］diverse
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查固定搭配。KEEP SOMETHING ALIVE是固定詞組，意為“使……繼續(xù)有效，使……繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用”，用在文章中語義通順。KEEP與VIVID（生動的）、MOBILE（移動的）和DIVERSE（多種多樣的）都不構成固定搭配，故均應排除。
［A］alive
［B］vivid
［C］mobile
［D］diverse
43、［A］regulation［B］climate［C］circumstance［D］requirement
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題主要測試一詞多義知識。四個選項的意思分別為：REGULATION：規(guī)定；CLIMATE：氣候，風氣，氣氛；CIRCUMSTANCE：情況；REQUIREMENT：要求。根據文章的意思應該選擇［B］CLIMATE。
［A］regulation
［B］climate
［C］circumstance
［D］requirement
44、［A］where［B］how［C］what［D］unless
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查關系副詞使用知識。本句開頭說：當這項工作（低事故率的安全計劃）的制定和實施出色完成后，無事故操作的氣氛便形成了。無事故操作氣氛的形成在低事故率的安全計劃得到徹底實施的地方才能實現，所以四個選項在此處使用WHERE最為合適。
［A］where
［B］how
［C］what
［D］unless
45、［A］alter［B］differ［C］shift［D］distinguish
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題實際上考查動詞與介詞的搭配使用。［A］ALTER意為“改變”，為及物動詞，后不接IN，故應排除。DIFFER IN意為“在……方面不同”，此處選［B］完全符合上下文意思。［C］SHIFT（替換，轉換）通常與FROM ...TO ...連用。［D］DISTINGUISH意為“區(qū)別”，通常與FROM連用，DISTINGUISH A FROM B意為“將A和B區(qū)別開來”。
［A］alter
［B］differ
［C］shift
［D］distinguish
46、［A］constituting［B］aggravating［C］observing［D］justifying
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞匯的慣用搭配。RULES和REGULATION的前面通常使用OBSERVE，所以選項［C］OBSERVING正確。［A］ CONSTITUTING（組成，構成）、［B］ AGGRAVATING （使……惡化）和［D］ JUSTIFYING（證明……是公正的，認為……有理）都和空格后的RULES及REGULATION不搭配。
［A］constituting
［B］aggravating
［C］observing
［D］justifying
47、［A］Some［B］Many［C］Even［D］Still
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查連接詞的用法。在空格前，文章說：有些人強調機械方面的校正和檢驗。有些人則強調遵守規(guī)章和法規(guī)以實施安全工作，顯然下一句應該是“還有其他人”的別的主張，所以根據上下文應選［D］。
［A］Some
［B］Many
［C］Even
［D］Still
48、［A］comes off［B］turns up［C］pays off［D］holds up
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查動詞短語知識。［A］COMES OFF（實現，成功）。［B］TURNS UP（開大，調大，出現，到來）。［C］PAYS OFF（使人得益，有報償，付清……的工資），選項［C］的意思與上下文相吻合。全句意為“單從財政的觀點上來看，安全是能使人得益的�！保跠］HOLDS UP意為“舉起，阻擋”也與文章的意思不符。
［A］comes off
［B］turns up
［C］pays off
［D］holds up
49、［A］claims［B］reports［C］declarations［D］proclamations
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題也是考查一詞多義知識。［A］CLAIM意為“索賠，要求，聲稱”，與上下文的意思相符，故選［A］。全句的意思是：受傷害索賠越少，工人的安全保險率越高。［B］REPORTS（報告）、［C］DECLARATIONS（宣言，聲明）、［D］PROCLAMATION（宣布，聲明）都與上下文的意思不符，所以排除。
［A］claims
［B］reports
［C］declarations
［D］proclamations
50、［A］an advantage［B］a benefit［C］an interest［D］a profit
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對英語中的一些常用習語的熟識程度。本句末尾的AT A LOSS是和AT A PROFIT對應的，故應選［D］。
［A］an advantage
［B］a benefit
［C］an interest
［D］a profit
Part ⅢReading Comprehension(每題2分，共40分)Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
單項選擇題
Passage1
Its a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a childs Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regualtions, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who are paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “Were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ”says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51、 What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened?
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題為細節(jié)推斷題，搜索全文，題干中“1980’S”僅出現一次，在第四行�！啊璗HE EARLY 1980S, WHEN JURIES BEGAN HOLDING MORE COMPANIES LIABLE FOR THEIR CUSTOMERS MISFORTUNE” 意為“公司要為顧客的不幸負責”，故答案為B。
［A］ Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
［B］ Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
［C］ Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
［D］ Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52、 Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這同樣是一道細節(jié)題。由第六行“FEELING THREATENED, ...POSSIBLE ACCIDENT.”推斷可知答案為［C］。選項［A］易排除，因為公司不是為了“SATIFY”顧客，而是“FEELING THREATENED”，即它是害怕為顧客承擔法律責任。
［A］ satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
［B］ become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
［C］ make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
［D］ feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern
53、The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道邏輯細節(jié)題，問作者在文中援引SCHUTT頭盔案例是何用意?典型的舉例題型，一般來說，例子是為了說明前面的觀點的。本題中“SCHUTT HELMET”案例在原文中的前幾句話是LINE 14-15。觀點是“一些法院開始支持被告即公司”，故答案為［A］。
［A］ some injury claims were no longer supported by law
［B］ helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
［C］ product labels would eventually be discarded
［D］ some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54、The authors attitude towards the issue seems to be [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道態(tài)度題，詢問作者對這個問題的態(tài)度。作者態(tài)度題。本文作者只是客觀的敘述事情剛開始是怎么樣的，后來又發(fā)生了什么樣的變化，沒有摻入個人的觀點。故為［D］。
譯文 解讀 外面的世界是危險的。如果你走出去，你有可能滑倒在門口的地墊上，摔傷一條腿。如果你點燃爐灶，你有可能燒毀整幢房子。如果地墊或爐灶上沒有警告字樣告訴你可能發(fā)生的危險，你或許可以幸運地就自己所受的傷害通過法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。在20世紀80年代初期之前，陪審團開始認為更多的公司應該對他們的消費者遭受的不幸負責，也許自那時起人們就不再這樣粗略地認為。 這是一篇敘述文。
第一段指出80年代初以來，在個人受傷索賠案中，法庭總是傾向于讓公司對其顧客遭受的不幸負責。 公司感到(賠償的)威脅，便做出反應，寫出的警告標簽越來越冗長，以預測任何可能出現的事故。結果，現在的梯子上的警告標簽達幾英寸長，除了警告你可能發(fā)生其他的意外之外，還警告你有可能摔下來，這種警告真是莫名其妙；如兒童的蝙蝠俠玩具的斗篷上也警告說：本玩具“并不能使使用者飛行”。
雖然警示語常常是合理的和必要的，如有關藥物的副作用可能產生的危害的警示語，而且許多是州或聯邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費者受傷，這些警示語能否保護產銷商免于責任呢？這還很難講。因為當受傷的消費者把公司告到法庭上時，大約有50%的公司會輸掉官司。 第二、三段指出面對這樣的情況，公司寫出冗長的警告標語，避免可能要承擔的法律責任。 現在看來這種趨勢正在有所改變。盡管人們依然還為產品所造成的人身傷害提出索賠，但有些法院已開始站在被告這一邊，特別是處理那些即便是有警示語也無法避免傷害的案例時。五月份(美國)伊利斯州的SCHUTT體育公司被告，一位橄欖球隊員戴了SCHUTT體育公司生產的頭盔踢球時受傷癱瘓。該公司總裁JULIE NIMMMONS先生辯解道，“他癱瘓了我們非常難過，但是這種頭盔設計時并不是用來防止這種傷害的”。陪審團也認為造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球運動本身(危險性)。公司因此勝訴。同時，美國法學會——該組織由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師和學者組成——宣布的新民事侵害法中的綱要指出：公司沒有必要向消費者警告顯而易見的危險，或者就可能產生的危險向他們提供一個長長的單子。康奈爾大學法學院的一位參與新綱要起草的法學教授說，“重要的信息可能被埋沒在浩如煙海的細節(jié)里�！比绻摲山M織的這一不太過分的要求能得以實行，產品上提供的警示信息實際上可能是用來保護消費者利益的，而不僅僅是為了保護公司免除法律責任。 第四段指出情況發(fā)生了轉變。一些法庭開始站到被告一邊。
［A］ biased
［B］ indifferent
［C］ puzzling
［D］ objective
Passage2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55、We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。由原文第一句話推知：WEB BUSINESS在盡力的擴大它的市場。［D］選項有迷惑性，仔細研究第二句話可排除。
［A］ has been striving to expand its market
［B］ intended to follow a fanciful fashion
［C］ tried but in vain to control the market
［D］ has been booming for one year or so
56、Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道綜合推斷題。原文LINE 9 “ANOTHER MAJOR SHIFT...” LINE 11 “HOWEVER”揭示“戰(zhàn)略從‘吸引顧客’轉到了‘把信息推向顧客’”。
［A］ the technology is popular with many Web users
［B］ businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
［C］ there is a radical change in strategy
［D］ it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57、 In the view of Net purists,[].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題，問網絡純凈主義者對“網上強推”持何態(tài)度。第三段最后三句話。將“THATS A PROSPECT THAT HORRIFIES NET PURISTS”前面的觀點取反可知答案為［D］。
［A］ there should be no marketing messages in online culture
［B］ money making should be given priority to on the Web
［C］ the Web should be able to function as the television set
［D］ there should be no online commercial information without requests
58、We learn from the last paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。從最后一段所舉的例子可推斷知答案。“THE EXAMPLE OF ... SHOW THAT...WILL ATTRACT ONLINE CUSTOMERS�！� 譯文 解讀 大約在網上交易的第一年中，大部分業(yè)務活動都是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場而進行的。最近，隨著網絡被證明不是一時的時髦后，公司間才開始在網上交易產品和提供服務。公司間的這種交易方式能行得通是因為商人一般都知道自己所需要的產品。 這是一篇議論文。
第一段指出商務活動主要是圍繞著努力開拓消費者市場。 然而，許多公司由于懷疑網絡的可靠性仍對網絡的使用猶豫不決。FORRESTER研究中心的資深分析家BLANE ERWIN說，“交易雙方需要認識到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應商之間的途徑。”有些公司只向固定交易伙伴提供公司內部的局域網接點，它們通過這種在線交易方式來達到降低風險的目的。 第二段指出許多公司仍對網絡的可靠性表示懷疑。 網絡商業(yè)模式的另一個重大變化是營銷策略的變化。直到最近，互聯網上的銷售活動主要是把用戶“吸引”到自己的網站上來。然而，就在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出了新的技術，能讓公司直接向用戶“推銷”信息——將銷售信息直接傳送給特定的用戶。最突出的例子是POINTCAST網絡，該網絡使用一種屏幕保護系統(tǒng)，將最新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計算機顯示器上。用戶可以定制想要的信息，然后直接進入某個公司的網站。像VIRTUALVINEYARDS這樣的公司已經開始使用類似的策略將有關特價商品、產品推銷或其他活動的信息“推”向用戶。但是，推銷策略遭到許多網上用戶的鄙視。網上文化珍視這樣一個概念，即信息應傳送給那些提出需求的用戶。一旦商業(yè)廣告不請自來地充斥了電腦屏幕，網絡與電視就沒多大差別了。這樣的前景令網絡凈化者感到不安。 第三段指出網絡商務模式發(fā)生的重大變化是營銷策略從拉顧客進入網站轉到直接推營銷信息到目標消費者，但許多網民反感這種硬塞方式。 但是，網上公司完全可以避免使用“推銷”策略來賺錢。VIRTUALVINEYARDS和AMAZON.COM(兩個網站的名稱)以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對路產品的網站，加上相互合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰到好處地結合起來，將同樣能吸引網上客戶。計算機的運算能力成本不斷下降，這對于企事業(yè)單位在計算機上建立銷售點是個好兆頭。只要回顧一下過去5到10年的歷史人們很可能會感到奇怪：為什么如此少的公司嘗試在線服務呢? 第四段指出事實證明不用推的強行策略也可賺錢。
［A］ pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
［B］ interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
［C］ leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
［D］ setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons redically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Compntereducation advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
59、The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。從原文1—3行可知有兩派觀點，一種是“為學生的就業(yè)前景考慮”，一種是“教改需要”，所以答案為［B］。
［A］ farreaching
［B］ dubiously oriented
［C］ selfcontradictory
［D］ radically reformatory
60、The belief that education is indispensable to all children [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。原文 LINE 12—13 “WITH OPTIMISM..., EVERY ONE IS FIT TO BE EDUCATED.”
［A］ is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
［B］ came into being along with the arrival of computers
［C］ is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates
［D］ originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61、It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道推斷題。題干中“EUROPEAN”在原文中易定位，在第三段，注意第三段第三行的“HOWEVER”，可知作者是持否定態(tài)度的，故選［C］。
［A］ dependent upon the starting age of candidates
［B］ worth trying in various social sections
［C］ of little practical value
［D］ attractive to every kind of professional
62、According to the author, basic computer skills should be [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。本題考詞匯。原文 LINE 29 “...BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS ARE ONLY COMPLEMENTARY TO...”。選項［A］中AUXILIARY 和 COMPLEMENTARY同為“輔助，補充”之意。譯文 解讀 關于計算機課堂教學，在認識上存在著一條無形的界限，那就是有人提倡以此來增加學生的就業(yè)前景，有人則希望以此達到從根本上改革教育的目的。很少有人撰寫文章來描述這一區(qū)別，或者更確切地說是矛盾，但是這一問題正是主張用計算機課堂教學這一運動的癥結之所在。 這是一篇議論文。第一段提出計算機教學是為了職業(yè)教育還是基本教育改革目的這個問題的分界線不明，并且沒有引起足夠的重視。 為了使學生獲得一種工作的教育是職業(yè)教育，設立這種教育的目的與法律所要求的人都需要教育的目的截然不同。法律要求所有孩子在十幾歲前接受教育的目的并不是單純的為了增加他們的就業(yè)希望。然而，我們對一個美國公民的素質有一種既定的認識，（他們）認為：如果他不能充分地評價外界因素對其生活和幸福的影響，他的個性是不完整的。但是，情況并不總是如此，在法律規(guī)定所有孩子必須在校學習到某個年齡之前，人們普遍認為有些孩子的本性并不適合接受這種教育的。隨著樂觀思想在所有工業(yè)化國家的不斷深入，人們開始接受每個人都適合受教育這一觀念。主張計算機教育的人放棄了這種樂觀主義認識，取而代之的是一種悲觀的態(tài)度，這種悲觀態(tài)度背離了他們本來應該有的樂觀的觀念。一方面是主張為普通教育而設立計算機課堂教學，另一方面是主張職業(yè)是目的，基于對以上兩種目的的混淆，計算機教育的倡導者常常只強調計算機對就業(yè)前景的影響而忽視了其教育成就。對適當的學生進行職業(yè)教育也有某些充足的論據。為了使孩子們具備將要從事的職業(yè)所需要的技能，很多歐洲學校很早就引進了職業(yè)教育這一概念。然而如果因此就堅持地認為只有這么多的工作在等著同樣多的科學家、商人及會計師來做，就未免太自以為是了。況且，在像我們這樣一個經濟發(fā)展遍及很多地區(qū)，同時又有許多跨國公司的大國中，職業(yè)教育不可能培養(yǎng)出每一種職業(yè)所需要的足夠的專業(yè)型人才。 第二、三段指出職業(yè)教育不同于義務普及教育。普及教育認為每個人都適于受教育，職業(yè)教育更強調畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景，而忽視教育成效，因而歐洲的職業(yè)教育模式不適用于美國。 但是，相對于為數不多的學生來說，職業(yè)培訓有可能是必要的，因為假設其他條件相同，熟練的技能有可能是他們最后能否找到工作的決定性因素。目前所有使用的任何計算機的基本技能都是很簡單的，學會使用各種軟件不必花費畢生的時間。當然如果想成為計算機工程師，那完全是另一回事。掌握計算機基本技能最多只需要一兩個月。不管怎樣，計算機基本技能只能是一種想要成為專業(yè)型人員所需要的各種職業(yè)技能的補充。當然，應該看到，不管是普通學校還是職業(yè)學校，如混淆其目的，都不會從中受到益處。 第四段指出職業(yè)教育中，計算機基礎技能只起到一種補充作用。
［A］ included as an auxiliary course in school
［B］ highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
［C］ mastered through a lifelong course
［D］ equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
Passage4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a nearfinal draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clintons 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. ” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”
63、 We can learn from the first paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道綜合判斷題。原文1—2行，CLINTON得到有關克隆的消息就宣布他反對克隆人，可得到答案［B］。
［A］ federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
［B］ the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
［C］ NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
［D］ the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning
64、The panel agreed on all of the following except that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道是非判斷題。本題為“EXCEPT”題型。第12、13行提到“THE PANEL HAS NOT YET AGREED ON...”。
［A］ the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
［B］ the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
［C］ it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
［D］ it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
65、NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。細節(jié)題，較簡單。原文21—23行提到了原因：法律已經對此作出了規(guī)定。
［A］ embryo research is just a current development of cloning
［B］ the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
［C］ an embryos life will not be endangered in embryo research
［D］ the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
66、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道推斷題。原文第25行“BUT THEY WERE DIVIDED ON...”可推斷關于是否徹底禁止克隆人尚有分歧。故答案為［A］。
譯文 解讀 當蘇格蘭的一個研究小組透露三個月前他們克隆了一只成年綿羊時，世界為之震驚，克林頓總統(tǒng)迅速作出反應。他宣稱他反對利用這種不同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯邦資金做這樣的實驗——盡管還沒有人提出要這樣做——他要求成立一個由普林斯頓大學校長SHAPIRO領導的獨立專家小組，在90天內就克隆人研究方面的國家政策問題拿出建議，向白宮匯報。這個專家組名為全國生物倫理道德顧問委員會(NBAC)，它此后一直在積極熱情地工作，集思廣益，寫下建議。在5月17日的一次會議上，委員們就接近定稿的建議書達成了一致意見。 這是一個新聞體篇。
第一段指出克林頓政府對克隆羊的消息的反應不僅迅速而且強烈，并成立了一個專家小組，針對克隆人研究方面的國家政策提出建議。 NBAC將要求克林頓總統(tǒng)無限期延長有關聯邦基金不能用來克隆人的90天禁令，并且將此立法。但NBAC委員們計劃在提案的措辭上更為嚴謹以避免給克隆人體DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)或細胞等研究帶來更多的限制——因為在分子生物研究中這種研究屬于常規(guī)研究課題。不過，這個專家組在一個關鍵性問題上尚未達成一致意見，即：是否建議立法，規(guī)定利用私人基金克隆人被視為犯罪行為。
在5月17日開會討論的建議序言草稿中，SHAPIRO表示專家們已取得廣泛的一致意見，認為“試圖用成人細胞核去克隆嬰兒是違背倫理道德的�！盨HAPIRO在會議期間解釋說，倫理道德上的質疑主要源于害怕對嬰兒的健康產生危害。然后，專家們非正式地接受了幾種一般的結論，雖然某些細節(jié)尚未定論。
NBAC計劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯邦政府基金利用人體細胞核來克隆嬰孩的企圖。因為現行聯邦政府法律已經禁止使用聯邦基金創(chuàng)造供研究用的胚胎(即出生前人類后代的最早階段)或有意識地危害胚胎的生命，但NBAC的建議將不反對胚胎的研究。
NBAC成員表示：他們呼吁由私人贊助的研究人員和機構不要試圖通過人體細胞核遷移來克隆人。但他們在是否進一步要求聯邦以法律完全禁止克隆人這一問題上存在分歧。SHAPIRO和大多數委員贊成對此立法，但在電話采訪中透露，這個問題仍然“懸而未決”。 第二、三、四段提出了專家小組的建議和想法。
［A］ some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
［B］ a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time.
［C］ privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appeal
［D］ the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Passage5
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuting a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said. “but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect is managament to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
67、 The author wants to proved with the example of Isaac Newton that [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道邏輯細節(jié)題。本題又是“FOR EXAMPLE”題型，舉例是為了說明第一句的觀點：科學更依靠觀察實驗的人的有準備的頭腦。
［A］ inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
［B］ science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
［C］ scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
［D］ unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68、 The author asserts that scientists [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道細節(jié)題。原文第二段“UNPREDICTABLE”一詞反復出現，意即科學家應該注意“不可預見的東西”，它是研究的本質。
［A］ shouldnt replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
［B］ shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
［C］ should write more concise reports for technical journals
［D］ should be confident about their research findings
69、 It seems that some young scientists [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這又是一道細節(jié)題。原文第13—14行：年輕科學家喜歡用SCIENTIFIC METHOD來作為IMAGINATIVE THOUGHTS的替代品，而后者是作者所堅持的，可見年輕的科學家堅持SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
［A］ have a keen interest in prediction
［B］ often speculate on the future
［C］ think highly of creative thinking
［D］ stick to “scientific method”
70、The author implies that the results of scientific research [].
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道推斷題。本題較難，是綜合推斷題。第22—23行可知MANAGEMENT喜歡認為研究總是能掙錢的，作者后面對此表示了懷疑，故答案為［A］。
譯文 解讀 在實踐中，科學與其說依靠事先準備的實驗還不如說是依靠實驗觀察者有所準備的頭腦。艾薩克·牛頓爵士通過對蘋果落地進行研究發(fā)現了萬有引力定律。多少個世紀以來蘋果一直在許多地方落到地面上，成千上萬的人也看到過蘋果落地。但多年來牛頓一直對月球和行星繞軌道運行的起因好奇。是什么力促使它們處于現在的位置呢?它們?yōu)楹尾宦涞教炜罩饽?蘋果向下落到地上而不是向上飛到樹上這一事實回答了牛頓長期以來一直對月球和行星所存有的疑問，月球和行星是蒼天中更大的果實。
有多少人考慮過蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性呢?然而牛頓就考慮過，因為他不想對任何事情進行預測。他只是喜歡思索。他的思想在準備思考不可預測的事。不可預測性是科學研究不可缺少的一個重要特征。如果沒有不可預測現象，就用不著研究了。科學家們在為科學雜志撰寫千篇一律的報告時往往會忘記這一點，但是歷史上這樣的例子歷歷可數。 這是一篇議論文。
第一、二段通過牛頓的例子說明，在實踐中做實驗的人的心理準備比實驗本身更加重要。 在與一些科學家，特別是青年科學家交談時，你可能會形成這樣一種印象：他們找到了“科學的方法”——一種取代了想象思維的方法。我出席過一些科研會議，在會上曾經有人問一位科學家繼續(xù)某項實驗是否是明智之舉。這位科學家皺了皺眉頭，看了看圖表，然后說：“數據還是不夠充分。”主管預算的人員說：“這點我們知道，但你的意見怎樣?值得繼續(xù)進行嗎?你認為我們可以期待著什么呢?”這位科學家感到很震驚，他沒想到他們會叫他做出臆測。
當然，這似乎等于說：這位科學家已成了他自己論文的受害者。他們對實驗結果所下的斷言是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不僅令他們自己，而且也讓工商管理部門相信其預測的準確性。如果實驗完全按科學雜志報告中所陳述的那樣按事先的計劃去設計完成，那么管理部門可以期待研究成果用美元、美分來衡量，這完全是符合邏輯的。審計員們也完全有理由相信那些有明確目標，并知道如何實現這一目標的科學家沒有必要分心，一只眼睛盯著現金計數器，另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。假如規(guī)律性和與某種標準模式的一致性像他們的論文反映的那樣，令科學家們滿意，那么，如果管理者們歧視研究者中的“怪人”，而喜歡“善于合作”的具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，這也是無可指責的。 第三、四段指出一些年青科學家們往往忽視對不可預測現象的推測，以為科學方法可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維，缺乏創(chuàng)造性。這些不僅對科學本身不利，也誤導了社會其他方面。
［A］ may not be as profitable as they are expected
［B］ can be measured in dollars and cents
［C］ rely on conformity to a standard pattern
［D］ are mostly underestimated by management
Part Ⅳ EnglishChinese Translation(每題2分，共10分)Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
(71) (While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.) Cauhgt in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered:it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
(72)(Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.) While history once revered its affinity to literature and phillosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.(73) (During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.)
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74) (There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.) Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method”， frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.(75) (It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.)
71、
（本題分值：3分）
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幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。
72、
（本題分值：3分）
【正確答案】
人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。
73、
（本題分值：3分）
【正確答案】
在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法， 充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
74、
（本題分值：3分）
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所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域具體適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
75、
（本題分值：3分）
【正確答案】
這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認為歷史就是史學界內部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
Part ⅤWriting (共15分)
76、Directions:
AStudy the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
BYour essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
CYour essay should cover these three points:
1Effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife
2Possible reason for the effect
3Your suggestions for wildlife protection
THE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
（本題分值：15分）
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