2012年單證員考試之出口企業(yè)審證注意的問題(2)
來源:中大網(wǎng)校發(fā)布時間:2012-12-06 09:01:00
查看2012年單證員考試之出口企業(yè)審證注意的問題匯總
四、有關信用證的當事人問題
一般而言,信用證中主要涉及四個當事人,即申請人(APPLICANT)、開證行(ISSUING BANK)、通知行(ADVISING BANK)和受益人(BENEFICIARY)。此外,根據(jù)信用證是屬于付款、承兌或議付的不同使用方式,會相應出現(xiàn)付款行(PAYING BANK)、承兌行(ACCEPTING BANK)或者議付行(NEGOTIATING BANK)。而且,開證行常常又為付款行或承兌行,承擔第一性付款責任,并在信用證中作出如下承諾:“WE HEREBY ENGAGE WITH DRAWERS AND/OR BONA FIDE HOLDERS THAT DRAFTS DRAWN AND NEGOTIATED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT WILL BE DULY HONOURED ON PRESENTATION.”(凡根據(jù)本信用證并按照其所列條款開具之匯票,向我行提示并交出本證規(guī)定之單據(jù)者,我行同意對其出票人、背書人及善意持有人履行承兌付款責任。)同樣,通知行亦往往作為議付行或付款行,為受益人辦理議付(NEGOTIATION)或押匯(BILL PURCHASED)。假如來證指定向第三家銀行索償(CLAIM REIMBURSEMENT),則該被指定行就是償付行(REIMBURSING BANK),或開證行與通知行并無直接的業(yè)務代理關系,就會委托另一家銀行證實并轉遞信用證,這個受托銀行稱為轉遞行(TRANSMITTING BANK)。例如,某來證經(jīng)標準渣打(麥加利)銀行,廈門分行(STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, XIAMEN BRANCH)轉遞,如此注明:“THE FOLLOWING TELEGRAM MESSAGE HAS BEEN RECEIVED FROM THE ISSUING BANK (ST. DENIS BANQUE DE LA REU NION) AND IS ADVISED TO YOU SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GIVEN IN THE ATTACHED COVERING LETTER QUOTE WE OPEN IRREVOCABLE DOCUMENTARY CTREDIT NO.XXX WHICH PLEASE NOTIFY BY TLX ADDING YOUR CONFIRMATION THROUGH BANK OF CHINA, BEIHAI BRANCH.……”(茲收到開證行-留尼汪圣但尼銀行如下電文,并依據(jù)附函所給條款通知你行:“我行開立不可撤消跟單信用證第某號,請加上你行保兌并經(jīng)北海中行電告……”)從以上文句可看出,該標準渣打銀行不僅是轉遞行,而且一旦保兌該信用證的話,它將同時成為保兌行(CONFIRMATING BANK),其性質(zhì)如同開證行一樣,必須承擔獨立的保證付款責任。當轉遞行兼以保兌行身份出現(xiàn)時,通常加注如下條款:“THIS LETTER OF CREDIT BEAR OUR CONFIRMATION AND WE UNDERTAKE TO HONOUR/NEGOTIATE DRAFTS ON PRESENTATION PROVIDED THEY ARE DRAWN AND PRESENTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT”(本信用證由我行承擔保兌責任,而且我行承諾承付或議付符合本證條件所出具并向我行提示之匯票)。這表示轉遞行已同意保兌(CONFIRMATION)。因而,對受益人來說,就有了雙重的保障,另外,在可轉讓信用證的轉讓中,除了出現(xiàn)第一受益人或稱轉讓人(THE FIRST BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEROR)之外,還有第二受益人或稱受讓人(SECOND BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEREE),以及根據(jù)第一受益人的要求,將信用證進行轉讓的銀行,亦即是轉讓行(TRANSFERRING BANK)。
此外,在各國不同銀行的來證中,申請人一詞的英文表示多種多樣,應加以識別。比如尼泊爾國民商業(yè)銀行(RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK MAIN BRANCH, NEPAL)來證的申請人一欄為“ON ACCOUNT OF M/S XXX”,提單條款為“COMPLETE SET OF NOT LESS THAN 3 SETS ‘ON BOARD’ CLEAN OCEAN BILL OF LADING CONSIGNED TO ‘RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK’ MARK ‘FREIGHT PREPAID’ SHOWING NOTIFY PARTY AS ACCOUNTEE”,費用條款為“ALL BANK COMMISSION AND CHARGES ARISING UNDER THIS CREDIT OUTSIDE NEPAL ARE ON ACCOUNT OF OPENER”,以上條款中分別出現(xiàn)的“ON ACCOUNT OF ”、“ACCOUNTEE”和“OPENER”三個詞語均表示同一意思,即申請人。類似詞語在其它來證中還有許多,諸如“IMPORTER”、“BUYER”、“DRAWEE”、“ORDERERS”、“CUSTOMER”、“CLIENT”、“PRINCIPAL”、“ACCREDITOR”、“BY ORDER OF ”以及“ON BEHALF OF”等。相對地,受益人一詞的英文表示亦不少,須予以區(qū)分。比如,埃及開羅阿拉伯國際銀行(ARAB INTERNATIONAL BANK, CAIRO, EGYPT)來證開頭用“FAVOUR”一詞引導受益人,而產(chǎn)地證條款“CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN IN ONE ORIGINAL AND THREE COPIES ISSUED BY THE MANUFACTURES OR THE EXPORTERS STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE FACTORY WHICH PRODUCED THE GOODS AND CERTIFYING THAT THESE GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN, ORIGINAL ONLY DULY LEGALIZED BY C.C.P.I.T.”中的“THE EXPORTERS”一詞亦指受益人,還有其收費條款“ALL YOUR COMMISSION AND CHARGHS UNDER THIS CREDIT ARE TO BE BORNE BY THE SELLER”最未的“THE SELLER”一詞也是指受益人。同類詞語仍有“SHIPPER”、“SUPPLIER”、“DRAWER”以及“IN FAVOUR OF”等等,真可謂不勝枚舉。因此,出口企業(yè)對來證中所有這些當事人的英文表示及其所處地位和作用等差異特征應作具體的分析和研究,這樣才不會受其迷惑,以致失誤。R THE EXPORTERS STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE FACTORY WHICH PRODUCED THE GOODS AND CERTIFYING THAT THESE GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN, ORIGINAL ONLY DULY LEGALIZED BY C.C.P.I.T.”中的“THE EXPORTERS”一詞亦指受益人,還有其收費條款“ALL YOUR COMMISSION AND CHARGHS UNDER THIS CREDIT ARE TO BE BORNE BY THE SELLER”最未的“THE SELLER”一詞也是指受益人。同類詞語仍有“SHIPPER”、“SUPPLIER”、“DRAWER”以及“IN FAVOUR OF”等等,真可謂不勝枚舉。因此,出口企業(yè)對來證中所有這些當事人的英文表示及其所處地位和作用等差異特征應作具體的分析和研究,這樣才不會受其迷惑,以致失誤。