2011年12月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)沖刺預(yù)測(cè)試題及答案(5)
來(lái)源：育路教育網(wǎng)發(fā)布時(shí)間：2011-12-09
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Competition. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使人們充滿創(chuàng)造力，使人們更有效率。
2. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)促使生產(chǎn)出更好的產(chǎn)品和提供更優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)。
3. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)促進(jìn)了社會(huì)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
Competition
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage。
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage。
Earthquake
Can Scientists Predict Killer Earthquakes?
The date was November 23, 1980. People near Naples, in southern Italy, felt the Earth roll and shake. Earthquake! Suddenly buildings came tumbling down. Cracks appeared in the earth. Within minutes, entire towns were destroyed. Thousands of people were dead. Thousands more were injured。
As rescuers searched through the rubble, many people must have wondered, of only the victims had known ahead of time, many lives could have been saved。
Actually, an Italian scientist did predict that such a quake would happen. In 1977 Dr. M. Caputo of the Universite Degiles Studi in Rome warned that a large quake would soon strike the east of Naples. Unfortunately, he couldn’t predict the exact time and date of the quake。
Dr. Caputo made his general prediction after talking with scientists at 54 earthquake monitoring stations throughout Italy. He learned that many earthquakes had recently rocked different areas around Naples. But none had occurred in one particular spot east of Naples for many years. Dr. Caputo felt that the area was long overdue for a large quake. And it was。
Earthquake Strikes in Gap
The quake occurred in a region that Dr. Caputo called a seismic gap. A seismic gap is an area in an active earthquake region where no earthquake or seismic activity has been recorded in a long time. Seismic gaps are located where two large plates in the Earth have become stuck。
When the plates slide past each other, they sometimes became locked in place. A similar thing happens when you make a running leap on a sidewalk while wearing sneakers. When you land on both feet, the sneakers grab onto rough surface. Friction tends to hold your feet back while the rest of your body goes forward. You may end up falling flat on your face。
In the case of plates, however, the uneven surfaces between the plates cause the plates to remain locked in place for years. Huge pressure builds up behind each plate. Periodically, a shudder, or tremor, is recorded as some of this energy is released。
Finally, after about 50 years, rock in the seismic gap either suddenly breaks or moves under the great stress. This sudden release of energy sends shock waves through the rock layers above. The ground shakes, sidewalks crack, and buildings tumble. A mighty quake has struck。
Gaps Used To Predict Quakes
Many geologists have used what is called the seismic gap technique to accurately predict earthquakes. The technique was first developed by Soviet earthquake expert Dr. V. Fodotov during his studies of ancient and recent Japanese earthquakes. Dr. Fodotov was marking the location, size, and date of all known quakes in Japan when he noticed a striking pattern。
All major earthquakes were found to occur in only a few isolated spots in Japan. Each of these spots, he noted, experienced a major quake only once every 50 to 60 years. Dr. Fodotov concluded that spots that hadnt had a quake in more than 50 years were “ripe” for a quake. The Russian scientist named these locations seismic gaps。
In the past several years, geologists from other countries have found seismic gaps in other parts of the world. After making detailed studies of past quakes in these regions, the geologists were able to make an accurate prediction of when a quake would occur。
How Do Animals Know When an Earthquake Is Coming?
Scientists who try to predict earthquakes have gotten some new helpers recently—animals。
That’s right, animals. Scientists have begun to catch on to what farmers have known for thousands of years. Animals often seem to know in advance that an earthquake is coming, and they show their fear by acting in strange ways. Before a Chinese quake in 1975, snakes awoke from their winter sleep early only to freeze to death in the cold air. Cows broke their halters and tried to escape. Chickens refused to enter their coop. All of this unusual behavior, as well as physical changes in the earth, alerted Chinese scientists to the coming quake. They moved people away from the danger zone and saved thousands of lives。
One task for scientists today is to learn exactly which types of animal behavior predict quakes. It’s not an easy job. First of all not every animal reacts to the danger of an earthquake. Just before a California quake in 1977, for example, an Arabian stallion became very nervous and tried to break out of his stall. The horse next to him, however, remained perfectly calm. It’s also difficult at times to tell the difference between normal animal restlessness and “earthquake nerves”. A zoo keeper once called earthquake researchers to say that his cougar had been acting strangely. It turned out that the cat had an upset stomach。
A second task for scientists is to find out exactly what kind of warnings the animals receive. They know that animals sense far more of the world than humans do. Many animals can see, hear, and smell things that people do not even notice. Some can detect tiny changes in air pressure, gravity, or the magnetism of Earth. This extra sense probably helps animals predict quakes。
A good example of this occurred with a group of dogs. They were penned up in an area that was being shaken by a series of tiny earthquakes. (Several small quakes often come before or after a large one。) Before each quake a low booming sound was heard. Each boom caused the dogs to bark wildly. Then the dogs began to bark during a silent period. A scientist who was recording tile quakes looked at his machine. It was acting as though there were a loud noise too. The scientist realized that the dogs had reacted to a booming noise. They also sensed the tiny quake that followed it. The machine recorded both, though humans felt and heard nothing。
In this case there was a machine to monitor what the dogs were sensing. Many times, however, our machines record nothing out of the ordinary, even though animals know a quake is coming. The animals might be sensing something we so measure but do not recognize as a warning. Discovering what animals sense, and learning how they know it is a danger signal, is a job for future scientists。
1.Since no one had predicted the precise date of the earthquake striking east of Naples, people there suffered heavy loss in the destruction。
2.A seismic gap is located at the junction of two interlocking plates in the Earth, and where no seismic activity has been recorded for a long time。
3.From the passage we learn that a regular striking pattern can be found in an active earthquake region。
4.During an earthquake in China 1975, cows broke their halters and ran away from their sheds。
5.As it is used in Paragraph 13, the word “cat” refers to a typical domestic cat。
6.All animals but men can notice tiny changed in air pressure, gravity, or the magnetism of Earth。
7.The dogs mentioned in Paragraph 15 had sensed both the low booms and the minor quakes following them。
1. [Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]
4. [Y][N][NG]5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]
7. [Y][N][NG]
8.Dr. Caputo based his prediction upon the fact that lots of earthquakes had recently occurred in all areas around Naples but its___________。
9.According to the author’s information, every 50 years or so, a mighty earthquake will be recorded at___________________。
10.Chinese scientists evacuated people from_____________after they had noticed the strange behavior of some animals as well as physical changes in the earth。
Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre。
11. [A]From upstairs.[B]From next door。
[C]From the Nelsons’ house. [D]From the back door。
12. [A]The man should go Edinburgh by air。
[B]The man should go Edinburgh by train。
[C]The man should go Edinburgh by ship。
[D]The man should go Edinburgh by coach。
13. [A]At a wedding.[B]On a honeymoon。
[C]In Florida.[D]At an airport。
14. [A]At 2:35.[B]At 2:45.[C]At 3:00. [D]At 3:15.
15. [A]It’s very well written。
[B]He doesn’t believe it’s missing so many pages。
[C]He’s amazed at the length。
[D]He wants to look it over。
16.[A]She hasn’t gone camping for several weeks。
[B]She likes to take long camping trips。
[C]She prefers not to go camping on weekends。
[D]She often spends a lot of time planning her camping trips。
17. [A]Johnson’s classmate.[B]Johnson’s father。
[C]Johnson’s brother.[D]Johnson’s friend。
18.[A]He got a heart attack. [B]He was unharmed。
[C]He was badly hurt. [D]He has fully recovered from the shock。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. [A]Where to live the following year。
[B]When to move。
[C]How much time to spend at home。
[D]Whose house to visit。
20. [A]A student and a professor。
[B]A student and the director of the housing office。
[C]Two students。
[D]Two housing office staff members。
21. [A]Inform the director of student housing in a letter。
[B]Take some money to the housing office。
[C]Deposit some money in the bank。
[D]Maintain a high grade average。
22.[A]There are too many freshmen.[B]It costs too much。
[C]The rooms are too small.[D]It’s too noisy。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
23. [A]In the middle of the semester.[B]At the beginning of exams。
[C]At the end of the school year.[D]In the middle of summer vacation。
24. [A]To a rock and mineral show.[B]To an opera at the concert hall。
[C]To a movie at the student center.[D]To a popular music concert。
25. [A]She gets a student’s discount.[B]Bob doesn’t have very much money。
[C]She lost a bet and owes Bob money.[D]Bob left his wallet at home。
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre。
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26.[A]In about 20 years. [B]Within a week。
[C]In a couple of weeks. [D]As early as possible。
27. [A]Yes, of course. [B]Possibly not。
[C]Not mentioned. [D]Definitely not。
28.[A]Her complaint was ignored。
[B]The store sent her the correct order。
[C]The store apologized for their mistake。
[D]The store picked up the wrong items。
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. [A]Alcohol helps develop people’s intelligence。
[B]Heavy drinking is not necessarily harmful to one’s health。
[C]Controlled drinking helps people keep their wits as they age。
[D]Drinking, even moderately, may harm one’s health。
30.[A]Worried.[B]Pleased。
[C]Surprised.[D]Unconcerned。
31. [A]At a conference. [B]In a newspaper。
[C]On television. [D]In a journal。
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32.[A]They haven’t reached a decision yet。
[B]They have decided to go hunting bears。
[C]They want to go hunting camping。
[D]They want to go exploring the country。
33. [A]Susie. [B]Tom。
[C]The speaker. [D]The speaker’s husband。
34.[A]They chased the bear away。
[B]They stayed outside the tent and did nothing。
[C]They climbed up a tree。
[D]They put some honey outside for the bear to eat。
35.[A]He ate the honey. [B]He drank the beer。
[C]He chased the people away. [D]He turned things upside down。
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in you own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written。
Michael Jordan is an American (36)__________ basketball player in the NBA, who led the Chicago Bulls to five NBA (37)________. Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, and (38)___________in Wilmington, North Carolina。
Jordan began to play with the Chicago Bulls team in the NBA in (39)_________. He finished his first (40)_________as one of the top (41)________in the league, with an (42)___________of 28.2 points per game; he also made the first of his eight All-Star game (43)__________. He led the NBA in scoring for nine seasons, and averaged more than 30 points per game in each season. (44)___________. He led the Chicago Bulls to their first NBA championship title in 1991.(45)__________ . Jordan was also a member of the United States Olympic basketball team, (46)_________________。
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once。
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage。
What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel 47 about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. We’re 48 with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity. Perhaps the 49 to this ambivalence lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop wasn’t eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more 50 ways of doing it。
The immigrant experience, too, has been one of in harmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans” eat, but our nation’s food has come to be 51 by imports-pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles。
Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the nation’s defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political 52 。
But strong opinions have not brought 53 . Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become 54 of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain。
The 55 in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness.It’s no coincidence,then,that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in such bondage(束縛).It’s what we eat—and how we 56 it with friends。
[A]answer[B]result[C]share[D]guilty
[E]constant[F]defined[G]vanish[H]adapted
[I]creative[J]belief[K]suspicious[L]certainty
[M]obsessed[N]identify[O]ideals
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre。
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage。
It is not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife, the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry (嫁妝). Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion, but in reality its function in the social and family life of the time was much more important. The dowry was the wife’s right to receive a tenth of all her husband’s property. The wife had the right to with hold consent, in all transactions the husband would make, and more than just a right; the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife。
The wife shared in the management of her husband’s personal property, but the opposite was not always true. Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Maria Vivas. Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of the household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miro’s personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, “for the sake of peace。” Either through the dowry or through being hot-tempered, the wife knew how to win herself, with the context of the family, a powerful economic position。
57.Originally, the purpose of a dowry is to_________。
[A]give a woman the right to receive all her husband’s property
[B]help a woman to enjoy a higher position in the family
[C]protect a woman against the risk of desertion
[D]both A and C
58.According to the passage, the legal status of the wife in marriage was__________。
[A]higher than that of a single woman
[B]higher than that of her husband
[C]lower than that of her husband
[D]the same as that of her husband
59. Why does the author give us the example of Maria Vivas?
[A]To show that the wife shared in the management of her husbands personal property。
[B]To show that the wife can defend her own inheritance。
[C]To prove that women have powerful position。
[D]To illustrate how women win her property。
60.The compensation Maria Vivas got for the field is____________。
[A]some of the land Miro had inherited
[B]a tenth of Miro’s land
[C]money for household expenses
[D]money form Miro’s inheritance
61. The author’s attitude towards Maria Vivas is_____________。
[A]sympathetic[B]disapproval [C]indifferent [D]objective
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage。
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment。
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group。
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them。
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect。
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
[A]The problems faced by leaders。
[B]How leadership differs in small and large groups。
[C]How social groups determine who will lead them。
[D]The role of leaders in social groups。
63.The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT_____________。
[A]recruitment
[B]formal election process
[C]specific leadership training
[D]traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
[A]A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group。
[B]Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person。
[C]A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership。
[D]Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications。
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in Line 7, the author is making the point that____________。
[A]few people qualify as “natural leaders”
[B]there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
[C]“natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
[D]“natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on___________。
[A]ensuring harmonious relationships
[B]sharing responsibility with group members
[C]identifying new leaders
[D]achieving a goal
Part ⅤCloze (15 minutes)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre。
If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths and weaknesses. Success or 67 in your work would depend, to 68 great extent, 69 your ability to use your strengths and weaknesses to the best advantage. 70 the utmost importance is your attitude. A person 71 begins a job convinced that he isn’t going to like it or is 72 that he is going to ail is exhibiting a weakness which can only hinder his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure 73 his belief that he is probably as capable 74 doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerful attempt 75 it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well. 76 the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously a weakness. A book keeper who can’t add or a carpenter who can’t cut a straight line with a saw 77 hopeless cases. This book has been designed to help you capitalize 78 the strength and overcome the 79 that you bring to the job of learning. But for your development, you must first 80 stock of where you stand now. 81 we get further along in the book, we’ll be 82 in some detail with specific processes for developing and strengthening 83 skills. However, 84 begin with, you should pause 85 examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical to your success or failure in school: your 86 , your reading and communication skills, and your study habits。
67. [A]improvement[B]victory[C]failure[D]achievement
68. [A]a [B]the[C]some[D]certain
69. [A]in[B]on[C]of[D]to
70. [A]Out of[B]Of[C]To[D]Into
71.[A]who[B]what[C]how[D]which
72.[A]ensure[B]certain[C]sure[D]surely
73.[A]onto[B]on[C]off[D]in
74.[A]to[B]at[C]of[D]for
75.[A]near[B]on[C]by[D]at
76. [A]Have[B]Had[C]Having[D]Had been
77.[A]being[B]been[C]are[D]is
78. [A]except[B]but[C]for[D]on
79.[A]idea[B]weakness[C]strength[D]advantage
80.[A]make[B]take[C]do[D]give
81. [A]As[B]Till[C]Over[D]Out
82.[A]deal[B]dealt[C]be dealt[D]dealing
83.[A]learnt [B]learned[C]learning[D]learn
84.[A]around [B]to[C]from[D]beside
85. [A]to [B]onto[C]into[D]with
86.[A]intelligence [B]work[C]attitude[D]weakness
Part Ⅵ Translation (5 minutes)
Direction: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets。
87. I should say Henry is______________(與其說是個(gè)作家不如說是) as a reporter。
88.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives______________(起著不可缺少的作用) in raising children。
89. Mr. Johnson made full preparation for the experiment____________________(以便實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)茼樌M(jìn)行)。
90. Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now __________________________(價(jià)格是幾年前的兩倍)。
91. How close parents are to their children __________________(有很強(qiáng)的影響) the character of the children。
Part I Writing
【寫作思路】
要求寫一篇關(guān)于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的議論文。要求從以下幾個(gè)方面闡述：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使人們充滿創(chuàng)造力，使人們更有效率;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)促使生產(chǎn)出更好的產(chǎn)品和提供更優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù);競(jìng)爭(zhēng)促進(jìn)了社會(huì)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
【參考范文】
Competition
Competition makes people more creative and effective. It urges them to plan better, to try harder, and to achieve more. With a desire to excel in their work, people tend to perform more creatively and more efficiently。
Competition helps produce better products and provide better services. In the present world of intense competition, every manufacture tries his best to outmatch his competitor by producing goods of better quality at lower costs. As a result, consumers pay less and receive better service。
Competition promotes further development of society. If there were no competition, people would remain complacent and be unwilling to make any efforts or risk anything new. However, with fierce competition going on, they exert themselves to accomplish more. Their accomplishment will, in one way or another, contribute to the progress of society。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
【全文翻譯】
地震科學(xué)家能預(yù)測(cè)危險(xiǎn)的地震嗎?
1980年11月23日，意大利南部靠近那不勒斯的居民們感覺到大地晃動(dòng)和顫抖。地震!建筑物在突然間倒塌了，大地出現(xiàn)了裂縫。幾分鐘內(nèi)，整個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)毀于一旦，成千上萬(wàn)的人死了，幾千萬(wàn)的人受傷了。
當(dāng)救援隊(duì)在瓦礫堆中搜尋救人時(shí)，許多人想知道，如果受害者事先知道要發(fā)生地震的話，許多生命是否可以得到挽救。
事實(shí)上，意大利的一位科學(xué)家的確預(yù)測(cè)到了地震的發(fā)生。1977年，羅馬Degiles Studi大學(xué)的博士M. Caputo先生警告說，不久那不勒斯東部將會(huì)發(fā)生大地震。不幸的是，他不能準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間和日期。Caputo博士的預(yù)測(cè)是在與遍及意大利的54所地震監(jiān)測(cè)站的科學(xué)家交談后作出的。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，最近那不勒斯附近地區(qū)發(fā)生了多次地震。但是，多年來(lái)，那不勒斯東部的有個(gè)地方一直沒有發(fā)生地震。他認(rèn)為這個(gè)地區(qū)是在醞釀一次大地震。情況的確如此。
地震發(fā)生在空白區(qū)
Caputo博士把地震發(fā)生的區(qū)域稱為地震空白區(qū)。地震空白區(qū)位于長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)沒有地震或者地震活動(dòng)發(fā)生的地震活躍區(qū)。地震空白區(qū)位于地球兩大板塊的連接處。
當(dāng)?shù)卣鸢鍓K彼此滑過對(duì)方時(shí)，它們有時(shí)會(huì)被鎖在一起。當(dāng)你穿著運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋在人行道上跳躍時(shí)，也會(huì)發(fā)生類似的情況。當(dāng)你雙腳著地時(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋會(huì)與粗糙的地面粘在一起，摩擦力會(huì)使你的腳后傾，同時(shí)你的身體卻會(huì)前傾。你可能最終會(huì)跌得鼻青臉腫。
然而，地震板塊表面是不均勻的，這會(huì)使它們鎖在一起很多年。每個(gè)板塊后都積聚著巨大的壓力。當(dāng)其中的一些能量釋時(shí)，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)定期的震顫或者震動(dòng)。
最后，在大約50年之后，地震空白區(qū)中的巖石或者突然崩裂或者以巨大的壓力移動(dòng)。這種突然釋放的能量會(huì)讓地震波穿過巖層直達(dá)地面，于是地面震動(dòng)了，人行橫道斷裂了，建筑物倒塌了，強(qiáng)大的地震發(fā)生了。
利用地震空白區(qū)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)地震
許多地質(zhì)學(xué)家們已經(jīng)使用地震空白區(qū)技術(shù)來(lái)準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)地震。該項(xiàng)技術(shù)是由蘇聯(lián)地震專家V. Fodotov博士在研究日本古代和近代地震時(shí)首先使用的。在標(biāo)注日本已發(fā)生地震的地點(diǎn)規(guī)模和日期時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)明顯的特點(diǎn)。
日本所有的大地震都發(fā)生在幾個(gè)孤立的地區(qū)。Fodotov博士指出，這些地方僅隔50到60年就會(huì)發(fā)生一次大地震;他還斷言說，50年以上沒有發(fā)生地震的區(qū)域是地震的“成熟”區(qū)。俄羅斯科學(xué)家將這些區(qū)域命名為地震空白區(qū)。
在過去的幾年中，其他國(guó)家的地質(zhì)學(xué)家在世界的其他地方也發(fā)現(xiàn)了地震空白區(qū)。經(jīng)過對(duì)這些地區(qū)以往地震的詳細(xì)研究，地質(zhì)學(xué)家能夠精確地預(yù)測(cè)地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間。
動(dòng)物是如何知道地震即將來(lái)臨的?
最近，試圖預(yù)測(cè)地震的科學(xué)家們找到了一些新的幫手——動(dòng)物。
沒錯(cuò)，就是動(dòng)物�？茖W(xué)家們開始了解到農(nóng)民已經(jīng)知道了數(shù)千年之久的情況。動(dòng)物通常事先知道地震即將來(lái)臨，并以奇怪的方式表現(xiàn)出恐懼。在中1975年國(guó)發(fā)生地震前，冬眠的蛇過早地醒來(lái)，結(jié)果凍死在寒冷的空氣中;奶牛掙斷韁繩，企圖逃跑;雞拒絕進(jìn)入雞舍。所有這些不尋常的行為以及地球自身的變化，使中國(guó)科學(xué)家充分地認(rèn)識(shí)到地震即將來(lái)臨。他們讓地震危險(xiǎn)區(qū)的居民搬遷出來(lái)，從而挽救了成千上萬(wàn)人的性命。
要準(zhǔn)確了解到底哪類動(dòng)物的行為可以預(yù)測(cè)地震，這是科學(xué)家目前的一個(gè)任務(wù)，但這不是一件容易的事情。首先不是每個(gè)動(dòng)物都能對(duì)地震的危險(xiǎn)作出反應(yīng)。例如，在1977年加州地震之前，一匹阿拉伯種馬變得非常緊張，試圖跑出馬廄;但是，他旁邊的那匹馬仍然非常安靜。有時(shí)侯，也很難分辨出正常動(dòng)物的不安和“地震(造成)的緊張”。有位動(dòng)物管理員曾經(jīng)對(duì)地震研究人員說，他的美洲獅一直行為怪怪的，結(jié)果證明是其胃部不舒服。
弄清楚到底動(dòng)物收到了什么樣的警告，這是科學(xué)家的另外一個(gè)任務(wù)。他們知道，動(dòng)物的感覺比人的更敏感。許多動(dòng)物能看到、聽到、聞到人察覺不到的東西。一些動(dòng)物能夠感覺到氣壓、重力或者地球磁場(chǎng)的微小變化。這種特別的感覺可能有助于動(dòng)物預(yù)測(cè)地震。
發(fā)生在一群狗身上的事情是這方面的一個(gè)很好的例子。關(guān)這群狗的地方正在發(fā)生一系列的小地震。(大地震前后常會(huì)發(fā)生一些小地震。)每次地震前都能聽到一聲低沉的爆炸聲，每次爆炸聲都會(huì)引起狗的瘋狂亂叫。后來(lái)，狗在沒有爆炸聲一段時(shí)期也開始叫喊。一位正在記錄瓦塊地震的科學(xué)家注意到他的機(jī)器也好像表現(xiàn)出有巨大聲音的樣子。他意識(shí)到，狗對(duì)一次巨大的聲音作出了反應(yīng)，它們也感覺到了隨后發(fā)生的輕微地震。盡管人類什么都沒有感覺到、也沒有聽到，這臺(tái)機(jī)器卻記錄下了這一切。
在這種情況下，有一個(gè)機(jī)器監(jiān)視著狗的感應(yīng)。然而，有許多次，盡管動(dòng)物知道地震即將來(lái)臨，但我們的機(jī)器卻沒有記錄下任何異常的活動(dòng)。動(dòng)物可能會(huì)感覺到我們所測(cè)量的情況，但沒有把它看作是一種警告。發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)物感應(yīng)到什么，并了解他們是如何知道這是一種危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)，這是科學(xué)家今后的工作。
【答案解析】
1.【解析】[Y]根據(jù)第一段。
2. 【解析】[Y]根據(jù)earthquakes strikes in gap 的第一段判斷。
3. 【解析】[Y]根據(jù)gaps used to predict quakes 中的最后一段最后一句判斷正確。
4.【解析】[N]根據(jù)第十二段，Cows broke their halters and tried to escape. 并沒有交代ran away from their sheds。
5. 【解析】[N]這里的cat 指的是cougar。
6. 【解析】[N]根據(jù)第十四段最后三句話，我們可以得出，并不是所有的動(dòng)物都能感受到的。
7.【解析】[Y]參看第十五段。
8. 【解析】east根據(jù)第三段，But none had occurred in one particular spot east of Naples for many years。
9. 【解析】the seismic gap根據(jù)第七段，F(xiàn)inally, after about 50 years, rock in the seismic gap either suddenly breaks or moves under the great stress。
10.【解析】the danger zone/the prospective quake zone根據(jù)第十四段，They moved people away from the danger zone and saved thousands of lives. 如果能寫出the prospective quake zone 也是可以的。
Part III Listening Comprehension
Section A
11.M:What’s all that noise? It sounds as if it’s coming from next door. The Nelson aren’t back yet, are they?
W:I don’t think so. It must be the window cleaner working upstairs。
Q:Where does the woman think the noise is coming from?
【解析】[A]女士不同意男士的看法，她認(rèn)為是清洗窗戶的工人在樓上工作弄出的噪音。所以，答案應(yīng)為from upstairs。
12.M:I’m going to Edinburgh to arrange for the shipment. Do you think I should go by train or by air?
W:I think the best way is to take the coach if you’re not in a hurry. You can see a lot of the beautiful landscape on the way。
Q:What is the woman’s suggestion?
【解析】[D]女士建議說：如果你不著急的話我想最好的方式是乘長(zhǎng)途汽車去。the best way is to take the coach。
13.W: Isn’t Susan a beautiful bride?
M:She is indeed. Mark looks very happy too, doesn’t he? He told me that they’ll be going to Florida on their honeymoon。
Q:Where did this conversation most probably take place?
【解析】[A]女士問：Susan難道不是個(gè)漂亮的新娘嗎?男士說：她確實(shí)是個(gè)漂亮新娘，Mark看上去也很幸福，他跟我說他們將要去Florida 度蜜月。很顯然，這段對(duì)話發(fā)生在婚禮上。
14.W:Did you go to the football match last Saturday?
M:Oh yes. It was supposed to start at 2:30, but it was delayed 15 minutes。
Q:When did the football match start?
【解析】[B]男士說：球賽本該在2：30開始的，但是遲了15分鐘。所以球賽開始于2：45。本題關(guān)鍵在于聽出 be supposed to以及be delayed。
15.W:That report I did came to over 50 pages。
M: My goodness!
Q:What does the man think about the report?
【解析】[C]女士說：她做的那個(gè)報(bào)告超過50頁(yè)了，男士說：天哪!由此可見，男士對(duì)女士所做的報(bào)告的長(zhǎng)度感到驚訝。
16.M:Janet is quite interested in camping, isn’t she?
W:Yes, she often goes for weeks at a time。
Q:What does the woman say about Janet?
【解析】[B]男士問：Janet對(duì)野營(yíng)很感興趣吧?女士說：是的，她常一去數(shù)周。因此Janet 喜歡做長(zhǎng)途的野營(yíng)旅行。
17. M:Have you seen Johnson this afternoon? I can’t find him anywhere in this school。
W:I saw your brother Johnson studying with Cindy in the library。
Q:Who is the man looking for Johnson?
【解析】[C]此為推理題，從女士的話中做個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的推理，女士說：我看見他的兄弟Johnson在圖書館和Cindy一起學(xué)習(xí)。所以找Johnson的男士是 Johnson’s brother。
18. W: Were you hurt in the accident?
M:I was shocked at the time, but wasn’t hurt at all. My bike was totally damaged though。
Q: What do we know about the man?
【解析】[B]男士說：我那時(shí)嚇壞了，但是一點(diǎn)兒也沒傷著。因此答案為He was unharmed。
Now you’ll hear two long conversations。
Conversation One
M:You should have seen the line at the housing office. It took me an hour to make my dormitory deposit for next year. Have you made yours yet?
W:No, I’m not sure I am going to。
M:There is not much time left. The deadline is May 1st. That’s just two weeks from now. Are you short of cash?
W:No, I’m okay。
M: You’d better hurry up if you want a dorm room next September. There aren’t enough rooms for everyone. And first-year students have priority。
W:Well, I’ve been thinking of living off campus。
M: Have you any idea how much that will cost? There’s the rent, utilities, and you probably need a car to commute。
W:I know it’ll be more expensive, but I think I can handle it, though. This dorm is just so noisy that I cant get anything done. Maybe my grades would be better if I had some peace and quiet in a place of my own。
M:You should study in the library the way I do. Think of the money you’ll save。
W:I’ve got to think it over some more. There are still two weeks left in April。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard。
19. What are the speakers discussing?
【解析】[A]女士正在考慮下學(xué)年是住在宿舍還是住在校外的問題。所以兩個(gè)說話人討論的是下學(xué)年住在哪兒的問題。
20. Who are the speakers?
【解析】[C]很顯然，男學(xué)生已經(jīng)交了住宿費(fèi)用，詢問女生是否已交，女生在猶豫下學(xué)期是住宿舍還是住外面，所以，顯然兩人都是學(xué)生。
21. What must a person do in order to live in university housing?
【解析】[B]對(duì)話開頭就交代了能夠在學(xué)校里住宿舍的條件，就是到住宿辦公室交住宿費(fèi)。Take some money to the housing office。
22.What is the womans main objection to living on campus?
【解析】[D]女生最主要的不想住宿舍的原因是什么?This dorm is just so noisy that I cant get anything done. 從這里可以看出她不想住宿舍是因?yàn)樗奚崽场?/p>
Conversation Two
M:Hey, Ellen, how are you?
W:I’m fine, Bob. Aren’t you glad the semester’s over?
M:Yep. Are you going to the rock concert Friday night?
W:I haven’t thought much about it. Are you?
M:Sure. Would you like to go with me?
W:Sounds like fun!
M:You’ll have to buy your own ticket, though。
W:Are you broke again? Let me treat you!
M:Wow, where did you come into so much cash?
W: You know I am a waitress at the Student Center. Anyway, now that the final exams are almost over, I’d love a night out。
M:Since you’ve been so great about buying the tickets, why don’t I take us out to dinner?
W:You’ve got a deal. Let’s buy the tickets now。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have heard。
23.When does this conversation take place?
【解析】[C]從女生的話Aren’t you glad the semester’s over中可知，這是個(gè)學(xué)期的期末。
24.Where do Bob and Ellen want to go?
【解析】[D]這題關(guān)鍵在于聽出the rock concert, 兩個(gè)人打算去聽搖滾音樂會(huì)。
25. Why is Ellen buying the tickets?
【解析】[B]Ellen 必須自己買票，因?yàn)锽ob沒有太多的錢。
Section B
Passage One
A couple of months ago, I went to a department store to buy a few things for the house. I needed a set of curtains for the living room, two table lamps, a rug and several cushions. I asked them to deliver the things as soon as possible, but they said that they were unable to send them out until 20 days later. After about 3 weeks, I received only the curtains and table lamps. I was a little disappointed when I didn’t receive all the items I had bought. But nevertheless, I was eager to see what the curtains and lamps looked like. I first opened the package with the curtains. I had bought a lovely light blue, and instead they had sent me a horrible dark purple. Well, you can just imagine how angry I was. Then I opened the boxes with the lamps. They were exactly what I’d ordered. But one of the lamp shapes was damaged. The next thing I did was to telephone them to complain. They promised to come to pick them up immediately and also to replace them with the correct order. It has been two weeks since my complaint. They have neither picked up the wrong items nor sent me the rest of my order。
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard。
26. When did the woman want the store to deliver the items?
【解析】[D]短文中女士希望商場(chǎng)盡快把商品寄到家里。I asked them to deliver the things as soon as possible從此句中可以看出。
27. Was the woman pleased when she saw the items they had delivered?
【解析】[D]這位女士打開箱子看到寄來(lái)的物品時(shí)非常生氣，文章中有直接表達(dá)的句子，you can just imagine how angry I was。
28. What happened in the end?
【解析】[A]最終的結(jié)果就是兩周之后，那家商場(chǎng)的人既沒有來(lái)取走寄錯(cuò)的物品也沒有把這位女士定的其余的物品寄來(lái)。短文最后一句就是答案。They have neither picked up the wrong items nor sent me the rest of my order。
Passage Two
Researchers have discovered a link between drinking and thinking. A moderate amount of alcohol may help us keep our mental abilities as we age. Brain scans show alcohol abuse kills brain cells. But little is known about the effects of life-long drinking. So moderate drinkers may want to toast new findings from researchers at Duke, Indiana Universities. Dr. Joe Christian of Indiana Universities says men who have one or two drinks each day retain slightly stronger comprehension skills than the nondrinker or the heavy drinker. The doctor and his colleagues gave mental tests to nearly 4,000 male twins between the ages of 66 and 76. The moderate drinkers had slightly better reasoning ability than their brothers who drink more or less. Other studies have found that alcohol in moderation can help the heart. But alcohol abuse can cause bone loss and other health problems. This study was presented at an alcoholism meeting in San Antonio。
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard。
29. What has recent research found about drinking?
【解析】[C]研究者最近發(fā)現(xiàn)適量的飲酒可以使人變老時(shí)，保持智慧。A moderate amount of alcohol may help us keep our mental abilities as we age。
30.How would moderate drinkers feel about the new research findings?
【解析】[B]So moderate drinkers may want to toast new findings from researchers at Duke, Indiana Universities. 本題要聽出關(guān)鍵詞toast,為敬酒祝賀之意。即適量飲酒者會(huì)為這個(gè)新發(fā)現(xiàn)舉酒慶祝，所以他們當(dāng)然是高興的。
31.Where was the result of the study first made public?
【解析】[A]從這一句This study was presented at an alcoholism meeting in San Antonio�？芍@個(gè)結(jié)果是在一個(gè)會(huì)議上首次展示出來(lái)的。關(guān)鍵詞在于meeting。
Passage Three
Our family is trying to decide where to go for a vacation this summer. Our son Tom wants to go to Yellow Stone Park again to see the bears. We did that last summer and what an experience it was! When we got there, we put up our tent and went to explore. As we returned, we heard our daughter Susie cry out and then we saw a bear enter our camp. Tom wanted his father to chase him away. His father said, “No, it’s dangerous to chase a bear. And don’t let him chase you。” Susie said: “What shall we do?” “Maybe we ought to climb a tree。” Tom said: “No, weve got to get him out of there. He might go to sleep in our tent。” “Maybe we could make him leave if we put some honey outside for him to eat。” Susie suggested. Then I said: “How are you going to get the honey? It’s in the tent。” We watched the bear enter the tent and heard him upset everything inside. “It’s foolish for us to try to catch him,” said my husband. “Leave him alone and wait for him to come out。” We waited but the bear stayed inside. We had to sleep in the car。
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard。
32. Where have the family decided to go in the vacation this summer?
【解析】[A]聽完全文可以得知這個(gè)家庭還未決定好去哪里度假。所以正確答案為They havent reached a decision yet。
33. Who do you think saw the bear first?
【解析】[A]從短文中這一段可以看出答案。As we returned, we heard our daughter Susie cry out and then we saw a bear enter our camp，因此顯然是女兒Susie先看到了熊。
34. What did they do when they saw a bear enter their tent?
【解析】[B]他們站在外面一直在討論該怎么對(duì)付這只熊，但最終什么都沒做。因此，正確答案為They stayed outside the tent and did nothing。
35. What did the bear do in the tent?
【解析】[D]We watched the bear enter the tent and heard him upset everything inside。關(guān)鍵詞在upset, 意為“顛覆、翻倒”。熊把帳篷里的東西弄得亂七八糟。
Section C
36.【答案】professional
【解析】professional意為“專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的”。邁克爾·喬丹是美國(guó)NBA職業(yè)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。
37.【答案】championships
【解析】championships 意為“冠軍”。他帶領(lǐng)芝加哥公牛隊(duì)贏了五屆NBA冠軍。
38.【答案】raised
【解析】raise意為“養(yǎng)育，撫養(yǎng)”。他在北卡羅來(lái)納長(zhǎng)大。
39. 【答案】1984
【解析】他在1984年加入芝加哥公牛隊(duì)參加NBA球賽。
40. 【答案】season
【解析】season 意為“季節(jié)”。他以球隊(duì)中最佳得分運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一結(jié)束了他第一季度的比賽。
41. 【答案】scorers
【解析】scorer意為“得分運(yùn)動(dòng)員”。他以球隊(duì)中最佳得分運(yùn)動(dòng)員之一結(jié)束了他第一季度的比賽。
42. 【答案】average
【解析】average意為“平均”。平均每場(chǎng)球賽得分28.2分。
43.【答案】appearances
【解析】appearances意為“露面”。他也在他的八次全明星賽中首次亮相。
44.【答案】He became the Chicago Bull’s all-time leading scorer
45.【答案】With Jordan, the Bulls won again in 1992, 1993, 1996 and 1997
46. 【答案】known as the worldwide celebrity due to his success in the NBA and the Olympics, and his numerous commercial endorsements
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
【全文翻譯】
美國(guó)人如何看待食物呢?我們愛吃，但是過后會(huì)覺得內(nèi)疚。我們說我們只要最好的，但是卻熱衷于享受垃圾食品;我們很重視健康和減肥，但是肥胖卻又空前地在蔓延。也許，這種矛盾源于我們的歷史。首批來(lái)到這個(gè)大陸的歐洲人是為了尋找新的香料，但卻一無(wú)所獲;首種經(jīng)濟(jì)作物不是用來(lái)吃的，而是用來(lái)吸得。那時(shí)，旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，實(shí)際上卻激發(fā)了更多新奇的方法來(lái)酗酒。
移民的經(jīng)歷也與此有內(nèi)在的關(guān)系。入鄉(xiāng)隨俗意味著要吃“典型的美國(guó)人”的飲食，但是美國(guó)的食物已經(jīng)被諸如比薩或者熱狗這樣的舶來(lái)品所詮釋了。美國(guó)最珍貴的一些烹飪來(lái)自于戴著鐐銬而來(lái)的人們。
無(wú)論是在波士頓傾茶事件中，還是在南部午餐柜臺(tái)前的靜坐中，食物都曾被用來(lái)作為界定斗爭(zhēng)的一種手段，這也許是不足為奇的。無(wú)論是出于宗教原因而戒酒，還是由于政治避難而戒肉，這都與我們的健康甚至是道德的觀念相一致。
但是，這些堅(jiān)定的觀點(diǎn)并不是確定不變的。美國(guó)人對(duì)他們所吃的食物的態(tài)度是矛盾的。我們懷疑我們的食物，特別是當(dāng)我們更清楚地了解了它們的成分時(shí)。
對(duì)食物的信仰一直存在于美國(guó)人的意識(shí)之中。第一個(gè)感恩節(jié)就把美國(guó)人的想象力束縛在食物之中，束縛在我們與朋友對(duì)它的分享之中，這并不是偶然的。
【答案解析】
47. 【解析】[D] feel是一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞，可以判斷此處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞，通過上下文意思，以及后面介詞about, 可以確定選項(xiàng)為D項(xiàng)guilty, 短語(yǔ)feel guilty about sth. “對(duì)……感到有愧”。全句的意思為“我們很愛吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有負(fù)罪感”。
48.【解析】[M] be obsessed with 為固定搭配，原意為“被……附上/纏住/迷住心竅”，放在本句表示“十分重視”。全句的意思為“我們很重視健康和減肥，但肥胖卻又空前地在蔓延”。
49.【解析】[A]本句缺一個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)，并且根據(jù)和介詞to的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項(xiàng)answer。
50.【解析】[I]本句根據(jù)more和ways可以判斷出需要填入一個(gè)形容詞構(gòu)成比較級(jí)，根據(jù)上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，卻激發(fā)了更多新奇的方法來(lái)酗酒”，可以確定I為正確選項(xiàng)。
51. 【解析】[F]本題較難。根據(jù)be 和by 確定應(yīng)填入一個(gè)過去分詞。再根據(jù)上下文，上文表示“應(yīng)該吃典型的美國(guó)人吃的食物”，下文通過 but 轉(zhuǎn)折，表示實(shí)際上“美國(guó)的食物已經(jīng)被諸如比薩和熱狗這樣的舶來(lái)品所詮釋了”，因此可以確定F為正確選項(xiàng)。
52.【解析】[B]政治結(jié)果，可根據(jù)宗教原因religious reasons來(lái)推斷此處填政治結(jié)果。
53.【解析】[L]由于橫線后面沒有賓語(yǔ)，可以確定不是形成bring的短語(yǔ)，這樣本句所缺的為一名詞，作bring的賓語(yǔ)。根據(jù)下文解釋，“美國(guó)人對(duì)他們所吃的食物的態(tài)度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意思為“堅(jiān)定的觀點(diǎn)也不是確定不變的”。因此可以確定L為正確選項(xiàng)。
54.【解析】[K]系動(dòng)詞become后應(yīng)填入一個(gè)形容詞，和后面介詞of形成短語(yǔ)be/become suspicious of “對(duì)……感到懷疑”。
55.【解析】[J]本句缺一個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)，并且根據(jù)和介詞in的搭配，可以推斷出正確選項(xiàng)belief，(have)belief in sth。“ 相信……”。
56.【解析】[C]本句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，缺一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，且和with 搭配，確定選項(xiàng)share, share sth. with sb., “與某人分享某事”。
Section B
Passage One
【全文翻譯】
歐洲南部的婦女在10和11世紀(jì)時(shí)享有較高的社會(huì)地位，這并未獲得廣泛認(rèn)識(shí)。作為一個(gè)妻子，女性的地位受到其嫁妝的保護(hù)。誠(chéng)然，嫁妝最初的目的是防止女性被拋棄;但是，它在當(dāng)時(shí)家庭和社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中起著更重要的作用。妻子的嫁妝使她有權(quán)獲得其丈夫十分之一的財(cái)物。妻子有權(quán)利拒絕丈夫所做的任何交易，但這不僅僅只是一項(xiàng)權(quán)利而已;文件表明她與丈夫一樣平等地享有真正的決定權(quán)。文件沒有表明丈夫和妻子在法律地位上有任何差別。
妻子享有管理丈夫私人財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)利，但是反之則不然。如果丈夫要越權(quán)侵犯她們的利益，女性們會(huì)時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備著捍衛(wèi)自己的利益，有時(shí)她們還會(huì)表現(xiàn)出一種堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的斗爭(zhēng)精神。Maria Vivas就是一個(gè)典型的例子。為了家庭的需要，她同意其丈夫Miro出售一塊屬于她的土地，但是她堅(jiān)持要求獲得補(bǔ)償。但是丈夫沒有給她提供補(bǔ)償，于是她把丈夫拖到一個(gè)文書處，起草了一份合同，成功地把他丈夫的一塊私人土地劃歸自己。正如合同所寫的，“為了和平”，這個(gè)不幸的丈夫不得不同意。要么借助嫁妝，要么通過發(fā)脾氣，妻子知道如何在家庭中為自己贏得強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位。
57. 【解析】[C]推斷題。本文介紹了歐洲南部10和11世紀(jì)嫁妝對(duì)女性在婚姻中地位的重要性。雖然嫁妝最初的目的是防止女性被拋棄，但實(shí)際上它的作用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于此。它使妻子在婚姻中的地位與丈夫平等，并保障了妻子的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。女性在維護(hù)自己的利益上，是很堅(jiān)定果敢的，Maria Vivas就是一個(gè)例子。見第一段第三句，“Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion.。.”，雖然在實(shí)際生活中嫁妝有更重要的作用，但最初它的作用只是為了防范女性被丈夫拋棄，所以C為正確答案。
58.【解析】[D]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)本文，妻子在婚姻中的法律地位和丈夫是平等的。見第一段最后一句，“In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife”文件中并沒有表明丈夫和妻子在法律地位上有任何的差別，也就是說他們的地位是平等的，所以D為正確答案。
59.【解析】[B]推斷題。作者舉Maria Vivas的事例，是為了說明妻子是能夠捍衛(wèi)自己的利益的。見第二段第二句，“Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance...they showed a fine fighting spirit。”如果丈夫要侵占自己的利益，女性們就時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備著捍衛(wèi)自己的利益，有時(shí)她們還表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的斗爭(zhēng)精神。接下來(lái)作者就舉了Maria Vivas的例子，說明女性是有能力捍衛(wèi)自己的利益的。所以B為正確答案。
60.【解析】[A]細(xì)節(jié)題。Maria Vivas得到的一份作為補(bǔ)償?shù)耐恋�，本�?lái)是屬于Miro的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)。見第二段第五句，“None being offered, she succeeded in... assigning her a piece of land from Miros personal inheritance”由此知A為正確答案。
61.【解析】[D]推斷題。作者對(duì)Maria Vivas所持的態(tài)度是客觀的。作者客觀地介紹了Maria Vivas的事例，并沒有表示出同情、不滿或者是漠不關(guān)心，所以A、B、C都是錯(cuò)誤答案。
Passage Two
【全文翻譯】
社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個(gè)社會(huì)群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。在家庭生活中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或者雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的地位。在其他情況下，比如友誼團(tuán)體，盡管沒有正式的選舉程序，一個(gè)或更多的人會(huì)逐漸地成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。在比較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者通常是通過正式的選舉或招募的形式產(chǎn)生的。
雖然通常認(rèn)為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)具有人不同尋常的個(gè)人能力，數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來(lái)證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”�？雌饋�(lái)似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格;相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
研究表明，通常不同的人會(huì)充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)注重社會(huì)群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。群體成員期望指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人“把事情搞定”。 另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)則強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體成員的集體幸福。表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持，并盡力減少內(nèi)部的緊張和紛爭(zhēng)。
指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與其他的群體成員之間的關(guān)系可能是相當(dāng)次要的。他們可能會(huì)約束阻止實(shí)現(xiàn)群體目標(biāo)的成員的行為。表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)則與群體其他成員之間建立了一種更私人的或者相當(dāng)重要的關(guān)系。當(dāng)有人經(jīng)歷過困難時(shí)，他們表示同情，并設(shè)法解決危及群體分裂的問題。正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會(huì)從群體成員那里獲得更多的個(gè)人感情;而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會(huì)獲得更廣泛的尊重。
【答案解析】
62.【解析】[D]主旨題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。所以D為正確答案。A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不能正確概括本文主旨。
63.【解析】[C]細(xì)節(jié)題。A選項(xiàng)的招募(recruitment)和B選項(xiàng)選舉程序(election process)都在第一段中作為大群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。D選項(xiàng)也在第一段中作為家庭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的產(chǎn)生的方式被明確提到。只有C選項(xiàng)沒有作為產(chǎn)生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的一種方式在本文中被提及。
64.【解析】[A]推斷題。A選項(xiàng)意思是：某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。這正好與第二段的意思相吻合，即領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者(It seems...virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group)。B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)的意思與本文無(wú)關(guān)。D選項(xiàng)意為：許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來(lái)證明他們具有這樣的資格。顯然是對(duì)文章意思的曲解。
65.【解析】[B]細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段中“...decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of ‘natural leaders’”意思是說數(shù)十年來(lái)的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來(lái)證明哪些人可以成為“天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，與B項(xiàng)意思一致。
66.【解析】[D]細(xì)節(jié)題。第三、四段主要講了兩種類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的區(qū)別。其中instrumental leader側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而expressive leader相對(duì)于前者并不側(cè)重于群體目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而是注重為群體成員提供情感支持，并盡力減少內(nèi)部紛爭(zhēng)。(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them。)
Part ⅤCloze
【全文翻譯】
如果你計(jì)劃明天開始一個(gè)新的工作，你的一些基本的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)也會(huì)與你同行。成功或失敗在很大的程度上取決于你是否能夠揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。最重要的是你的態(tài)度。如果一個(gè)剛剛開始工作的人就深信自己不會(huì)喜歡或者肯定不適應(yīng)這項(xiàng)工作，那么妨礙他成功的缺點(diǎn)就暴露出來(lái)了。另一方面，如果一個(gè)人確信他可能會(huì)與其他人一樣有能力完成這項(xiàng)工作，并心甘情愿地去嘗試，他就具有了某種目的性的優(yōu)勢(shì)。很可能他會(huì)做得很好。具有某一工作的必要技能是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，而缺乏這些技能顯然就會(huì)處于劣勢(shì)。一個(gè)記賬員不會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)，或者一個(gè)木匠不能用鋸子切割出一條直線，這都是令人絕望的例子。本書的目的是幫助你發(fā)揮自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)，克服自己學(xué)習(xí)中的劣勢(shì)。但是為了你的發(fā)展，你必須要清楚自己現(xiàn)在的位置。隨著書中內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步深入，我們將詳細(xì)論述發(fā)展和加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)技能的具體過程。但是，首先，你應(yīng)該停下來(lái)，去審視一下自己目前在以下三個(gè)方面存在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，這三個(gè)方面對(duì)你學(xué)業(yè)的成功或失敗至關(guān)重要：態(tài)度、閱讀和溝通的技巧、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。
【答案解析】
67. 【解析】[C]本句的意思是“成功或失敗在很大程度上取決于你是否能揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。”improvement改進(jìn);victory勝利;achievement成果，成就。這三個(gè)詞都不合題意，只有[C]failure“失敗”最合適。
68.【解析】[A]to a great extent是固定短語(yǔ)，意思是“很大程度上”，符合題意。類似的說法還有：to a large extent,to some extent, to an extent, to a certain extent, to that extent, to the extent of...。the, some, certain都不能與great extent搭配。
69.【解析】[B]on與前面的depend構(gòu)成本句謂語(yǔ)。
70.【解析】[B]of與名詞連用，表示具有某種性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，作表語(yǔ)。置于句首，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篩our attitude is of the utmost importance。
71.【解析】[A]person后應(yīng)當(dāng)是定語(yǔ)從句，“開始工作的那個(gè)人”。
72.【解析】[C]本句的意思是“如果一個(gè)剛剛開始工作的人就深信自己不會(huì)喜歡或肯定不適應(yīng)這項(xiàng)工作，那么阻礙他成功的缺點(diǎn)就暴露出來(lái)了。”or后面省略了主語(yǔ)he。ensure保證;certain肯定的(只能用于it作主語(yǔ)的句子里);surely確實(shí)地;sure肯定的。
73.【解析】[D]in one’s belief相信。其他選項(xiàng)都不能與belief搭配。
74.【解析】[C]capable of doing是固定搭配，意為“能夠干什么”。
75.【解析】[D]attempt用作名詞，后接介詞at，意為“試圖，努力”;如果后面接介詞on，表示攻擊的意思。其他兩項(xiàng)都不能與attempt搭配。
76.【解析】[C]本句的意思是“具有某一工作的必要技能是一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)”，此處應(yīng)填句子的主語(yǔ)，故選動(dòng)名詞having。
77. 【解析】[D]本句主語(yǔ)是A book keeper or carpenter...。根據(jù)主謂一致原則，其謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)用單數(shù)is，而不是復(fù)數(shù)are。being, been都是分詞，應(yīng)該排除。
78.【解析】[D]on與前面的capitalize搭配，表示“利用”。作不定式help的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。其他選項(xiàng)不能與capitalize搭配。
79.【解析】[B]本句的意思是“克服缺點(diǎn)”，應(yīng)選weakness(缺點(diǎn)，弱點(diǎn))。idea觀點(diǎn);strength優(yōu)點(diǎn);advantage優(yōu)勢(shì)。
80.【解析】[B]固定短語(yǔ)take stock of，意為“對(duì)……估價(jià)，對(duì)……作出判斷”。
81.【解析】[A]本句的意思是：“隨著更深入的閱讀”，從語(yǔ)法角度，此處應(yīng)填關(guān)聯(lián)詞。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有as能用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
82.【解析】[D]選項(xiàng)A、 B、 C分別是deal(處理，論述，涉及)的原形、過去分詞及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)義，此處應(yīng)填將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，意思是“隨著書中內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步深入，我們將詳細(xì)論述發(fā)展和加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)技能的具體過程。”
83.【解析】[C]根據(jù)上下文，這里應(yīng)當(dāng)指“學(xué)習(xí)技能”。
84.【解析】[B]固定短語(yǔ)to begin with，意為“首先，第一”，常用作插入語(yǔ)。
85.【解析】[A]謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞pause后，examine又是動(dòng)詞原形，所以這里應(yīng)當(dāng)選to，可構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式，作目的狀語(yǔ)。其余選項(xiàng)都是介詞，不合題意。
86.【解析】[C]本句對(duì)全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括，與文章的第三句相呼應(yīng)，Of the utmost importance is your attitude故選attitude。
Part Ⅵ Translation
87.【答案】not so much a writer
88.【答案】play indispensable roles
89.【答案】so that it could be conducted smoothly
90.【答案】is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago
91.【答案】has a strong influence on
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四六級(jí)考試·相關(guān)欄目
- 四級(jí)聽力
- 四級(jí)寫作
- 四級(jí)閱讀
- 四級(jí)語(yǔ)法
- 四級(jí)詞匯
- 四級(jí)完型
- 六級(jí)聽力
- 六級(jí)寫作
- 六級(jí)閱讀
- 六級(jí)語(yǔ)法
- 六級(jí)詞匯
- 六級(jí)完型
