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2010教育部考試中心考研英語(yǔ)模擬試題(新題型6)

作者:不詳   發(fā)布時(shí)間:2009-11-02 09:12:14  來(lái)源:來(lái)源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)
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  Directions:
   You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
   Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person’s view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else’s. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses.
   “Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it’s particularly important for small business,” says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. “With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company.”
   Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes:
   41. Be inclusive.
   With a smaller operation, it’s essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged.
   42. Mission, not just money.
   Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that’s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set.
   43. Nothing to fear but fear itself.
   Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance.
   44. It’s their careers, too.
   Don’t forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it’s not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves.
   45. Made, not necessarily born.
   One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees.
   [A] “It’s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it’s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake,” says Sheehan.
   [B] “You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have,” says Sheehan.
   [C] “People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities,” says Sheehan. “To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost.”
   [D] If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans.
   [E] For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers’ health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs.
   [F] “This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we’re not going to kill each other if things don’t work out,” says Sheehan. “I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It’s a question of what you want to focus on.”
   答案
   41.B 42.E 43.F 44.D 45.C

  總體分析
  本文是說(shuō)明文,主要介紹了好的雇主所具有的品質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)。
  第一、二段:指出很多特點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和能力是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能的要求就越突出。
  第三至十段:具體論述好的雇主所擁有的技能、策略和品質(zhì)。其中,第三段是一個(gè)引言,第四至八段分別論述。
  試題精解
  (一)審題,讀主題詞。
  標(biāo)題配對(duì)題中往往會(huì)給出主題詞,如本題中的how to be a good boss(如何成為一位好的老板),由此考生可以預(yù)測(cè)文章的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括好的老板的特點(diǎn)或品質(zhì)。
  (二)通讀全文,了解大意,并判斷小標(biāo)題的作用。
  略讀全文,把握小標(biāo)題和文章其他部分的邏輯關(guān)系。文章一開(kāi)始提出,很多特點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和能力是所有好雇主所共有的。41題前最后一句話是過(guò)渡句,承上啟下指出,接下來(lái)列出的是一位好雇主所擁有的技能、策略和品質(zhì)。由此可以得知下述幾個(gè)小標(biāo)題都是好雇主的特點(diǎn)。
  (三)瀏覽選項(xiàng),概括大意。
  由于選項(xiàng)部分多是段落,內(nèi)容相對(duì)較多,并且和原文是非等額搭配,因此可以先概括各選項(xiàng)的大意,將濃縮后的信息迅速地記下來(lái),或者將各項(xiàng)中的重要信息劃出來(lái),以便解題時(shí)一目了然,與小標(biāo)題一一對(duì)應(yīng)。本文六個(gè)選項(xiàng)有的是列舉具體事例,有的是引用專家話語(yǔ),有的則是兩著兼有。其大意是:
  [A] 要像一個(gè)教練一樣教育你的雇員,舉出實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)服他。
  [B] 要確保每一位雇員都得到公正的待遇。
  [C] 我們都有成為好老板的內(nèi)在品質(zhì),關(guān)鍵是要將它們發(fā)揮到極至。
  [D] 幫助雇員實(shí)現(xiàn)他們自己的事業(yè)目標(biāo)。
  [E] 明確的職責(zé)有利于激發(fā)雇員的積極性。
  [F] 要鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)步而非恐懼犯錯(cuò)。
  (三)掌握論證方法,將論據(jù)與論點(diǎn)一一匹配
  六個(gè)選項(xiàng)要么舉例要么引用專家話語(yǔ),顯然文章的主要論證手法是例證和引證。根據(jù)文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu),接下來(lái)要做的就是論據(jù)和論點(diǎn)的匹配工作�?梢韵瓤礃�(biāo)題后看選項(xiàng),也可根據(jù)選項(xiàng)來(lái)找合適的標(biāo)題。
  41題的標(biāo)題是“be inclusive”,顯然,僅從標(biāo)題無(wú)法判斷出作者究竟要表達(dá)什么含義。因此,需要繼續(xù)閱讀下文的論述部分。第四段的主題句是首句:雇主要讓每個(gè)雇員都覺(jué)得自己是團(tuán)隊(duì)平等而投入的成員。后面部分具體說(shuō)明方式是什么。其中treat each employee fairly和[B]項(xiàng)中的everyone is treated fairly相呼應(yīng)。因此[B]項(xiàng)正是讓雇員平等而投入的方式。從而可知inclusive在這指的是(心胸)包容而廣闊。
  42題的標(biāo)題是“使命而非金錢”。第五段首句就money展開(kāi)論述,指出:企業(yè)的首要目標(biāo)不是賺錢。接下來(lái)的兩句話則就mission展開(kāi)論述,指出:企業(yè)使命的形成也取決于老板設(shè)定的最重要的目標(biāo)。至此,本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)了mission的重要性,但沒(méi)有具體說(shuō)明它指的是什么。[E]項(xiàng)以餐飲和醫(yī)療器材為例說(shuō)明了不同企業(yè)的不同使命,為正確選項(xiàng)。其中responsibility是mission的近義詞。
  43題的標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞是fear。第六段先將兩種老板進(jìn)行了比較,一種老板不允許員工犯錯(cuò),另一種鼓勵(lì)員工不要害怕犯錯(cuò)。[F]項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了being afraid of的同義表達(dá),該項(xiàng)中席翰以游泳為例說(shuō)明,不要讓恐懼而要讓鼓勵(lì)來(lái)敦促人前進(jìn)。這個(gè)內(nèi)容顯然和前面提到的兩類老板的內(nèi)容相吻合。
  44題的標(biāo)題是“這也是他們的事業(yè)”,聯(lián)系全文主旨可知代詞their指的是“雇員”,careers是這個(gè)標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞。第七段對(duì)標(biāo)題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了闡釋:要幫助雇員明白如何為自己改善和創(chuàng)造有意義的事業(yè)。[D]項(xiàng)以一名雇員為例,說(shuō)明老板應(yīng)該幫助雇員實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的目標(biāo),其中a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business與careers呼應(yīng)。
  45題的標(biāo)題是“是后天的而不一定是天生的”。第八段首句對(duì)made一詞進(jìn)行了闡釋:成為一位好的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是一種后天學(xué)習(xí)的行為(learned behavior)。接下來(lái)該段又列舉了多種后天學(xué)習(xí)的方法:參加課程和研討會(huì),閱讀書(shū)籍等。[C]項(xiàng)中席翰的一番話是對(duì)標(biāo)題內(nèi)容的論述:我們都有成為好的老板的內(nèi)在品質(zhì),關(guān)鍵是要(后天)挖掘它。其中innate traits與標(biāo)題中的born相對(duì)應(yīng)。

  核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
  (1)mercurial(a.)水銀的;活潑的,易變的~ situation(易變的形勢(shì))
  (2)top-notch拔尖的,一流的,頂好的~performance一流的表演
  (3)inclusive(a.)包含的,包括的;包容廣闊的,范圍廣泛的,如~ strategies and broad vision廣泛的策略和遠(yuǎn)大的視野
  (4)altruism(n.)利他主義;altru-相當(dāng)于前綴alter-,表示“其他”,如alternative其他選擇,替代物
  (5)mission(n.)使命;使團(tuán),代表團(tuán)
  (6)at home with 精通,熟悉,如:He is at home with Spanish(他精通西班牙語(yǔ))
  (7)gun shy (馬、獵狗)怕槍[炮]的;風(fēng)聲鶴唳的,提心吊膽的
  (8)touch(n.)作風(fēng),風(fēng)格,手法,如professional ~專業(yè)手法
  (9)natural(a.)自然的,天然的;(n.)有天賦的人,擅長(zhǎng)做某事的人
  (10)top flight 一流的,名列前矛的,領(lǐng)先的
  全文翻譯
  你是否曾經(jīng)想過(guò)一個(gè)好老板到底好在什么地方。誠(chéng)然,這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案是因人而異的,因?yàn)橐粋(gè)人對(duì)優(yōu)秀雇主的看法和其他人不同。然而,很多特點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和能力卻是所有的好老板共有的。而且,越小的公司對(duì)于堅(jiān)實(shí)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能的要求就越突出。
  馬里蘭大學(xué)詹姆士·麥奎格·波恩斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)管理學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)教育課程的負(fù)責(zé)人羅布·席翰說(shuō),“在任何組織中做一個(gè)好老板都很重要,當(dāng)企業(yè)規(guī)模較小時(shí),你真地有機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)決定整個(gè)公司的風(fēng)格”。
  記住好的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力對(duì)于企業(yè)的重要性,同時(shí)考慮以下列出的技能、策略和品質(zhì):
  1. 要包容廣闊
  在較小范圍內(nèi)的運(yùn)作中,最關(guān)鍵是要讓每個(gè)人都覺(jué)得自己是團(tuán)隊(duì)平等而投入的成員。一個(gè)好的雇主肯定會(huì)公正地對(duì)待每一位雇員,不僅在新酬和其他形式的報(bào)酬方面如此,而且在雇員如何參與公司的日常職能方面也如此。鼓勵(lì)雇員的回饋意見(jiàn)、創(chuàng)新與創(chuàng)意,這樣他們會(huì)覺(jué)得自己真正地參與到企業(yè)中。
  席翰說(shuō):“你需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造一種誠(chéng)實(shí)、信任和尊敬的環(huán)境,絕對(duì)確保每一個(gè)人都得到公正的待遇,無(wú)論他們之間的差異有多大”。
  2. 使命而不是金錢
  很少有幾家企業(yè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)純粹是為了利他,但是那并不表示牟利就是首要的哲學(xué)和實(shí)用的目標(biāo)。實(shí)際上,有效率的老板會(huì)建立起真正的企業(yè)使命。使命如何形成既取決于企業(yè)也取決于老板設(shè)定的最重要的目標(biāo)。
  比如,一位餐館老板可能推出午間快餐服務(wù)作為服務(wù)忙碌的商業(yè)團(tuán)體的一種方式。同樣,醫(yī)療器材裝備公司則強(qiáng)調(diào)它的產(chǎn)品如何改善顧客的健康狀況。明確的使命(職責(zé))不僅有利于激發(fā)雇員的積極性,而且在他們的工作中注入了一種重要感。
  3. 除了恐懼本身之外,沒(méi)有什么可恐懼的。
  我們?cè)S多人曾經(jīng)遇到過(guò)這樣的老板,他們擅長(zhǎng)于在臺(tái)歷旁放上一把刀,誰(shuí)犯一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,就應(yīng)很自然地把腦袋放在刀刃下。相反,有效率的老板鼓勵(lì)他或她的員工不要提心吊膽地工作:一時(shí)的混亂是通向良好的工作表現(xiàn)的“必經(jīng)之路”。
  席翰說(shuō):“這需要一種鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)而非害怕犯錯(cuò)的心理。嘗試新的、不同的事物,但是必須清楚如果事情沒(méi)有得到解決,也不必大發(fā)雷霆。我在大學(xué)時(shí)是個(gè)游泳選手。當(dāng)我想象著有只鯊魚(yú)在追我時(shí),我游得很快;當(dāng)我想象著在參加奧林匹克賽時(shí),游得也一樣快。問(wèn)題在于你想要集中于什么。”
  4. 這也是他們的事業(yè)。
  不要忘記為你工作的人在指望著你能幫助他們開(kāi)拓和發(fā)展自己的事業(yè)。正如我所說(shuō)的,不完全是為了錢,而是要讓你的雇員明白如何為自己改善和創(chuàng)造有意義的事業(yè)。
  如果一名雇員的目標(biāo)是有一天成為經(jīng)理或經(jīng)營(yíng)自己公司。幫助它實(shí)現(xiàn)那個(gè)目標(biāo)。告訴他們?yōu)榱藢?shí)現(xiàn)最終計(jì)劃而需要努力培養(yǎng)的特點(diǎn)。
  5. 后天制造,不一定要天生就是。
  做一名好老板最后要注意的方面是:成為一位有效率的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者很大程度上是一種后天學(xué)習(xí)的行為。當(dāng)然,過(guò)去總是有而且將來(lái)還會(huì)有一些似乎在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和激發(fā)動(dòng)力方面有著完美技能的老板。但對(duì)于有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的人來(lái)說(shuō),很多一流的雇主是通過(guò)參加管理課程和研討會(huì),閱讀有關(guān)高效率領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的書(shū)籍而成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的,當(dāng)然同樣重要的是明白一個(gè)好的雇主自然會(huì)吸引一流的雇員的道理。
  席翰說(shuō):“人們肯定能發(fā)揮好的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能。在某種程度上,我們都有成為好的老板的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)。你真正需要做的是盡可能將它們發(fā)揮到極至”。

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