語(yǔ)法:倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu) 倒裝句分為兩種:部分倒裝和全部倒裝。具體來(lái)說(shuō),部分倒裝就是主語(yǔ)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞的倒裝。 例:Only then did I realize the importance of mathematics. (只是在那時(shí)我才認(rèn)識(shí)到數(shù)學(xué)的重要性。) 共有四種倒裝形式: 第一種:含有否定詞開(kāi)頭的句子都要倒裝: 否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)否定,可引起部分倒裝,即謂語(yǔ)部分中的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提至主語(yǔ)前,而動(dòng)詞仍置于主語(yǔ)后. 這些否定詞有:not, only, never, little, few, hardly, nowhere, seldom, rarely, scarcely … when …, no sooner…than, at no time, in no way(= by no means), under no circumstance, not until, not only … but (also) …. 如: Seldom does he go to see his aunt in the countryside.他很少去看鄉(xiāng)下的阿姨。 Hardly did I think it possible.我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)為這是不可能的。 Rarely did I meet Mr. Eldon. 我很少遇上埃爾登先生. No sooner had Yao Ming appeared in the hall than the crowd began to cheer.姚明剛出現(xiàn)在大廳,人群就歡呼起來(lái)了。 第二種,so…that… 太…以至于… , 如果so放在句首,so后句子倒裝,that后面的不倒裝。 如So fast did he run that he caught up with the whole class.他跑得很快,趕上了整個(gè)班級(jí). 第三種:如果虛擬條件從句當(dāng)中包含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞to be、動(dòng)詞to have,可以把if省略,然后倒裝。 見(jiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣if從句用法。 第四種:由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,后面的句子要倒裝。 如Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.盡管我很喜歡它,但是也不會(huì)買(mǎi)。 Try as he does, he will never pass it.盡管他會(huì)去嘗試,但他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成功。 語(yǔ)法:主謂一致 主謂一致即主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在數(shù)上保持一致。 1.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上做主語(yǔ)的單數(shù)名詞用and連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞原則上用復(fù)數(shù)。但是,如果單數(shù)名詞前有each, no, every, many a, more than one修飾,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如: Each boy and each girl is invited.每一個(gè)男孩和每一個(gè)女孩都受到了邀請(qǐng)。 Many a boy and many a girl has been invited.許多男孩和女孩都被邀請(qǐng)了。 2. every可以帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,這時(shí)我們?nèi)匀话阉醋饕粋(gè)整體,因此動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如Every four people shares a room.我們每四個(gè)人住一個(gè)房間。 3. 主語(yǔ)如果是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有以下結(jié)構(gòu):as well as(除了...之外還...), together with(與...一起), along with(與...一起), including(包括...在內(nèi)), accompanied by (陪同,陪伴),in company with(在...的陪同下),besides (除了...之外), except(除了...)等,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如: The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。 4. 集體名詞(family, crew, class, committee, government, audience, group, team, army等)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于這個(gè)集體名詞的含義:當(dāng)這個(gè)集合名詞表示一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個(gè)體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 如: The family is the basic unit of our society.家庭是社會(huì)的基本組成單位。 The committee is made up of five members.這個(gè)委員會(huì)由五個(gè)成員組成。 5. 有些名詞盡管以“s”結(jié)尾,如:news(消息), politics(政治學(xué)), physics(物理學(xué)), economics(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)), mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))等,但這些詞表示的是單數(shù)的概念,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如Every means has been tried.每一種方式都試過(guò)了。 6.當(dāng)句子有兩個(gè)主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)又是由either…or…, neither…nor, …or…, …nor…或 not only…but (also)…連接,則采用臨近原則,數(shù)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞臨近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 如Neither Tom nor his parents are at home.湯姆和他的父母都不在家。 7.a number of后面動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);the number of 后面動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 如: A number of students have gone to the cinema.一些學(xué)生去看電影了。 The number of students has doubled since 1998.學(xué)生的數(shù)量自從1988年已經(jīng)翻了一番。 語(yǔ)法:附加疑問(wèn)句 附加疑問(wèn)句附在陳述句后面,對(duì)陳述句所敘述的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問(wèn)。該句型的結(jié)構(gòu)特征為:當(dāng)前面是肯定時(shí),后面用否定式;當(dāng)前面是否定時(shí),后面用肯定式。反意問(wèn)句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和陳述句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相一致. 有關(guān)附加疑問(wèn)句,應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點(diǎn): 1. 當(dāng)陳述句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句時(shí),通常情況下疑問(wèn)部分應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的動(dòng)詞形式而定。 如He said that he didn’t want to go, did not he?他說(shuō)他不想去,是嗎? 2. 雖然陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句,但是,如果主語(yǔ)部分是以下幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu):I’d say(我想說(shuō)), I’ll bet(我敢打賭), I guess(我猜測(cè)), I think(我想), I suppose(我想),I believe (我相信),I expect(我期待), I imagine(我想像),附加疑問(wèn)句要根據(jù)從句的動(dòng)詞形式而定。 如I suppose you are not serious, are you?我想這事你不是當(dāng)真的,是嗎? 3. 如果在第二種句式中的主句部分加否定詞,附加疑問(wèn)部分用肯定式。 如I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他對(duì)這事兒無(wú)所謂,是嗎? 4. 如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, nobody, 提問(wèn)部分的人稱(chēng)要用復(fù)數(shù)they. 如Everybody knows that the earth is round, don’t they?每個(gè)人都知道地球是圓的,對(duì)嗎? 5.陳述句部分如果含有否定詞nothing, nobody, seldom, rarely, never, hardly, scarcely, 疑問(wèn)部分要用肯定式。 如She scarcely cares for anything, does she? (她這人對(duì)什么都不關(guān)心,對(duì)嗎?) 總結(jié)如下: 陳述部分提問(wèn)部分 have todon’t had todidn’t ought tooughtn’t to / shouldn’t to used todidn’t letshall(說(shuō)的和聽(tīng)的都要做這個(gè)動(dòng)作)/ will Don’twill 語(yǔ)法:強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)有三種主要形式: 1.由it做引導(dǎo)詞,形式:It is(was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分,后面常出現(xiàn)that,whom,who。 如John met Mary in Paris last week.這句話(huà)中除了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能被強(qiáng)調(diào)之外,其余劃線(xiàn)部分都可以強(qiáng)調(diào)。強(qiáng)調(diào)不同部分如下: �。�1)It was john who met Mary in Paris last week. �。�2)It was Mary whom John met in Paris last week. �。�3)It was in Paris that John met Mary last week. �。�4)It was last week that john met Mary in Paris. 2.It is because 也是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。 如It is because she is very devoted to her students that she is respected by them.就是因?yàn)樗硇牡赝度雽W(xué)生的教育,她才受到孩子們的尊敬。 3.由not until引導(dǎo)的句子,既是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句,也是一種倒裝句。 如It was not until bedtime that the boy ever remembered to do his homework. 直到睡覺(jué)時(shí)間那個(gè)男孩兒才想起來(lái)該做作業(yè)了。 這句話(huà)我們用Not until 來(lái)引導(dǎo)則是: Not until bedtime did the boy ever remember to do his homework. 到此為止,語(yǔ)法部分全部講完。從下節(jié)開(kāi)始講答題技巧 。 |