練習

Ⅰ Cloze

Globalization-is it holy crap?

　　Globalization can somehow be defined（1）____harmonization, homogenization or integration of the countries and（2）____.  Functionally, it can be seen as a process of gradually（3）____ interaction and integration of economies and societies around the world.  The growing economic interdependence is the most crucial （4）____ force of globalization.  In the first（5）____, it is the economic dimension of globalization which（6）____both scholars' and（7）____attention.  Transnational corporations (TNCs) and large financial institutions in the mature and developed industrial economies （8）____a proactive role（9）____ devising and creating global networks in economic and financial areas.  However, sociologist, anthropologist and historian state that the non-economic dimension is（10）____equally important.  For example, Alexander the Great did not only militarily conquer Persia（11）____introduced western （12）____, philosophy and scientific technology（13）____ the east.（14）____he noticed that what he thought the barbarian east had a more complex governing system even than his own.  Today, though most popular definitions of globalization are still focusing more（15）____ the economic dimension; the non-economic dimension gets more and more attention in almost every society of the world.  There are tons of studies（16）____ this topic.  Yet, globalization as a phenomenon, in reality, is still in its （17）____. 

　　According to <Harvey, a well-known scholar, Globalization is the manifestation of the changing experience of time and space, in which（18）____economic and social processes has experientially（19）____the globe, so that distance and time no longer appear（20）____ major constraints on the organization of human activities. 

　　Giddens, another scholar argues that "Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa."

1.[A]as         [B]to be          [C]like        [D]of

2. [A]economy   [B]economics     [C]economic   [D]economies

3. [A]revolving   [B]evolving      [C]resolving    [D]solving

4. [A]enhancing   [B]moving       [C]driving     [D]motivating

5. [A]case       [B]place          [C]area       [D]space

6. [A]catches    [B]influences      [C]has        [D]draws

7. [A]practitioners'  [B]practicers'   [C]practists'    [D]practicalists'

8. [A]took       [B]had          [C]played      [D]occupied

9. [A]in         [B]on           [C]within      [D]into

10. [A]to be     [B]as            [C]/           [D]being

11. [A]but also    [B]also         [C]and        [D]and also

12. [A]thinking   [B]thoughts      [C]ideology    [D]theories

13. [A]to        [B]into          [C]for         [D]towards

14. [A]Surprisedly  [B]Surprised    [C]Surprisingly  [D]Surprising

15. [A]on        [B]in            [C]at          [D]of

16. [A]about      [B]of           [C]in          [D]at

17. [A]childhood   [B]teenage      [C]teens       [D]infancy

18. [A]speeding    [B]speedy      [C]speedy up    [D]speeding up

19. [A]shrank      [B]shrunk      [C]shrinked     [D]been shrunk

20. [A]as         [B]being        [C]to be        [D]as to be

II. Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

Passage One 

　　Various accounts have traced the "Big Apple" expression to Depression-Era sidewalk apple vendors, a Harlem night club and a popular 1930s dance known as the "Big Apple." One fanciful version even links the name with a notorious 19th-century procuress!

　　In fact, it was the jazz musicians of the 1930s and ‘40s who put the phrase into more or less general circulation. If a jazzman circa 1940 told you he had a gig in the "Big Apple," you knew he had an engagement to play in the most coveted venue of all, Manhattan, where the audience was the biggest, hippest, and most appreciative in the country.

　　The older generation of jazzmen specifically credit Fletcher Henderson, one of the greatest of the early Big Band leaders and arrangers, with popularizing it, but such things are probably impossible to document. Be that as it may, the ultimate source actually was not the jazz world but the racetrack.

　　As Damon Runyon (among many others) cheerfully pointed out, New York in those days offered a betting man a lot of places to go broke. There were no fewer than four major tracks nearby, and it required no fewer than three racing journals to cover such a lively scene-The Daily Racing Form (which still survives on newsstands today) and The Running Horse and The New York Morning Telegraph (which do not)-and the ultimate credit for marrying New York to its durable catchphrase goes to columnist John J. FitzGerald who wrote for the Telegraph for over 20 years.

　　Despite its turf-related origins, by the 1930s and '40s, the phrase had become firmly linked to the city's jazz scene. "Big Apple" was the name both of a popular night club at West 135th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem and a jitterbug-style group dance that originated in the South, became a huge phenomenon at Harlem's great Savoy Ballroom and rapidly spread across the country. (Neat cultural footnote: the great African-American cinema pioneer Oscar Micheaux liked to use the Big Apple as a venue for occasional screenings of his latest feature film or documentary.)

　　A film short called The Big Apple came out in 1938, with an all-Black cast featuring Herbert "Whitey" White's Lindy Hoppers, Harlem's top ballroom dancers in the Swing Era. In a book published the same year, bandleader Cab Calloway used the phrase "Big Apple" to mean "the big town, the main stem, Harlem." Anyone who loved the city would have readily agreed with Jack FitzGerald: "There's only one Big Apple. That's New York."

　　The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s. Then Charles Gillett, head of the New York Convention & Visitors Bureau, got the idea of reviving it. The agency was desperately trying to attract tourists to the town. Mayor John Lindsay had dubbed "Fun City," but which had become better-known for its blackouts, strikes, street crime and occasional riots. What could be a more wholesome symbol of renewal than a plump red apple?

　　The city's industrial-strength campaign was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971, complete with a cheerful Big Apple logo in innumerable forms (lapel pins, buttons, bumper stickers, refrigerator magnets, shopping bags, ashtrays, ties, tie tacks, "Big Apple" T-shirts, etc.).

　　Apparently Gillett was on to something, because at this writing, over 35 years later, the campaign he launched-it won him a Tourism Achievement award in 1994, by the way-is still going strong.

1. Read the first paragraph and then choose the correct one.
[A] "Big Apple" is a name of New York.
[B] There are many reasons for the name "Big Apple".
[C] People are likely to call New York City "Big Apple".
[D] The name "Big Apple" is a name of New York City in the history.

2. According to the author, what's the reason for the name "Big Apple"?
[A] He thought that the name "Big Apple" could not be traced as many people's saying.
[B] He thought that the name "Big Apple" was something about jazz musicians.
[C] He thought that initially the name "Big Apple" was a name for Manhattan, not for New York City.
[D] He thought that the name "Big Apple" was named by jazz musicians.

3. According to Cab Calloway's book, what's the meaning of the phrase "Big Apple"?
[A] A name of club in his book.
[B] A name of drama mentioned in his book.
[C] It meant the big town, the main stem, Harlem.
[D] It was just a name and had no means.

4. How did they revive the name "Big Apple" by the 1970s?
[A] By announced a new slogan.
[B] By announce that a plump red apple is a symbol of health.
[C] By put an end to New York's occasional riots.
[D] By put an end to New York's street crimes.

5. What's the industrial-strength campaign's effect which was launched toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971?
[A] It led to a trend of widely used of the phrase "Big Apple".
[B] It made the phrase "Big Apple" have new meanings.
[C] The campaign is good for the reviving of the name "Big City".
[D] The campaign lead to the name's widely use which was good for its reviving.

Passage Two

　　There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation's fastest-growing crime problem, juvenile offenders. While overall crime statistics in America's largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994, murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.

　　Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the same pace as homicides. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future.

　　It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles. The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.

　　There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami, two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman. During the attack, the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train.

　　In Fort Meyers, Florida, a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report, but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up "would-be junior terrorists" that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.

　　There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts, as well as this publication, have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.

　　It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill, rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899, juvenile courts were established to help protect "juvenile delinquents." But it seems that today, the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these "14-year-old harden felons." Many critics, today, say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.

　　Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better, many cities, states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee, Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case, Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately, officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole, had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the "get-tough" approach.

1. As you read the first paragraph, which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America's largest cities has dropped?
[A] Homicides committed by youths.
[B] Murders committed by adults.
[C] Drug abuse.
[D] Violation.

2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question: What happened to the "6-year-old"?
[A] The "6-year-old" had been killed.
[B] The "6-year-old" had almost killed another small baby.
[C] The "6-year-old" had been sent to prison.
[D] The "6-year-old" had suffered brain damage.

3. What thing will be report by ENN?
[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.
[B] Junior terrorists.
[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.
[D] Both A and B.

4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?
[A] Journalists came from Florida.
[B] The parents came from the juvenile's families.
[C] Teachers came from the juvenile's school.
[D] The victims of these young felons.

5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee, what did he mean?
[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system.
[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.
[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.
[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.練習答案與題解：

I．Cloze

1.[A]

define sth as sth.是固定用法，意思是"給（詞語等）下定義；闡明，解釋某事"。其余搭配均不正確。

2.[D]

economy為名詞，有可數和不可數兩種形式，其意思有"（金錢，力氣，時間，資源等）節(jié)省，節(jié)約"。 economy也有"(國家的）經濟管理，經濟制度"的意思。此題中economy就屬于這個意思，且應為復數。

3.[B]

evolve的意思為"（使）逐漸形成；（指植物、動物等）進化"。revolve意為"旋轉"；resolve意為"分解，溶解"；solve意為"解決（問題）"。

4.[C]

enhance意為"增強，增多"；move意為"移動"；motivate意為"激發(fā)"，均不合題意。只有driving force是約定俗成的用法。此處driving force的意思是"sb./ sth. that strongly influences people and makes them to do sth"。

5.[B]

in the first/ second... place用于如列舉理由時，相當于firstly, secondly 等等。

6.[A]

catch one's attention/eye意為"吸引某人的注意"；draw (sb's) attention to sth意思是"令某人注意某事物"。

7.[A]

只有practitioner這個單詞存在，其余選項雖然與構詞規(guī)則有關系，但都是不存在的詞語。此題考查考生平時學習中的詞匯積累。另外，practitian = practitioner。

8.[C]

play a role in ...是固定用法，意思為"在......方面起作用"。其他搭配均不正確。

9.[A]

play a role in...為固定搭配，其余選項中的介詞均不對。

10.[B]

as在此處是副詞，意為"和......一樣"。

11.[A]

not only ...but also是習慣搭配，意思是"不僅......而且......"，如：He is not only interested in coffee, but also likes drinking tea.他不但對咖啡感興趣，而且也喜歡喝茶。

12.[B]

thought在此句中的意思是"思想，思潮"；thinking為動詞的現在分詞形式，不能在此作名詞用；ideology意為"意識形態(tài)"；theory意為"理論，學說"，均不合題意。

13.[A]

introduce sb/ sth to sb意為"是相互認識，引見；宣布并介紹"。

14.[C]

surprise為動詞，意思是"使（某人）吃驚"；surprised是形容詞，be surprised at sth意為"驚奇的，驚訝的，詫異的"。surprising也是形容詞，意思是"令人吃驚的，使人吃驚的"；surprisingly是其副詞形式。

15.[A]

focus sth on sth意為"使某事物集中于一點；集中（于某事物）；將注意力集中于（某事物）"。

16.[C]

此句中studies為名詞，其后跟in表示"在......方面的研究、探索"。

17.[D]

infancy意為"嬰兒期，幼兒期"，也可用作比喻義"（發(fā)展或成長的）初期"。其余搭配均不能表達此意。

18.[D]

speed作動詞的使后跟up搭配意思為"（使某事物）加速"。speedy為形容詞，意為"快速的，迅速的；及早的"。

19.[B]

shrunk 為shrink的過去分詞形式，意思是"收縮，委瑣，縮短"。

20.[C]

appear是不及物動詞，因此后面應跟to be。

Reading Passages

Part A

Passage One

1.[B]
段意歸納題。本題的干擾項在C項。紐約市被稱為大蘋果是我們的常識，所以很多考生會選擇這個選項。但陷阱往往就在這里。我們把這種陷阱稱為"真理式陷阱"。該類干擾項的共同特點在于，孤立的看，這個選項挑不出任何毛病，而且往往能使我們聯想起我們日常生活中的常識。但有至關重要的是該類選項在目標段落中沒有被談到，所以需要被排除。

2.[B]
選項中A項講的是上一段說的內容，因此不能選。C項說大蘋果最初是曼哈頓名字這點說的不正確。文中提到曼哈頓只是說它與我們的命名有關，但沒說這名字給了曼哈頓了。D項說作者認為大蘋果這個名字是爵士樂音樂家給起的，也不正確。這個名字雖然與爵士樂家有關，但不是由爵士樂家們專門為紐約市取的名字。

3.[C]
細節(jié)題。細讀文章第六段即可找到答案。此類題只要準確定位到原文就可以順利排除干擾項。

4.[B]
C和D項干擾意圖明顯，可以很容易被排除。A項雖然沒有錯，但相對而言，B項說得更具體些。

5.[D]
該題的迷惑性在于如何區(qū)分幾個相近選項。B項是可以首先排除的。接下來看A、C。從一定意義上說，A、C都有道理。但根據選擇最佳方案法，我們發(fā)現，D項說得最全面。所以，這里把A、C排除而選擇D。

[疑難長句翻譯與注解]

1. Various accounts have traced...a popular 1930s dance known as the "Big Apple."

[譯文]關于大蘋果這個稱謂可以追述到很多來源，如有的說是大蕭條時期人行道旁的蘋果攤賣主，有的歸因于黑人住宅區(qū)夜總會，以及在二十世紀三十年代流行的一種叫大蘋果的舞蹈。

[注解]"Big Apple"是對紐約市的一種約定俗成的稱呼，本文就是探討該名字的由來。句中沒有連詞只是用句式的邏輯表達了出來，我們在翻譯的時候要把連詞添上。

2. "which still survives on newsstands today"

[譯文] 這份刊物現在還在發(fā)行。

[注解] 不能翻譯成"今天依然活在報攤上"。應該意譯。意思是說這份刊物現在還在發(fā)行，仍然存在。

3. The city's industrial-strength campaign... the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971.  

[譯文]城市的加強工業(yè)運動開始于1971年Lindsay政府的任期將滿之前。

[注解] "toward the end of the Lindsay administration in 1971".的意思就是在1971年，Lindsay政府任期將滿之前。這里toward the end 是just before a particular time。

4. The older generation of jazzmen specifically ... are probably impossible to document.

[譯文]老一輩的爵士樂家們熱衷于將其歸功于早期大樂隊最偉大的領導者之一的Fletcher Henderson, 他們認為是他使"大蘋果"這個名字流行起來的，但卻不大可能有東西證明這種事的存在。

[注解] jazzmen 在這里指爵士樂家，credit除了有信任之意思外，還可以指"把......歸功于......"。本句中credit的意思就是后者。

5. The term had grown stale and was in fact generally forgotten by the 1970s.

[譯文] 這種稱謂逐漸變得了無新意，并于20世紀70年代被人們基本遺忘。

[注解] "The term"指代上文中提到的大蘋果的稱謂。"stale"指"陳舊的、不新鮮的"，在這里譯為了無新意。

Passage Two

1.[A]
細節(jié)題。本題只要讀懂文章就不難排除干擾。我們細看原文可以發(fā)現，第一段里只講了青少年殺人犯罪問題，所以，后面幾個選項都不符合要求。

2.[B]
理解題。這道題考查對原文的理解。重點在于區(qū)分"6-year-old"和"the baby"。只要將這兩者區(qū)分清楚就不會選錯。

3.[A]
本題是細節(jié)題。細讀文章第五段可以發(fā)現，文中說將要被ENN報道的是A中提到的佛羅里達州高中教師被青少年殺害事件。B項的少年恐怖分子雖在文中有提及，但不是ENN要報道的內容，所以排除。

4.[D]
細節(jié)題。本文較為側重考查考生捕捉細節(jié)的能力。在文中第六段段末可以看到, 受害者們最為關注針對青少年犯罪司法體系的修改。而選項中提到的C項雖然有老師是受害者，但顯然過于片面，故排除。

5.[A]
主旨題。作者在文中舉了這個案例目的在于表明舊有的法律已經不適用了。對于現在的一些青少年惡性案件來說，有必要加大懲處力度。所以，作者引用了這個案例來說明如果不對青少年犯罪加以扼制，這批問題少年成年后還會對社會造成危害。解這道題主要需要把握原文主旨。作者在文中對青少年犯罪持否定態(tài)度，多處細節(jié)表明作者本身贊同對問題少年加以限制，所以這里的選擇就可以根據本文的主要精神加以把握。

[疑難長句翻譯與注解]

1. Demographic studies show that...the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.

[譯文]統(tǒng)計學的研究表明，在即將到來的一年里，青年人口將有迅猛的增長。據專家估計，在2005年，25%的謀殺事件是由青少年犯罪導致的。

[注解] 其中，a surge of something意思是 a sudden increase in amount of number。demographic 是形容詞，意為人口統(tǒng)計學的。surge即可作名詞也可為動詞，這里作動詞用，意為迅猛增長。

2. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise.

[譯文]盡管多年來的數據呈下降趨勢，但青少年吸毒問題依然嚴重。

[注解]這句話不長，關鍵在于對詞組"on the rise"意思的理解，在文中，該詞組的意思為依然在上升。

3. Several experts, as well as this...made in the juvenile justice system.

[譯文]一些專家以及這本刊物都在努力試圖尋求法律的支持，深受這些少年重犯之害的人們都異常憤怒并呼吁政府對青少年司法制度進行更改。

[注解]"felons"原型是"felon"，意思是重罪犯。這里"calling"是呼吁的意思。

4. Because of the rise in juvenile...congress are trying to wrestle with the problem.

[譯文]由于青少年犯罪的增長加上專家們預測這個問題在得到改善之前將日趨嚴重，很多城市、州，甚至國會都開始試著同這種問題做斗爭了。

[注解]在原文中出現的連詞"and"在翻譯時，不一定譯成"和"字，為了照顧漢語的流暢，這個"和"可以譯成"加上"。

5. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant.

[譯文]這個嫌疑犯十六歲，甚至在附近的餐館還擁有一份工作。

[注解]"suspect"作嫌疑犯講。在這里的定語從句沒有翻譯成定語而是譯成了動賓結構。