extent　　n. 1 廣度, 寬度, 范圍, 程度2 [律]<英>扣押, <美>臨時所有權(quán)令
      [例] I agree with you to some extent.我部分地同意你。
      [固定搭配] to some extent 某種程度上

      inherent　　adj. 固有的, 內(nèi)在的, 與生俱來的
      [例] Polarity is inherent in a magnet.極性是磁鐵的固有性質(zhì)。
      [同義] existing， instinctive ，internal， natural
      [反義] acquired adj.已獲得的, 已成習(xí)慣的, 后天通過自己的努力得到的

      profound　　adj. 深刻的, 意義深遠的, 淵博的, 造詣深的
      [例] We had a profound lesson in ideological education yesterday.昨天我們上了一堂深刻的思想教育課。
      [同義] deep ，extreme， great， intense， serious
      [反義] shallow adj. 淺的, 淺薄的

     characteristic　　adj. 特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的 n.特性, 特征
      [例] What are the characteristics that distinguish the Chinese from the Japanese?
      中國人區(qū)別于日本人的特征是什么?
      [派生] character n.(事物的)特性, 性質(zhì), 特征(的總和), 品質(zhì), 字符, 性格, 特征, 人物
       vt.寫, 刻, 印, 使具有特征

      institution　　n. 1 公共機構(gòu), 協(xié)會2 制度
      [例] Marriage became an institution in ancient societies. 婚姻在古代社會就已經(jīng)成為一種制度。

      current adj. 1 當(dāng)前的, 通用的, 流通的, 現(xiàn)在的 2 草寫的, n.1 涌流, 趨勢2 電流, 水流, 氣流
      [例] Newspapers influence the current of thought. 報紙影響思想潮流。
      [同義] flow, happening ,present, prevalent ,stream
      [派生] currency n. 流通

       keen　　　　　adj. 1 鋒利的, 敏銳的, 敏捷的2 熱心的, 渴望的
      [例] A keen north wind was blowing. 刮著刺骨的北風(fēng)。
      [同義] acute ,bright ,clever , quick, sharp
      [反義] blunt adj. 鈍的, 生硬的

      rejoice　　　　v. (使)欣喜, (使)高興, 喜悅
      [例] I rejoice to hear your success. 聽到你的成功我很高興。
      [同義] celebrate , cheer, delight , encourage , inspire
      [反義] grieve v. (使)悲痛, (使)傷心, 憂傷

      conquer　　　　　vt.1 征服, 戰(zhàn)勝, 占領(lǐng)2 克服(困難等), 破(壞習(xí)慣等)
      [例] "According to the textbook of history, the Normans conquered England in 1066."
       據(jù)歷史書記載諾曼底人于一零六六年占領(lǐng)了英格蘭。
      [同義] crush , defeat , overtake , triumph , vanquish , win
      [反義] surrender vt. 交出, 放棄, 使投降, 聽任 vi.投降, 自首 n. 交出, 放棄, 投降

      merit　　　　　n. 1 優(yōu)點2 價值 v. 有益于
      [例] There's little merit in passing the driving test if you don't have a car of your own.
      "如果你沒有自己的汽車,通過駕駛考試也沒什么價值。"
      [同義] excellence , fineness, goodness , quality , value , worth
      [反義] defect n. 過失, 缺點

       sympathy　　　　n. 同情同情心
      [例] I have been a prisoner, so I have a lot of sympathy with other people in prison.
      我曾經(jīng)是個犯人，因此我對其他在監(jiān)獄里的人深表同情。
      [同義]compassion，condolence，mercy， pity
      [反義]antipathy 憎惡反感
      [派生] sympathetic adj. 有同情心的, 合意的, 贊成的 n. [解]交感神經(jīng), 容易感受的人

      exclusively　　　 adv. 排外地專有地
      [例] This sample room is exclusively for women. 這試衣室僅供婦女使用。
      [反義] inclusively adv.包含地, 在內(nèi)地
      [派生] exclusive adj. 1 排外的, 孤高的, 獨占的, 唯一的2 高級的

【真題原文】

      Personality is to a large extent inherent——A-type-parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
      One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '
      By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
      Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .
      If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

【原文翻譯】

      性格從很大程度上來說是遺傳的——A 性格的父母通常養(yǎng)育的兒女也是A 性格的。但是環(huán)境一定也起了很重要的作用，因為如果競爭對父母是重要的，那么競爭在子女的生活中也是一個重要的因素。
     養(yǎng)成A 類性格的地方之一就是學(xué)校，從本質(zhì)上說，學(xué)校是一個高度競爭的機構(gòu)。有太多的學(xué)校把“不惜一切贏取勝利”作為道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并夸耀成就來衡量他們的勝利。現(xiàn)在，學(xué)校熱情地鼓勵孩子們和同學(xué)競賽與時間賽跑，這就產(chǎn)生了一個兩層系統(tǒng)，在這個系統(tǒng)里，其中有競爭意識的A 性格學(xué)生似乎在很多方面都優(yōu)于B 性格的學(xué)生。但是，對勝利太熱衷也會導(dǎo)致危險的結(jié)果：還記得第一個馬拉松運動員Pheidippides，在說完“歡慶吧，我們勝利了！”之后，就倒下死掉了。
      到目前為止，學(xué)校競爭中最糟糕的形式是對考試的過分強調(diào)。很少有學(xué)校允許學(xué)生專注于自己擅長的事情。用考試來競爭的優(yōu)點在某種程度上是值得懷疑的，但是明知道會失敗還要參加競爭，這對學(xué)生的影響是非常不好的。
      顯然，讓A 性格的年輕人全部轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)锽 性格的，這樣做既不切實際，也不值得。這個世界需要各種各樣的性格，學(xué)校有一個重要的職責(zé)就是使學(xué)生的性格能適合他們將來可能的職業(yè)，這才是管理的最高境界。
      如果學(xué)校對學(xué)業(yè)的關(guān)注少一些，而多花些時間來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的價值觀。也許挑選護理專業(yè)（尤其是醫(yī)藥專業(yè)）的從業(yè)人員時，可以更少的考慮些化學(xué)的成績高低，而更多的考慮些細心和同情心這樣的因素。只從A 性格的人里挑選醫(yī)生，這顯然不對，B 性格的人也很重要，也應(yīng)該加以鼓勵。