Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.
59. Substances abuse (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abuse in that ________.
(A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
(B) drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
(C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
(D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word pervasive (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.
(A) widespread (B) overwhelming (C) piercing (D) fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
(A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
(B) exclusive use of them for social purposes
(C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
(D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
(A) stimulants function positively on the mind
(B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
(C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
(D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
答案及試題解析
59.（D）意為：除海洛因或可卡因外，許多其他物質(zhì)也是有害的。
第一段最后一句指出，許多醫(yī)生（physician）和心理學(xué)家常使用物質(zhì)濫用而不是藥物濫用這一概念，他們想以此說明：濫用像煙酒這樣的物質(zhì)與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
A 意為：如果非法使用，物質(zhì)可能改變我們身體或大腦的功能。第一段第一句對藥物這一概念下了一個定義：從專業(yè)角度來講，除食品以外，任何改變我們的身體或大腦功能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。但是，正如第二句所指出的，許多人錯誤地認(rèn)為藥物這一概念僅指某種醫(yī)藥或嗜毒者用的非法化學(xué)藥品。
B 意為：藥物濫用僅限指一少部分人的吸毒行為。
C 意為：煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命。這里，fatal（致命的）一詞太夸張了，與原文中所說的有害（harmfully）相去甚遠(yuǎn)。
60.（A）該詞意為：普通的，廣泛的。
事實(shí)上，由第二段第一句的冒號后部分所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出該詞的意思。該句可譯為：在我們生活的社會里，醫(yī)用或社交用物質(zhì)（藥物）廣泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止頭痛，用酒交際，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支煙定定神（或：松弛一下）。
B 意為：壓倒一切的，占主流的。
C 意為：尖銳的，尖的。
D 意為：時(shí)髦的，流行的。
61.（A）意為：長時(shí)間無節(jié)制地嗜用它們。
根據(jù)第二段第四、五句，頻繁使用（repeated use）某種物質(zhì)（藥物）會使身體對之上癮或形成依賴。依賴起先表現(xiàn)為耐藥量（tolerance）的增加：要達(dá)到滿足，需要的劑量越來越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反應(yīng)就會出現(xiàn)�？梢�，用藥量和用藥時(shí)間是造成藥物依賴的兩個重要因素。
B 意為：僅將它們用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句確實(shí)提到了像酒這樣的物質(zhì)可以用于社交目的，但這不等于說只有用于社交目的的物質(zhì)才可以使人上癮。
C 意為：將它們大量地用來治病。量大僅是可能產(chǎn)生藥物依賴的原因之一，而頻繁使用也是形成藥物依賴的重要條件。
D 意為：粗心使用它們而產(chǎn)生不良癥狀。
62.（B）意為：幻覺劑本身就危害健康。
根據(jù)第三段第四、五句，幻覺劑主要影響人的感知覺，以各種方式（包括產(chǎn)生幻覺）將它扭曲、改變。它們被稱作引起幻覺的藥物，因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪鯊母旧细淖兞巳说囊庾R狀態(tài)。
A 意為：興奮劑對心智有積極影響。第三段前三句指出，影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的（psychoactive）物質(zhì)，它們通常分為興奮劑、抑制劑或幻覺劑。興奮劑具有開始加快或激活中樞神經(jīng)的作用，而抑制劑則具有減緩作用。但是，無論是哪種作用，其影響都是有害的。參閱第一段最后一句。
C 意為：抑制劑是對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)中最壞的一種。第三段提到了三鐘影響人的意識與行為的物質(zhì)（見上文），但并未指出哪種效果最壞。
D 意為：三種對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)經(jīng)常被一起使用。這一點(diǎn)第三段也未提到。
翻譯句子
1. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[參考譯文] 我們生活在一種藥品（毒品）的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭疼的阿司匹林，一些用來社交的酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干就是 We live in a society…，后面 which 引導(dǎo)定語從句 in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive，修飾 society。冒號后面的部分是并列關(guān)系的名詞詞組，用來舉例說明前面提出的觀點(diǎn)，開始時(shí)可以略去不看。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意冒號后面列舉的前三個名詞詞組中的動詞不定式都相當(dāng)于定語成分，修飾前面的中心名詞，表示其功效。
2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[參考譯文] 對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)停藥后，令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現(xiàn)。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 Dependence is marked first by…and then by…；逗號隔開的成分 with+n.+過去分詞：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect 作狀語，用來進(jìn)一步解釋藥物依賴的第一種表現(xiàn)。when the substance is discontinued 是表示時(shí)間的狀語從句。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 and 連接兩個 by 開始的介詞詞組是并列關(guān)系，這樣就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名詞在這里的特殊意義：dependence 指對藥物的依賴，withdrawal 的意思是停止用藥。
補(bǔ)充難句翻譯
1. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
[參考譯文] 藥品濫用這個詞經(jīng)常被用來代替毒品濫用，其目的是為了表明酒精和煙草這樣的物質(zhì)是可能像海洛因和可卡因那樣被誤用的。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干是句子的前半部分 The phrase substance abuse is often used…to make clear…；to make clear that…是動詞不定式作狀語，表示目的。that 后面接的是賓語從句作動詞 make clear 的賓語。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 make+sth.+adj.：make sth. clear，這里因?yàn)?sth. 是一個 that 引導(dǎo)的從句，所以放在了形容詞 clear 的后面。另外注意 as…as 的用法。
2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
[參考譯文] 精神刺激性藥品通常按照他們是否是興奮劑，鎮(zhèn)靜劑或致幻劑來劃分。
[結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這是一個簡單句。句子的主干部分是 Psychoactive substances are…grouped according to…，使用了被動語態(tài)。其中 whether 引導(dǎo)賓語從句 whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介詞 according to 的賓語。
[閱讀重點(diǎn)] group 這里用作動詞，是分類的意思。
語言點(diǎn)詳解
1. alter 改變
[大綱詞匯] alter v. 改變，變更 alteration n. 改變，變更
[經(jīng)典例句] The outstanding performance of the troupe altered their attitude.
2. mental functioning 心理功能
3. drug addict 吸毒者
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] addict n. 入迷的人，上癮的人； v. 使沉溺，使人迷，使上癮
4. alcohol 酒精
[大綱詞匯] alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇；含酒精的飲料
[衍生詞匯] alcoholic n.酒鬼；a.酒精的
[經(jīng)典例句] His mother told him to keep off alcohol.
5. illegal 非法的
[大綱詞匯] illegal a.不合法的，非法的
[經(jīng)典例句] The state forbids illegal possession of firearms.
6. neutral 中性的
[大綱詞匯] neutral a.中立的；中性的，中和的
[經(jīng)典例句] He tried to keep neutral in the conflicts between his friends.
7. psychologist 心理學(xué)家
[大綱詞匯] psychology n. 心理學(xué)
[衍生詞匯] psychologist n.心理學(xué)家
8. phrase 詞
[大綱詞匯] phrase n.短語，詞語，習(xí)語
[經(jīng)典例句] This phrase was used wrongly in the sentence.
9. abuse 濫用
[大綱詞匯] abuse v./n.濫用；虐待；漫罵
[經(jīng)典例句] Drug abuse has become a serious social problem nowadays.
10. instead of 代替
[大綱詞匯] instead ad.代替，頂替 instead of 代替，而不是；不是…（而是）
[經(jīng)典例句] Her brought two assistants with her instead of one.
11. misuse 濫用
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] misuse v. 錯用，誤用，濫用
[構(gòu)詞方法] mis-后綴，表示不當(dāng)，錯，誤
[聯(lián)想記憶] misunderstand v.誤解 miscalculate v.誤算
[經(jīng)典例句] You should not misuse his kindness and take his advantage.
12. heroin 海洛因
[大綱詞匯] heroin n.海洛因
13. cocaine 可卡因
14. pervasive 普遍的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] pervasive a.到處彌漫的；普遍的，流行的
[經(jīng)典例句] Pollution is one of the most pervasive problems today.
15. aspirin 阿斯匹林
16. sociable 善于交際的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] sociable a.好交際的，合群的；社交的
[經(jīng)典例句] Although she is nice to everyone, she is not a sociable person.
17. get going 開始工作
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] get going 開始，開始談話（或工作等）
[經(jīng)典例句] He suggested we get going with our work.
18. constructive 有建設(shè)性的
[大綱詞匯] construct v.建設(shè)，建造，構(gòu)造；創(chuàng)立
[衍生詞匯] constructive a.建設(shè)性的，有積極意義的
[經(jīng)典例句] The company gave constructive response to their criticism.
19. first of all 首先
[經(jīng)典例句] First of all, your reaction should be justified.
20. in excess 過量
[大綱詞匯] excess a.過量的，額外的；n.過量，過剩 in excess of 超過
[經(jīng)典例句] The materials you keep in excess will cost you too much money.
21. negative effects 負(fù)面影響
[大綱詞匯] negative a.否定的，消極的，反面的，負(fù)的，陰性的；n.負(fù)數(shù)；（攝影）底片
22. perceptual 感覺的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] perceptual a. 感知的，感覺的；感性的 perceptual response 知覺反應(yīng)perceptual knowledge 感性知識
23. physical addiction 身體上癮
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] addiction n.人迷，嗜好；癮 heroin addiction海洛因癮
24. withdrawal symptoms 脫癮的不舒服癥狀
[大綱詞匯] withdraw v.收回，撤消；縮回，退出；提�。ㄥX）symptom n. 癥狀，征候，征兆
[衍生詞匯] withdrawal n.收回，取回，撤回；戒毒（脫癮）的過程
25. discontinue 停止
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] discontinue v.停止，中斷，終止
[經(jīng)典例句] We have to discontinue the projects because of a lack of fund.
26. nervous system 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)
[大綱詞匯] nerve n.神經(jīng)；勇氣，膽量 nervous a.神經(jīng)的；神經(jīng)過敏的，緊張不安的
27. perception 感知
[大綱詞匯] perceive v.察覺，感知；理解，領(lǐng)悟
[衍生詞匯] perception n.察覺，感覺，感知；認(rèn)識，看法
[經(jīng)典例句] His perception of the change came in a flash.
28. peychoactive 作用于精神的，影響（或改變）心理狀態(tài)的
[構(gòu)詞方法] psycho-前綴，表示精神：心理
[聯(lián)想記憶] psychoanalysis n. 精神分析 psychobiology n.精神生物學(xué)
29. stimulant 興奮劑
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] stimulant n.引起興奮的食品（或飲料等）；興奮劑；刺激物，影響力
[經(jīng)典例句] Coffee and tea are stimulants.
30. depressant 鎮(zhèn)靜劑
[大綱詞匯] depress v.壓抑，降低；使沮喪，壓下
[衍生詞匯] depressant n.鎮(zhèn)靜劑
31. hallucinogen 幻覺劑
32. speed up 使加速
[大綱詞匯] speed up 使加速
[經(jīng)典例句] You have to speed up your rate of work.
33. activate 啟動
[大綱詞匯] activate v.使活動，啟動
[經(jīng)典例句] He ordered the workers to activate the engine.
34. slow down 降低（速度）
[大綱詞匯] slow down（使）放慢，減速
[經(jīng)典例句] She asked her son to slow down the car because she felt dizzy.
35. primary effect 最初的作用
36. hallucination 幻覺
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] hallucination n.幻覺；妄想
[經(jīng)典例句] He was undergoing some perceptive hallucination.
37. psychedelic 迷幻藥的
[擴(kuò)充詞匯] psychedelic a.迷幻藥的；引起幻覺的 a psychedelic indulgence 迷幻沉灑psychedelic art 迷幻藝
35. mind manifesting 顯示內(nèi)心想法的
[大綱詞匯] manifest v.表明，證明，顯示；a.明白的，明了的
[聯(lián)想記憶] mind-altering a.麻痹神經(jīng)的
39. radically 極度地
[大綱詞匯] radical a. 基本的，重要的；激進(jìn)的，極端的；根本的
[經(jīng)典例句] Attitudes towards education will have to change radically.
40. fatal 致命的
[大綱詞匯] fatal a. 致命的，毀滅性的
[經(jīng)典例句] He collapsed at the fatal blow on his head.
41. piercing 刺穿的
[大綱詞匯] pierce v刺破，刺穿
[經(jīng)典例句] They pursued their way in the piercing coldness.
全文翻譯
從專業(yè)角度說，除食品外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機(jī)能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認(rèn)為藥物這個詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學(xué)品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質(zhì)也是藥物。這也是現(xiàn)在許多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用物質(zhì)這個更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用物質(zhì)濫用而不用藥物濫用來清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質(zhì)如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質(zhì)（藥物）在醫(yī)療和社交方面的使用都很廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應(yīng)酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會認(rèn)可，且顯然具有積極的作用，但什么時(shí)候就變成濫用了呢？首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的感知錯亂。反復(fù)使用一種物質(zhì)可以導(dǎo)致成癮或?qū)υ撐镔|(zhì)的依賴。依賴的最初表現(xiàn)是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，而一旦中斷使用就會出現(xiàn)難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺和行為的藥物（物質(zhì)）屬于對神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)，它們通常分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用，而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則相反：減緩它的活動。幻覺劑主要影響人的感知，通過多種方式對感知加以扭曲或改變，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認(rèn)為能引起幻覺（psychedelic一詞源于希臘語，意為心靈顯現(xiàn)），因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪跄芨淖內(nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)。
