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| A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________. �。ˋ）rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US �。˙）small-minded officials deserve a serious comment �。–）Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors �。―）most Americans are ready to offer help 56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ________. （A）culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship �。˙）courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated �。–）various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends �。―）social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________. �。ˋ）to improve their hard life （B）in view of their long-distance travel �。–）to add some flavor to their own daily life �。―）out of a charitable impulse 58. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ________. �。ˋ）tends to be superficial and artificial �。˙）is generally well kept up in the United States （C）is always understood properly �。―）has something to do with the busy tourist trails 答案及試題解析 55.（D）意為：大部分美國人樂于助人。 文章第一句指出，去過美國的人所帶回的印象總是（consistently）：大多數(shù)美國人表現(xiàn)為友好、禮貌、樂于助人。本文從歷史及文化的角度探討了產(chǎn)生這一現(xiàn)象的原因。 A 意為：粗魯?shù)某鲎廛囁緳C(jī)在美國罕見。 B 意為：心胸狹窄的官員值得嚴(yán)肅的一提（或：應(yīng)受嚴(yán)肅的批評(píng)）。 C 意為：加拿大人不如其鄰國（當(dāng)主要指美國）人民友好。 注意：（A）、（B）、（C）表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)都不是第一段中所提到的訪美者的觀點(diǎn)，第一段的第二、三、四句表達(dá)的是本文作者的觀點(diǎn)。在作者看來，公平地講，許多到過加拿大的人對(duì)加拿大人也有同感，因此可以說：這是一種北美現(xiàn)象-北美人大都友好、禮貌、樂于助人。同時(shí)，在他看來，這種情況也有例外：心胸狹隘的官員、粗魯?shù)氖陶�、無禮的出租車司機(jī)也不乏其人，但總的來看這并不構(gòu)成主流。 56.（A）意為：文化影響社會(huì)關(guān)系。 最后一段的第一句是全段的主題，該句可譯為：像其他發(fā)達(dá)國家一樣，在美國，人際關(guān)系的背后是一系列復(fù)雜的文化符號(hào)、信念和習(xí)俗。換言之，美國的文化決定了美國人的行為。 B 意為：禮貌的習(xí)慣與個(gè)人興趣互相影響。最后一段第五句可譯為：僅靠在公共汽車上瞬時(shí)相遇來區(qū)別禮貌是出自于文化習(xí)慣還是個(gè)人的興趣是不夠的。根據(jù)本段的主旨和全文的主旨，這句話應(yīng)該理解為：判斷一個(gè)人表現(xiàn)出的禮貌行為究竟僅產(chǎn)生于其個(gè)人素質(zhì)還是產(chǎn)生于文化的熏陶，僅看其個(gè)別的、偶然的行為是不行的。換言之，如果他隨時(shí)隨地表現(xiàn)為禮讓，或者，如果生活在某一區(qū)域或國家的人都表現(xiàn)為禮讓，那末，你才能判定禮貌行為不是一種個(gè)人現(xiàn)象，而是一種社會(huì)文化現(xiàn)象。 C 意為：各種美德僅表現(xiàn)在朋友關(guān)系中。這一點(diǎn)文章最后一段沒提到。最后一段所舉的朋友一詞的例子旨在說明：在不同文化中，相同的概念未必有同一內(nèi)涵或外延。 D 意為：社會(huì)關(guān)系等于一系列復(fù)雜的文化習(xí)俗。根據(jù)該段第一句，二者是決定與被決定關(guān)系，并非等同關(guān)系。見上文分析。 57.（C）意為；為自己的日常生活增添情趣。 第二段指出，在美國歷史的很長一段時(shí)期（即所謂拓荒時(shí)代），對(duì)許多地區(qū)來說，一個(gè)旅行者的到來是很受歡迎的，因?yàn)樗梢詫?duì)平時(shí)單調(diào)的生活起一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)（break）作用。離群索居的家庭共同的問題是日常生活的單調(diào)與寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到來可以使他們暫時(shí)擺脫這種生活狀況，另外。他們也可以因此獲得外界信息。 A 意為：改善艱苦的生活。根據(jù)上文分析可見，陌生人受歡迎的原因主要是因?yàn)樗麄兯鶐淼木裥?yīng)，而非物質(zhì)生活效應(yīng)。第三段提到，拓荒地區(qū)（frontier）的殘酷現(xiàn)實(shí)也是形成美國人禮貌傳統(tǒng)的原因。一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的旅游者有問題自然求助于路邊最近的居住點(diǎn)，這對(duì)旅游者來說不是一個(gè)選擇問題（即：他別無選擇），對(duì)就近的定居者來說，提供必要的幫助也不僅僅是出于憐憫（charitable impulse）。這反映的是日常生活的嚴(yán)酷現(xiàn)實(shí)：如果定居者不接收并幫助他，就沒有別人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能處于同一境地。 B 意為：考慮到他們所做的長途跋涉。 D 意為：出于憐憫。見上文分析。 58.（B）意為：在美國得以廣泛的保持。 第二、三段探索了形成美國人友善好客傳統(tǒng)的原因之后，第四段指出，雖然現(xiàn)在有許多專門的機(jī)構(gòu)幫助旅行者，但是，友善好客的舊傳統(tǒng)在美國仍根探蒂固，這突出表現(xiàn)在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，許多美國人隨意表現(xiàn)出的友善不應(yīng)該被看作是表面或虛假的應(yīng)酬，而應(yīng)該看作是一種歷史文化現(xiàn)象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美國人珍視的美德，他們同樣希望鄰國人和其他外國人也表現(xiàn)出這一美德。 A 意為：經(jīng)常是表面上的、虛假的。見上文分析。 C 意為：總是能被正確理解。相反，第四段指出，許多外國人對(duì)美國人的一些友好表示感到不可思議（amazing），這反映了他們對(duì)美國歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的不理解。參閱第四段第三、四、五句。 D 意為：與一些旅游熱線有關(guān)。不對(duì)，見上文分析。 翻譯句子 1、Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. [參考譯文] 陌生人和旅游者是受歡迎的消遣的來源，他們帶來外部世界的新聞。 [結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 Strangers and travelers were…and brought…。 [閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 diversion 在這里的含義是解悶，取樂的事情，消遣，娛樂，而不是轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)向的意思。 2、The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. [參考譯文] 許多美國人的這種隨意的友好態(tài)度不應(yīng)該被看成是膚淺的或虛假的，而應(yīng)該被作為一種歷史上發(fā)展而來的文化傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)果來解釋。 [結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 這個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B…but as C，使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)。其中 neither…nor… 結(jié)構(gòu)后用的是同樣詞性的成分：形容詞 superficial 和 artificial。 [閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 neither…nor…but 結(jié)構(gòu)的使用：既不是……也不是……而是……，重點(diǎn)在but之后。as the/a result of：作為……的結(jié)果，由于……而……。 3、As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. [參考譯文] 就如同在任何一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)社會(huì)里一樣，在美國，所有社會(huì)相互關(guān)系下面都隱含著一系列復(fù)雜的文化信號(hào)、假設(shè)和傳統(tǒng)觀念。 [結(jié)構(gòu)剖析] 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 … cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies…interrelationships。 [閱讀重點(diǎn)] 注意 as 在這里是一個(gè)代詞，表示這一情況，這一事實(shí)。可以參考以下的例句來理解 as 的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usual around here. 夜晚變得很冷，在這一帶經(jīng)常如此。 補(bǔ)充難句翻譯 1、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. [參考譯文] 當(dāng)然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯?shù)氖陶�，和沒有禮貌的出租車司機(jī)也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這使得它值得被討論一下。 [閱讀重點(diǎn)] 第一句中的 of course 作插入語，用逗號(hào)與句子的其它部分分開，在開始閱讀的時(shí)候可以不看。注意第二句話中使用了雙重否定表示肯定：hardly unknown 等于pretty well-known。另外注意 so…that 結(jié)構(gòu)的用法：太……以至于。另外 observation 這里的意思是因觀察而得出的意見。另外 it deserves comment 中的 it 指代前面的 observation。 [參考譯文] 一個(gè)人獨(dú)自旅行的時(shí)候，如果餓了，受傷了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就無處可以投靠了。 [參考譯文] 對(duì)于旅行者來說，這不是一個(gè)可以有多個(gè)選擇的問題，對(duì)于村落里的定居者來說，這也不僅僅是一個(gè)發(fā)善心的沖動(dòng)行為。 [大綱詞匯] courtesy n.謙恭有禮，有禮貌的舉止（或言詞） [衍生詞匯] courteous a.謙恭有禮的，殷勤的 [經(jīng)典例句] His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates. [經(jīng)典例句] To be fair，his success owes much to his wife's help. [大綱詞匯] exception n.例外，除外 with the exception of 除……之外 [經(jīng)典例句] His brothers are all very tall，but he is an exception. [擴(kuò)充詞匯] small-minded a.心胸狹隘的，眼界小的；固執(zhí)己見的 [聯(lián)想記憶] far-sighted a.有遠(yuǎn)見的 clear-headed a.頭腦清楚的 [擴(kuò)充詞匯] ill-mannered a.無禮的，舉止粗魯?shù)?br /> [經(jīng)典例句] The truth of the incident was hardly know to anyone. [大綱詞匯] break n.打斷，中止；中間休息 [經(jīng)典例句] We have a study break of four days every semester. [大綱詞匯] otherwise ad.另樣地，用別的方法；在其他方面；conj.要不然，否則 [經(jīng)典例句] He reminded me what I should have otherwise forgotten. [大綱詞匯] existence n.存在，實(shí)在；生存，生活（方式） [經(jīng)典例句] They are working for a better existence. [經(jīng)典例句] He lives distant from his other relatives. [大綱詞匯] diversion n.轉(zhuǎn)向，轉(zhuǎn)移 [擴(kuò)充詞義] diversion n.消遣，娛樂 [經(jīng)典例句] Big cities have a lot of diversions. [擴(kuò)充詞匯] harsh a.粗糙的，難聽的，嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)酷的 harshness n.粗糙，嚴(yán)酷，嚴(yán)厲 [經(jīng)典例句] Their adaptiveness came from coping with harsh conditions. [大綱詞匯] frontier n.國境，邊境；尖端，新領(lǐng)域 [大綱詞匯] hospitality n.好客，殷勤，款待 [衍生詞匯] hospitable a.好客的，殷勤的 [經(jīng)典例句] We were deeply moved by the hospitality of the farmers. [大綱詞匯] settlement n.解決，決定，調(diào)停；居留區(qū)，住宅區(qū) [經(jīng)典例句] Israelis and Palestinians have serious disputes over Israeli new settlements. [大綱詞匯] injure v.損害，傷害，損傷 [衍生詞匯] injured a.受損害的，受傷的 [經(jīng)典例句] He found his injured finger caused a lot of trouble. [大綱詞匯] charity n.慈善（團(tuán)體），仁慈，施舍 [衍生詞匯] charitable a.慈悲的，仁愛的，慷慨施舍的 [經(jīng)典例句] He always takes part in charitable activities. [大綱詞匯] impulse v.推動(dòng)； n.推動(dòng)；沖動(dòng)，刺激 [經(jīng)典例句] She tried to repress the impulse to dial his number. [經(jīng)典例句] He expressed appreciation on the part of his classmates. [大綱詞匯] take in 接受，吸收；了解，理解；欺騙 [經(jīng)典例句] Andy took in a stray dog. [大綱詞匯] take care of 照料，照顧；承擔(dān)，處理，負(fù)責(zé) [經(jīng)典例句] He asked his girl friend to take care of his dog while he went away for business. [經(jīng)典例句] The company specialize in car manufacture. [大綱詞匯] weary a.疲倦的；令人厭煩的；v.使疲倦，使厭倦 [經(jīng)典例句] The pilot was extremely weary with the long time flying. [經(jīng)典例句] I was travelling through when I saw the accident. [大綱詞匯] amaze v.使驚奇，使驚愕，使驚嘆 amazing a.令人驚訝的 [經(jīng)典例句] The acrobatic show was amazing to all of us. [大綱詞匯] superficial a.表面的，膚淺的，淺薄的 [經(jīng)典例句] We were not satisfied with the superficial explanation of the incident. [大綱詞匯] artificial a.人工的，人造的；認(rèn)為的，矯揉造作的 [經(jīng)典例句] She was wearing an artificial smile when appearing at the door. [大綱詞匯] result n.結(jié)果，成果，成績v.（in）導(dǎo)致，結(jié)果是；（from）起因于，因…而造成 as a result 結(jié)果，因此 as a result of 由于……的結(jié)果 [經(jīng)典例句] We regard our failure as the result of his carelessness. [經(jīng)典例句] We expect that a set of rules and regulations will be drawn up. [大綱詞匯] convention n.大會(huì)，會(huì)議；慣例，常規(guī)，習(xí)俗；公約，協(xié)定 [經(jīng)典例句] Convention now permits women to wear more colorful clothing. [大綱詞匯] underlying a.含蓄的，潛在的；在下面的 [衍生詞匯] underlie v.引起，潛存于…之下 [經(jīng)典例句] Many facts underlay my decision. [構(gòu)詞方法] inter-前綴，表示互相，在…之間 [聯(lián)想記憶] interact v.互相作用 interdependent a.互相依賴的 [經(jīng)典例句] He drew the final conclusion through careful analysis. [大綱詞匯] distinguish v.（from）區(qū)分，辨別；辨認(rèn)出；使杰出 [經(jīng)典例句] It is very hard to distinguish the two colors. [大綱詞匯] keep up 保持，維持；繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，堅(jiān)持 [經(jīng)典例句] The lady always keep up her genuine warmth to people. |
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