MBA英語翻譯考察三方面內(nèi)容:
1、專有名詞(如operational research expert)、習慣用法(如depend on)及多義詞的翻譯 (如school、set的多義)
2、一般性翻譯技巧 :包括詞義選擇,詞序調(diào)整,詞性轉(zhuǎn)換和增詞法等等
3、具體句型(定從、狀從、主從、賓從、表從、同位從、強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、并列、比較、倒裝、插入、被動、否定等)
一、常用方法
英漢兩種語言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異,因此在進行英漢互譯時必然會遇到很多困難,需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導(dǎo)。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。這些技巧不但可以運用于筆譯之中,也可以運用于口譯過程中,而且應(yīng)該用得更加熟練。
1. 增譯法:指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式,在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子,以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多,而英語句子一般都要有主語,所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候,除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外,一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語,使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高,凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時,必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此,在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞,而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示,而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此,在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外,在翻譯時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語,以確保譯文意思的完整。總之,通過增譯,一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整,二是保證譯文意思的明確。如:
(1)What about calling him right away?
馬上給他打個電話,你覺得如何? (增譯主語和謂語)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好啊!(增譯主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
實際情況恰好相反。(增譯名詞)
(4) 就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)
(5) 只許州官放火,不許百姓點燈。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增譯連詞)
(6) 這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增譯介詞)
(7) 在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域,中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增譯暗含詞語)
(8) 三個臭皮匠,合成一個諸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增譯注釋性詞語)
2. 省譯法:這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法,即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞,以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如:
(1) You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。(省譯物主代詞)
(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在這兒過得愉快。(省譯物主代詞)
(3) 中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省譯名詞)
3. 轉(zhuǎn)換法:指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說,就是在詞性方面,把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動詞;把動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞;把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面,把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語;把謂語變成主語、定語、表語;把定語變成狀語、主語;把賓語變成主語。在句型方面,把并列句變成復(fù)合句,把復(fù)合句變成并列句,把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面,可以把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如:
(1) 我們學院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(2) Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子們看電視過多會大大地損壞視力。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(3) 由于我們實行了改革開放政策,我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(4) I’m all for you opinion. 我完全贊成你的意見。(介詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(5) The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. 改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護。(動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(6) In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中,對人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(7) In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance. 在有些歐洲國家里,人民享受最廣泛的社會福利,如醫(yī)療保險等。(被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動語態(tài))
(8) 時間不早了,我們回去吧!We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換)
(9) 學生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞)
4. 拆句法和合并法:這是兩種相對應(yīng)的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個長而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短、較簡單的句子,通常用于英譯漢;合并法是把若干個短句合并成一個長句,一般用于漢譯英。漢語強調(diào)意合,結(jié)構(gòu)較松散,因此簡單句較多;英語強調(diào)形合,結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴密,因此長句較多。所以漢譯英時要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語短句連成長句;而英譯漢時又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處,以及意群結(jié)束處將長句切斷,譯成漢語分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語語序,順譯全句,順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語長短句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。如:
(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中國加強合作,符合美國的利益。 (在主謂連接處拆譯)
(2) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我要感謝你們的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。(在定語從句前拆譯)
(3) This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account
英聯(lián)邦各國尤其如此,它們認為英國加入歐共體,將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。(在定語從句前拆譯)
(4) 中國是個大國,百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè),但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一,其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合譯)
5. 正譯法和反譯法:這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英,偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯,是指把句子按照與漢語相同的語序或表達方式譯成英語。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語相反的語序或表達方式譯成英語。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果,但反譯往往更符合英語的思維方式和表達習慣。因此比較地道。如:
(1) 在美國,人人都能買到槍。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正譯)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反譯)
(2) 你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正譯)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反譯)
(3) 他突然想到了一個新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正譯)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正譯)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反譯)
(4) 他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正譯)
Still he failed to understand me. (反譯)
(5) 無論如何,她算不上一位思維敏捷的學生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正譯)
She is anything but a bright student. (反譯)
(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.
請暫時扣下這份文件。(正譯)
請暫時不要發(fā)這份文件。(反譯)
二、被動語態(tài)譯法
英語中被動語態(tài)的使用范圍極為廣泛, 尤其是在科技英語中, 被動語態(tài)幾乎隨處可見, 凡是在不必、不愿說出或不知道主動者的情況下均可使用被動語態(tài), 因此, 掌握被動語態(tài)的翻譯方法, 對于MBA入學考試的復(fù)習與應(yīng)考是極為重要的, 因為在MBA入學考試中,英譯漢文章的內(nèi)容多以科普文章為主。在漢語中, 也有被動語態(tài), 通常通過“把”或“被”等詞體現(xiàn)出來, 但它的使用范圍遠遠小于英語中被動語態(tài)的使用范圍, 因此英語中的被動語態(tài)在很多情況下都翻譯成主動結(jié)構(gòu)。 對于英語原文的被動結(jié)構(gòu), 我們一般采取下列的方法:
1. 翻譯成漢語的主動句。英語原文的被動結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成漢語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)又可以進一步分為幾種不同的情況。
(1) 英語原文中的主語在譯文中仍做主語。在采用此方法時, 我們往往在譯文中使用了 “加以”, “經(jīng)過”, “用……來”等詞來體現(xiàn)原文中的被動含義。例如:
例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其它問題將簡單地加以討論。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
換言之, 礦物就是存在于地球上, 但須經(jīng)過挖掘、鉆孔、人工爆破或類似作業(yè)才能獲得的物質(zhì)。
例3.Nuclear power\’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能對健康、安全, 甚至對生命本身構(gòu)成的危險可以用一個詞—輻射來概括。
(2) 將英語原文中的主語翻譯為賓語, 同時增補泛指性的詞語(人們,大家等)作主語。例如:
例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人會指出, 無線電廣播同樣也能做到這一點, 但還是電視屏幕上的節(jié)目要生動、真實得多。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)
人們常說, 電視使人了解時事, 熟悉政治領(lǐng)域的最新發(fā)展變化, 并能源源不斷 地為觀眾提供各種既有教育意義又有趣的節(jié)目。
例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人們普遍認為,孩子們的早年經(jīng)歷在很大程度上決定了他們的性格及其未來的人品。
另外, 下列的結(jié)構(gòu)也可以通過這一手段翻譯:
It is asserted that … 有人主張 ……
It is believed that … 有人認為……
It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)認為
It is well known that … 大家知道(眾所周知)……
It will be said … 有人會說……
It was told that … 有人曾經(jīng)說……
(3) 將英語原文中的by, in, for等做狀語的介詞短語翻譯成譯文的主語, 在此情況下, 英語原文中的主語一般被翻譯成賓語。例如:
例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種合適的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時, 這個組織拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
許多人認為, 普通人的思維活動根本無法與科學家的思維過程相比, 而且認為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門的訓練才能掌握。
(4) 翻譯成漢語的無主句。 例如:
例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害, 特別是吸上煙癮后的可怕后果。
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通過這種方法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不同種類的蜂蜜的抗菌活動對熱的敏感程度也極為不同。
例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我們這個世紀內(nèi)研制了許多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也許就是氣墊 船了。
例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….
必須找到新的能源,這需要時間……
另外, 下列結(jié)構(gòu)也可以通過這一手段翻譯:
It is hoped that … 希望……
It is reported that … 據(jù)報道……
It is said that … 據(jù)說……
It is supposed that … 據(jù)推測……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸張地說……
It must be admitted that … 必須承認……
It must be pointed out that … 必須指出……
It will be seen from this that … 由此可見……
(5) 翻譯成帶表語的主動句。例如:
例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
進攻的決定不是輕易作出的。
例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.總的來說, 得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的, 但必須具備兩個條件: 能夠 假定這個孩子對測試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一個孩子的態(tài)度相同; 他也沒有因為缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。
(注意上述翻譯技巧在該句翻譯中的綜合運用。)
2. 譯成漢語的被動語態(tài)。英語中的許多被動句可以翻譯成漢語的被動句。常用“被”, “給”, “遭”, “挨”, “為……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如:
例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人類引燃的。
例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.
這些訊號是由外層空間的星球碰撞或者核反應(yīng)所造成的。
例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者“白光”實際上是由許多種顏色組成的。
例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流體在管道中流動的情況, 受到諸如流體粘度、泵送速度等各種因素的影響。
例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它們可能一直是地球行星的一部分大氣的來源。它們還被認為是構(gòu)成外部行星以及其衛(wèi)星的一種類似微星的基礎(chǔ)材料。
例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學史學家和科學思想家們忽視了。
例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府是以減少技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加純理論科學的經(jīng)費投入, 還是相反, 這往 往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動的力量。
例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油的供應(yīng)可能隨時會被中斷;不管怎樣,以目前的這種消費速度,只需30年左右,所有的油井都會枯竭。
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