Part A
1. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse,and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.
【譯文】 (美國社會出現(xiàn)）“服飾和話語趨于平民化的一致，隨意和尊重的缺失”，這樣正是通俗文化的特點。
【析句】 注意句子的表語是引號中的句子成分，表語實際是三個內(nèi)容：the democrat-izing uniformity,the casualness和absence of deference。形容詞短語（characteristic of popular culture）是表語的后置定語。對此句的理解在很大程度上取決于對單詞的理解。
【講詞】 democratize意為“民主化”，本句中意為“平民化”。
uniformity意為“相同，一致”。Since then,the nation has sought uniformity in education to expand opportunities to all students.（自那時起，國家就致力于向所有的學生提供相同的教育機會。）This procedure has produced gratifying results in achieving uniformity in recommendations and decisions.（這一程序統(tǒng)一了建議和決定，效果令人滿意。）
discourse表示書面和口頭的表達，因此一般譯成“話語”，語言學的說法是“語篇”。
casualness表示隨意的態(tài)度、舉止、穿著等。
deference意為“順從，尊重”。In deference to my friend and colleague Dr. B-rundtland,I wont show those slides at this symposium.（為了以示對我的朋友和同事布倫特蘭博士的尊重，我就不在這次研討會上播放那些幻燈片。）Out of deference to Grandma,the father neglected to tell her that he had become a Christian.（為對尊重奶奶，父親沒有告訴她自己已經(jīng)信了基督教。）
2. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are f-ans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immun-e to the nations assimilative power.”
【譯文】 羅德里古茲指出，盡管世界邊遠鄉(xiāng)村的孩子崇拜阿諾德·施瓦辛格和加斯·布魯克斯，然而“有些美國人卻擔心生活在美國的移民不知何故不受這個國家同化力量的影響�！�
【析句】 這是一個復合句，yet在句中起轉(zhuǎn)折作用。
【講詞】 note意為“注意,記錄,作筆記”，作動詞表示口頭或書面表達他所注意到的事件或觀點，因而有時可以譯成“指出，寫到，注意到，說”等。He noted that many issues had been discussed at the conference.（他說會上討論了許多議題。）
immune意為“免疫的；免除的；豁免的”。The criminal was told he would be im-mune from punishment if he helped the police.（罪犯被告知，如果他協(xié)助警方就可以免受懲罰。）Small businesses started by the unemployed urban dwellers are immun-e from taxes for a certain period of time.（城市失業(yè)人員經(jīng)營小本生意在一定時間里可以享受免稅待遇。）The operation of the company will be immune to any outsid-e interference.（公司的運營不會受外界的干擾。）
3. Are there Pisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Ind-eed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when view-ed against Americas turbulent past,todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
【譯文】 美國是否存在分裂社會的問題和極度憤怒的群體？確實存在。美國太大了，什么都會存在。但是，尤其是與美國動蕩的過去相比，今天的社會指數(shù)根本就不說明存在著黑暗和惡化的社會環(huán)境。
【析句】 此句的難點在于對一些詞語的理解。a bit of everything是一種口語化的表達，意為“什么都有一點”。
【講詞】 Pisive意為“區(qū)分的，分裂的”，Pisive issues意為“分裂社會的問題”。
pocket除了“口袋”之意，還可以表示“孤立的地區(qū)，保護區(qū)：被隔離的或被保護的小地區(qū)或集團”，在句中應該理解為“社會群體”。
seething意為“火熱的,沸騰的”，例如：a seething revolutionary struggle（火熱的革命斗爭），a seething flood（滾滾的洪水）。seething anger意為“極度的憤怒”。
to be viewed against意為“對著……觀察；與……相比；鑒于”。Viewed against his family background,he must have worked hard to become what he is today.（鑒于他的家庭背景，他一定非常努力才有了今日的成就。）
4. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come,no-t to see the plays,but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage,Shakespeares bi-rthplace and the other sights.
【譯文】 另一邊是靠游客謀生的市民，游客來到小鎮(zhèn)不是為了看戲，而是想看看安妮·海瑟薇的房舍、莎士比亞的出生地和其他的風景點。
【析句】 定語從句（who largely live off the tourists）修飾the townsfolk，而該定語從句的賓語the tourists的后面又跟了另一個定語從句。注意，不能把not to see the plays的主語看作是the townsfolk。
【講詞】 largely意為“在很大程度上，主要地”。He owed his success largely to th-e support of his wife.（他的成功在很大程度上應歸于妻子的支持。）
live off有兩個意思，分別是“住在……外”或“靠……生活”。The family used to li-ve off the small pocket of land they owned.（這家人過去靠著自家的一小塊土地過日子。）Some college students have chosen to live off the campus.（有些學生選擇住在校外。）
5. It is all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare,who earns t-heir living,was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise making.
【譯文】 他們是靠莎士比亞過日子，而莎士比亞自己就是一位演員（留著胡子），當初也是吵吵嚷嚷的，想到這些不無諷刺的意味。
【析句】 這是一個主從復合句，主句是Its all deliciously ironic。另外，非限制性定語從句who earns their living修飾Shakespeare，其字面意思是：莎士比亞掙錢養(yǎng)活他們，即他們靠莎士比亞過日子。
【講詞】 ironic意為“諷刺的，說反話的；有諷刺意味的”。Ironically,even the government was aware of the situation.（具有諷刺意味的是，甚至連政府都清楚這一情況。）
share作名詞時表示“分享；份額；一份；股份”，句中did his share of noise making字面意思是他也制造他那一份噪音，即莎士比亞當初也是吵吵嚷嚷的，像現(xiàn)在的演員一樣。
6. The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don‘t usually see the plays,and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford.
【譯文】 坐著大巴來的觀光客，雖然經(jīng)常順便看看沃爾威克城堡和布倫海姆宮，一般都不是來看戲，其中有些人看到斯特拉福德竟然一家劇院甚至驚訝不已。
【析句】 全句是由兩個分句組成，在第一個句子的主干結構是The sightseers… don’t usually see the plays。定語從句（who come by bus）是修飾主語The sightseers，而破折號中間的成分是對定語從句的補充。some of them are even surprised to find atheatre in Stratford是第二個分句。
【講詞】 take in的詞義較多，可以表示“接受,接待,吸收,理解,包括,輕信,注意到,欺騙”，在句中的意思是“游覽，觀光”。
on the side意為“兼職；另外”。He did some accounting on the side.（他還人幫人做會計。）
7. It is the playgoers,the RSC contends,who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night(some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.
【譯文】 皇家莎士比亞戲劇公司說，游客給小鎮(zhèn)帶來了很大一部分收入，因為他們過夜（有些人甚至住上四五夜），把大把的錢花在旅館和餐館。
【析句】 這是一個因果復合句。主句的正常語序是The RSC contends it is the playgoers…。從句（who bring in much of the towns revenue）是the playgoers的定語。
【講詞】 contend意為“競爭；奮爭；主張；聲明”。The defense contended that the evidence was inadmissible.（被告方聲稱證據(jù)是不可接受的。）I had to contend with long lines before I could get a taxi at the airport.（我在機場必須排著長隊才上了一出租車。）Hilary Clinton may contend in the 2008 presidential race against a Republican.（希拉里·克里頓會在2008年的總統(tǒng)選舉中與一位共和黨人一爭高下。）
bring in意為“引進；帶來；生產(chǎn)”。How much did the sideline bring the farmer family in last year?（去年副業(yè)使這家農(nóng)戶增加了多少收入?）The sale brought us in over $1，000.（那筆買賣使我們賺了一千多美元。）
8. Hilton is building its own hotel there,which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room,and so forth,and will be very expensive.
【譯文】 希爾頓正在那里建造自己的飯店，你可以肯定飯店會裝修哈姆萊特漢堡吧、李爾王廳、班戈宴會廳等等之類，而且消費水平會非常高。
【析句】 全句的主干結構是Hilton is building its own hotel there，which引導的非限制性定語從句包含兩個并列的謂語成分以修飾its own hotel，其中you may be sure是插入語。注意Hamlet Hamburger Bars,the Lear Lounge,the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth，希爾頓飯店肯定會在店內(nèi)以哈姆萊特、李爾王和班戈等來命名其酒吧、大廳和餐廳等。
【講詞】 expensive在句中是修飾希爾頓，即Hilton is very expensive，意思是指希爾頓的消費水平很高。再如：Tokyo is expensive不能譯“東京很貴”，而應該譯成“東京的消費（水平）很高。”
9. They all seem to look alike(though they come from all over)—lean,pointed, dedicated faces,wearing jeans and sandals,eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standingroom tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.
【譯文】 他們長相一樣（盡管他們來自四面八方）——瘦削、專注的面孔，穿著牛仔服和涼鞋，啃著面包，在劇院外的石板臺階上席地而臥，等著購買20張坐票和80張站票，這些戲票是劇院會為席地而臥的人預備，并在早晨10∶30向他們出售。
【析句】 句子的主干結構是They all seem to look alike，括號中的成分（though they come from all over）是插入的條件從句。破折號后面的成分是全句的狀語，之所以用破折號是因為作者想對主語（they，即the young people）進一步加以說明。
細分起來，狀語分為兩大部分：一是描繪他們的長相、穿著和吃住，二是說明他們的目的（購票）。前一部分包括四個方面的內(nèi)容：一是(with) lean,pointed,dedicated faces，二是wearing jeans and sandals，三是eating their buns，四是bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre。
而在目的狀語中，when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.是一個時間狀語從句，兩個過去分詞結構（held for the sleepers和sold to them）修飾the 20 seats and 80 standingroom tickets。
【講詞】 pointed意為“尖的，尖削的”，a pointed nose（尖鼻子），a pointed face（尖臉）。
dedicated意為“專注的，一心一意的”。He is a dedicated musician.（他是一富有獻身精神的音樂家。）be dedicated to，dedicate oneself to和dedicate one’s life to都有“獻身于……”的意思。注意dedicate還有“捐贈；獻”的意思。I’d like to dedicate the book to my parents.（我想把這本書獻給我的父母。）
10. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean,but rather changes in that biomass over time.
【譯文】 他們的方法并不是要評估特定海域魚種的實際生物量，而是評估在這一段時間內(nèi)生物量的變化。
【析句】 這是一個簡單句，但是賓語是兩個，一是the actual biomass(the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean，一是changes in that biomass over time。
【講詞】 rather意為“寧愿；有點，相當”。I’d rather stay at home.（我寧愿呆在家里。）He’s rather lazy.（他有些懶。）有時rather在句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折，或者對前文進行糾正（經(jīng)常與or連用)。There are five,rather six,persons killed in the traffic accident.（在這場車禍中，共有5人，應該是6人死亡。）
11. According to their latest paper published in Nature,the biomass of large predators(animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some longfished areas,it has halved again since then.
【譯文】 根據(jù)他們在《自然》上發(fā)表的最新論文，在新漁場開始捕魚的15年之內(nèi)，大型捕食動物的生物量平均減少80％。在一些長期捕魚的海域，生物量在此之后又減少了一半。
【析句】 句子的結構比較簡單，但要注意數(shù)字的表述，而這正是考試的內(nèi)容。在新漁場開始捕魚的15年之內(nèi)，大型捕食動物的生物量平均減少80％，而在此之后又減少了一半，即剩下的20％又減少了一半，因而應該只剩下10％了。
【講詞】 halve意為“平分,分享,減半”。The company’s profits halved after the demand in the market became low.（市場的需求減少之后，公司的贏利減少了一半。）
12. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught,so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
【譯文】 這意味著更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕殺，因此介于現(xiàn)在和過去這一段時間，海洋生物量的真正差別可能比捕獲量所記錄的變化更要糟糕。
【析句】 這是一個因果復合句，前半句是原因，后半句表示結果。而在表示原因的從句中，賓語較為復雜，of后面跟了一個主句從句，其主句又是一個主語從句。what is in the sea是一種婉轉(zhuǎn)的說法，即海洋中的生物，或文中所說的生物量（biomass）。另外，注意 recorded by changes in catch sizes是一個過去分詞結構，修飾the one（即the actual biomass）。
【講詞】 catch作名詞時可以表示“捕獲；捕魚量”（what is caught），catch sizes也是“捕獲量”或“捕魚量”的意思。
13. Some inPiduals would therefore not have been caught,since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them,leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
【譯文】 有些魚因此并沒有被捕獲，因為沒有更多的帶餌魚鉤來捕獲它們，這就導致低估過去的魚量。
【析句】 這是一個因果復合句，主句是Some inPiduals would therefore not have been caught。leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past是作從句的狀語。
【講詞】 available意為“有用的,有空的”。These train tickets are available on the day of issue only.（火車票僅在發(fā)售當天才能買到。）有些人結了婚但與異性交往，英文就是married but available，有人簡稱之MBA。另有些單身但是已經(jīng)名花（或草）有主，英文就是single but not available。
14. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
【譯文】 這種概念是，人們沒有能夠發(fā)覺海洋中所發(fā)生的巨大變化，因為他們只是關注了過去相對短暫的一段時間里所發(fā)生的情況。
【析句】 主句的賓語是一個從句，而從句是一個因果復合句。主句是people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean，從句是because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。另外， which have happened in the ocean是一個定語從句，修飾the massive changes。
【講詞】 detect意為“察覺,發(fā)現(xiàn),偵查,探測”。She was surprised to detect hatred behind his smile.（她覺察到他的笑容背后竟然藏著仇恨，因而為之吃驚不小。）The dentist could detect no sign of decay in her teeth.（牙醫(yī)在她的牙齒上找不到蛀蝕的跡象。）The policeman detected the presence of the criminal in the hall.（警察感覺罪犯就在大廳里。）
15. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
【譯文】 這一點很重要，因為理論表明，當目標魚種的生物量大致降至最初水平的50％時，漁場才能收獲最大的持續(xù)捕魚量。
【析句】 That matters是全句的主干，后面是一個表示原因的從句，而從句又包含一個表示時間的狀語從句。
【講詞】 yield作動詞時意為“生產(chǎn)，生長；屈從”，作名詞表示“產(chǎn)量；收益”。The door yielded to a gentle push.（輕輕一推，門就開了）The child pleaded,but the parents wouldnt yield.（孩子苦苦哀求，但父母就是不讓步。）This year’s yield from the coal mine was very large.（今年這煤礦產(chǎn)量甚豐。）
crop作名詞意為“農(nóng)作物；產(chǎn)量”，作動詞表示“收獲，收割”。注意crop up有“突然出現(xiàn)；突然發(fā)生”的意思。A difficulty has cropped up at work.（工作中突然出現(xiàn)困難。）
16. Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions,and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
【譯文】 許多事情讓人們覺得藝術家是怪人，而最古怪的事情也許就是：藝術家的唯一工作就是探索情感，而他們所關注的卻又是那些令人不快的情感。
【析句】 句子比較簡單，應該關注explore和focus兩個單詞的意思。
【講詞】 explore有“考究；探索；探討”的意思。Scientists have been known to explore in this region of the earth.（科學家們一直在考察這一地域。）We must explore all the possibilities for the solution of the problem.(我們必須探討解決這個問題的所有可能性。）
focus作名詞表示“焦點”，作動詞意為“重視；關注”。Because of his strange clothes,he immediately became the focus of attention when he entered the office.（他由于服裝奇特，一走進辦公室便成了大家注意的中心。）You must try to focus your mind on work and study.(你應該努力把思想集中在工作和學習上。）All eyes were focused on the speaker.（大家的目光都集中在發(fā)言人身上。）
17. But somewhere from the 19th century onward,more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,phony or,worst of all,boring,as we went from Wordsworth’s Daffodils to Baudelaire’s Flowers of Evil.
【譯文】 但是到了19世紀的某個時候，更多的藝術家開始覺得快樂是沒有意義的，是虛假的，更是枯燥乏味的，從華茲華斯的《黃水仙》到波德萊爾的《惡之花》都是如此。
【析句】 句子的主干結構是more artists began seeing happiness as…，as we went from Wordsworths Daffodils to Baudelaire’s Flowers of Evil作全句的狀語。另外，句中的see是“考慮，認為”的意思，相當于consider。
【講詞】 somewhere在句中意為sometime，即表示“某個時候”。另外，Wordsworth （1770-1850）和Baudelaire（1821-1867）分別是英國和法國的詩人。
phony也寫作phoney,作名詞“冒牌貨，騙子”或形容詞“假冒的，偽造的”。He is such a phony.他純粹是個騙子。
18. The rise of antihappy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media,and with it,a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
【譯文】 反快樂藝術幾乎是隨著大眾傳媒的出現(xiàn)而誕生，與此同時也產(chǎn)生了一種商業(yè)文化，不再把快樂當作一種理想，而是當作一種意識形態(tài)。
【析句】 此句是一個簡單句，主干是The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media…a commercial culture。with it中的it是指 the emergence of mass media。另外，in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology是一個定語從句，修飾a commercial culture。
【講詞】 track作動詞時表示“追蹤,留下足跡,走”。An old wagon was tracking through the mountains.（一輛舊馬車正在山區(qū)行走。）The accountant tracked the company’s perfor mance daily.（會計每天跟蹤把握公司的運營狀況。）
ideology意為“意識形態(tài)”，或指某種思想體系和意識。
19. In the West,before mass communication and literacy,the most powerful mass medium was the church,which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.
【譯文】 在大眾傳媒出現(xiàn)和初級教育普及之前的西方，最強勢的大眾媒介是教會，它提醒信徒他們的靈魂處于危險之中，他們的身軀有朝一日會成為蛆蟲的肉糜。
【析句】 句子的主干是the most powerful mass medium was the church，之前的成分是時間狀語，之后which引導的從句是一個定語從句，修飾the church。而在定語從句中， worshippers是間接賓語，兩個that引導的從句是兩個直接賓語。
【講詞】 literacy是指“讀寫能力”，因此建議譯成“初級教育”。
remind“提醒，使想起”。常用結構是remind sb. to do sth.(提醒某人做某事）和 remind sb. of sth.(讓某人想起某事）。
20. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets— they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex,before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
【譯文】 由于這些信息暗含著一種詭計——誘使我們打開我們的錢包——它們就使得快樂的想法顯得不大可靠。“歡慶吧！”治療關節(jié)炎的藥品Celebrex的廣告一聲令下，隨后不久我們就發(fā)現(xiàn)這種藥品可能會增加心臟病發(fā)作的危險。
【析句】 在第一句中，these messages是指商業(yè)文化所傳播的信息。第二句是復合句，主句倒裝，正確的語序應該是the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex commanded “Celebrate!”倒裝的語序以及command的使用更加形象地傳達了廣告的強勢，廣告的信息以命令的方式傳達給顧客，讓他們沒有思考的余地�！局v詞】 agenda意為“議程”，但在有時可以表示“不可告人的計劃（陰謀）”。The government has promised to put on its agenda the development of the village.（政府許諾把這個村莊的開發(fā)提到議程上來。）Some of the eighteenthcentury pessimists harbored an agenda for cultural control.（在18世紀的悲觀主義者中，有些人圖謀控制文化。）
Part B
1. But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment.
【譯文】 但是我們忘記的是——我們的經(jīng)濟所依賴的就是遺忘——快樂遠不是沒有痛苦的喜悅。最有可能給我們帶來最大快樂的東西也有可能會帶來損失和失望。
【析句】 在第一句中，主語是一個主語從句，破折號中間的成分是插入語。在第二句中，主語（The things）后面跟了一個定語從句。
【講詞】 potential作形容詞意為“潛在的,可能的”，作名詞表示“潛能,潛力”。 We have to be prepared for any potential difficulties.（我們應對潛在的困難做好準備。）The father detected soldier potential in the boy.（父親覺察到孩子天生是塊當兵的料。）
2. Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us,as religion once did,Memento mori: remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette,yet,somehow,a breath of fresh air.
【譯文】 今天，周圍到處都是輕易就能得到快樂的許諾，我們需要藝術來告訴我們死的象征意義，好比宗教曾經(jīng)告訴我們的那樣：記住，你會死的，一切終有結束的時候，快樂不在于否認這一點，而在于要接受這一點。這個信息雖說比丁香煙還要苦澀，然而不管怎樣卻也有一股清新的氣味。
【析句】 主干結構是we need art to tell us，過去分詞結構（surrounded by promises of easy happiness）作狀語，注意Memento mori是作直接賓語，而us則是間接賓語。冒號后面的句子是Memento mori的同位語。另外，as religion once did作結果狀語。
【講詞】 Memento mori是拉丁語，意為“死的象征”。
clove cigarette（丁香香煙）含有少量的丁香，味道芬香，具有一定的止痛作用。
3. The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a “Fun Card”,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.
【譯文】 賭場因他是一個好顧客而發(fā)給他一張“游樂卡”，此卡可以積分并享受免費的食品和飲料，并能使賭場跟蹤使用者的賭博活動。
【析句】 此句是一個簡單句，主干結構是The casino issued to him… a “Fun Card”。as a good customer是一個介賓短語，作him的后置定語。a “Fun Card”后面跟了一個定語從句，而這個定語從句又是一個復合句，從句是when(it is) used in the casino，主句則有兩個并列的謂語成分：一是earns points for meals and drinks，一是enables the casino to tract the user’s gambling activities。
【講詞】 track在此句中的意思同monitor（監(jiān)視，記錄）。The air controller in Perth tracked the aircraft’s progress as it headed east across the desert.（在飛機朝東飛越沙漠時，珀斯的空中管制員跟蹤到飛機的航線。）track down可以表示“追到，查到，找到”。After two days of almost nightmare,I tracked down the problem.（經(jīng)過幾乎是噩夢般的兩天，我終于查到了問題的所在。）
4. Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.
【譯文】 現(xiàn)在他正在起訴賭場，控告賭場既然知道他賭博上癮就應該阻止他上船賭博。
【析句】 句子比較簡單，但是應該掌握句中關鍵的單詞。
【講詞】 sue意為“控告；請求；求婚”。He sued the department store for his personal injury he had suffered when he slipped on the floor inside the store.（他起訴了那家百貨大樓，要求對其在店內(nèi)滑倒所受到的人身傷害進行賠償。）The enemy sued for peace after the battle.（敵人在戰(zhàn)斗結束以后求和。）He sued for the hand of the girl he loved.（他向自己所愛的姑娘求婚。）
charge也有“起訴”的意思，但是charge還可以表示“指責”，不一定要正式起訴某人。
patron意為“贊助人，資助人；老顧客”。patronage表示“保護,贊助,光顧”或“保護人的身份；老顧客的身份”。It seems our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy of the banks patronage.（看來銀行終于認為值得資助我們這種小機構。）Shopkeepers thanked Christmas shoppers for their patronage.（店老板感謝圣誕節(jié)顧客的光臨。）
addict意為“上癮的人；癮君子”，a cigarette addict（煙民，煙鬼），a drug addict（吸毒者）。addicted意為“上癮；著迷”，如表示對什么上癮或著迷，后面要跟介詞to。例如：He was addicted to drugs.（他吸毒上癮。）
5. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or wellbeing.
【譯文】 鑒于其問題賭博行為的“醫(yī)療和心理”性質(zhì)，信中表示在他出示醫(yī)學和心理學證明以示光顧賭博不會對其安全和健康構成任何威脅之前，賭場不會再次對他開放。
【析句】 句子的主干是the letter said。Noting…gambling behaviors是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，賓語是一個that引導的從句。從句是一個復合句，主句是he would have to present… his safety or wellbeing，從句是before(he is) being readmitted to the casino。
【講詞】 /在英語中表示“和”的意思。
admit在句中的意思是“接納”。After two years in practice,he was admitted to the bar association.（從業(yè)兩年以后，他加入了律師協(xié)會。）You will not be admitted to the auditorium without a ticket.（沒有票是不會讓你進禮堂的。）
wellbeing表示“康樂,安寧,福利”，臺灣人喜歡譯成“福祉”。We should put the people first and give priority to the people’s wellbeing.（我們應該把人民放在首位，以人民的安康為重。）
6. Every entrance ticket lists a tollfree number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l(fā)ure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”.
【譯文】 每張入場券上都印有印第安納心理健康中心的免費咨詢電話號碼。然而，威廉斯的訴訟指責賭場明知他“賭博成癮不能自拔”，還故意設法“引誘”他“繼續(xù)違反其意愿的行為”。
【析句】 第二句中charge所跟的賓語從句主干為the casino… worked to “l(fā)ure” him to…。
【講詞】 toll作名詞主要表示“（鐘、鈴）聲；征稅；收費；傷亡”。The death toll from the train accident over the weekend passed 250.（在上周末的火車脫軌事故中死亡的人數(shù)超過了250。）tollfree意為“免費”，例如：Most big companies have tollfree numbers.（多數(shù)大公司都有免費電話。）
suit作名詞有“起訴，訴訟”意，等于law suit。
work在句中表示“設法”。All his life,he worked to help the poor rural women.（他一生都設法幫助那些貧窮的農(nóng)村婦女。）
7. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
【譯文】 《精神錯亂診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》第四版寫道：“病態(tài)賭博”是一種持續(xù)反復并難以控制的行為，與其說是追求金錢，倒不如說是為了尋求冒險博取橫財?shù)拇碳ぁ?/P>
【析句】 句子的主干結構是The fourth edition… says，賓語是一個從句，其主語是“pathological gambling”，謂語是involves，賓語是一個less… than…構成的比較結構，比較pursuit of money和pursuit of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall。
【講詞】 pursuit意為“追求”，pursuit of money即表示“對金錢的追求”。
to take risks(the risk) in doing sth表示“冒險做某事”。The entrepreneurs took the risk in lending their money and hoped that the business they invested in would succeed.（企業(yè)家冒險借出他們的錢，希望他們所投資的生意會成功。）
quest表示“追求；尋找”。The company is questing for improving its service.（公司正在追求改進服務。）The quest for truth has never been more important than it is now.（對真理的追求從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣重要。）
8. Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
【譯文】 在科學或所謂的科學的驅(qū)動下，社會正對曾被視為性格缺陷或道德缺失的東西重新進行歸類，認為是類似于身體殘疾的性格失衡。
【析句】 句子的主干結構是society is reclassifying，賓語是what…moral failings，后面的成分（as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities）是賓語補足語。被動分詞結構（Pushed by science,or what claims to be science）作全句的狀語。
【講詞】 flaws意為“缺點；裂紋；瑕疵”，character flaws指“性格缺陷”。 They share the character flaw of arrogance.（他們都有傲慢的缺點。）
failings意為“缺點，缺陷”。
physical disability意為“身體殘疾或缺陷”，這里的physical意為“身體的，生理的”。
akin意為“同類的，類似的”。I should teach my students that science is akin to common sense.（我要教導學生，讓他們了解科學類似于常識。）The situation there is akin to that of the West before the rise of the readytowear industry in the early 1900s.（這種情形與20世紀初成衣工業(yè)出現(xiàn)前的西方相仿。）
9. It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
【譯文】 令人擔心的是，社會越發(fā)把行為問題當作是疾病來治療，常把更為堅強的上幾代人稱之為意志薄弱的行為定義成上癮。
【析句】 這是一個簡單句，主干結構是It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,其中it作形式主語。often defining as… weakness of will是medicalizing的伴隨狀語。注意more and more在句中是副詞，修飾medicalizing。
【講詞】 will作名詞時意為“意愿；意志”，will power意為“意志力，自制力”。Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者，事竟成。）The international community needs to demonstrate its political will to end hunger.（國際社會應該拿出根除饑餓的政治意志來。）When you have the will to win,you will find the skill to win.（你要是有贏的意志，就會獲得贏的技巧。）
will作名詞還可表示“遺愿；遺囑”。Never yielding to Victorian conventions,Collins had insisted upon a simple funeral in his will.(考林斯一生都不愿迎合維多利亞時代的習俗，他在遺囑中要求在他死后只舉辦一個簡單的葬禮。）
Part C
10. I shall define him as an inPidual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems.
【譯文】 我會把他定義為一個對道德問題進行蘇格拉底式思考并將此作為自己人生首要責任和快樂的人。
【析句】 本句的主干結構比較簡單：I shall define him as an inPidual。但是注意修飾an inPidual的是一個定語從句，其賓語是the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems,介詞結構（as his primary duty and pleasure in life）作其補語。
【講詞】 define在句中的含義為“定義；解釋”。define sth. as sth.是一個常見的結構。The Chinese term of yuanfen in common usage can be defined as the “binding force” that links two persons together in any relationship.（漢語中的“緣分”通常是表示兩個人之間的“凝聚力”。）Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses one experiences at work.（職業(yè)壓力可以定義為人們在工作時所遇到的有害的身體和情感反應。）
elect意為“選舉”，但還可以表示“選擇；決定”。She elected to return to work after her baby was born.（她決定孩子出生后再去做工作。）有時可以把elect譯成“當作”，或根據(jù)句意不一定直譯。
11. His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
【譯文】 他的職責與法官相似，必須承擔這樣的責任：用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己做出決定的推理過程。
【析句】 句子的主干是His function is analogous to that of a judge，后面是一個定語從句，修飾a judge，說明法官的職責是什么。注意revealing的賓語是the course of reasoning（推理的過程），which led him to his decision是the course of reasoning的定語，而in as obvious a matter是作狀語。
【講詞】 obligation意為“職責，義務”。Then in the marriage union,the independence of the husband and wife will be equal,their dependence mutual,and their obligations reciprocal.(在一樁婚姻中，丈夫與妻子的關系是相互平等，相互依賴，彼此都應盡其責任。）
course在句中表示“過程”。
in an obvious matter是個不太常見的詞組，意為“明顯地，顯然地”。They cannot pretend ignorance in an obvious matter.（他們顯然不能假裝一無所知。）
12. I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
【譯文】 我之所以把他排除在外，是因為盡管他的成果可能會有助于解決道德問題，但他承擔的任務只不過是研究這些問題的事實層面。
【析句】 主句是I have excluded him，而because所引導的從句又包含一個主從結構，其主句是he has not been charged… those problems，從句是while his accomplishments… moral problems。the task of approaching any實際表示the task of approaching any moral problems but the factual aspects of those problems，即他所承擔的任務不是解決任何道德問題，而是處理（研究）這些問題的事實層面。
【講詞】 to be charged with意為“被控”或“承擔，負責”。He also was charged with lying to federal officers.（他被控向聯(lián)邦官員撒謊。）He was charged with the responsibility of designing all new public buildings.(他負責設計所有新建的公共建筑。）
approach作動詞意為“接近；處理”。The officials in Honolulu knew disaster was approaching.（檀香山的政府官員知道災難即將到來。）How should I approach the issue and solve it?（我該怎么處理并解決這一問題呢？）
13. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
【譯文】 但是，他的首要任務并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規(guī)范，就如同不能指望商人專注于探索行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。
【析句】 這是一個比較句，主句的主干結構是his primary task is not to think about the moral code，定語從句（which governs his activity）修飾the moral code。理解和翻譯此句的關鍵是理解詞組any more than。
【講詞】 code有“編碼；準則”的意思。the moral code（道德規(guī)范），the code of conduct（行為準則）。The moral code is simple,as it involves one’s morals or for that matter judgment of others morals.（道德規(guī)范是個簡單的問題，因為它涉及一個人的道德或?qū)e人道德的判斷。）
any more than意為“較……多些”，not any more than“不比……多些”。I don’t like the guy any more than you do.(我并不比你更喜歡那個家伙。）There are no typical Harvard professors,any more than there are typical Harvard students.（沒有什么典型的哈佛大學教授，也沒有什么典型的哈佛大學學生。）
14. They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
【譯文】 他們可以教得更好，而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水，但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的人的問題進行獨立思考。
【析句】 本句是一個轉(zhuǎn)折復合句。第一個分句（They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries）相對簡單，第二個分句較難之處是human problems跟了一個定語從句（which involve moral judgment）。
【講詞】 more than意為“超過”，視具體情況也可譯為“不只是”。
reflection在句中是“思考，反省”的意思。independent reflection就是 independent thinking的意思。This was a choice made without sufficient reflection.（做出這一選擇并沒有經(jīng)過充分的思考。）The book contains his reflection on his experiences in Tibet.（這本書是他對自己在西藏的經(jīng)歷所作的反思。）
