第一節(jié)：宏觀把握

Well begun is half done.

一．單詞記憶方法

1．遺忘發(fā)生的規(guī)律：艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線圖

2．遺忘的原因：干擾(interference)還是消退(decay)？

前攝抑制與倒攝抑制

3．及時復(fù)習(xí)記憶單詞

4．考前突擊背單詞：黑白記憶法

5．利用構(gòu)詞法提高記憶效率

6．少食多餐

7．聯(lián)想記憶

8．過度學(xué)習(xí)

Nothing succeeds like success.

二．單詞的輻射作用

1．單詞在閱讀中的作用

Example 1 (2002)

If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

53. It can be inferred from the text that public services__________

[A] have benefited many people.

[B] are the focus of public attention.

[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor.

[D] have often been the laughing stock

Example 2 (1997)

At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.

64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.

[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.

[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.

[D] Steve Ross in no longer alive.

Example 3 (1999)

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

68. The author asserts that scientists __________.

[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought

[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

[D] should be confident about their research findings

Example 4 (2003)

Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (396)

51.The emergence of the Net has __________

[A] received support from fans like Donovan.

[B] remolded the intelligence services.

[C] restored many common pastimes.

[D] revived spying as a profession.

53.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means __________

[A] causing the biggest trouble.

[B] exerting the greatest effort.

[C] achieving the greatest success.

[D] enjoying the widest popularity.

54.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that __________

[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true.

[B] Straiford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.

[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability.

[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.

55.Straitford is most proud of its __________

[A] official status.

[B] nonconformist image.

[C] efficient staff.

[D] military background.

Example 5 (2000)

By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.

52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American __________.

[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B] Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

[C] Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

[D] Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

Example 6 (2005)

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classis case of paralysis by analysis”.

What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?

A) Endless studies kill action.

B) Careful investigation reveals truth.

C) Prudent planning hinders.

D) Extensive research helps decision-making.

Example 7 (2004)

Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.

[B] A type of conspicuous bias.

[C] A type of personal prejudice.

[D] A kind of brand discrimination.

Example 8 (2004)

The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?

[A] They are getting impatient.

[B] They are noisily dozing off.

[C] They are feeling humiliated.

[D] They are busy with word puzzles.

Example 9 (2003)

In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

62.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?

[A] Indifferent.

[B] Supportive.

[C] Indignant.

[D] Apprehensive.

64.The word “arbiters” (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those __________

[A] who work as coordinators.

[B] who function as judges.

[C] who supervise transactions.

[D] who determine the price.

Example 10 (1996)

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to __________.

[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

[B] a notion of the creation of religion

[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation

[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

Tomorrow never comes.

2．單詞在寫作中的作用

Example 1

Our Right Attitudes Toward Animals

Your essay should meet the requirements below:

1) Describe the cartoon and deduce the purpose of the drawer of the cartoon;

2) State the negative effects of eating wild animals; and

3) Give your suggestion as to how to solve the problem.

As is depicted in the cartoon, both the cat and snake are on the table, with tears in their eyes, waiting to be eaten by humans. Through this picture, the drawer condemns the eating of wild animals and calls for our sympathy for and protection of them.

Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, as many wild animals carry parasites or viruses, when we eat the animals, the parasites or viruses enter our bodies, thus causing a lot of illnesses. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a case in point. It was reported that the virus derived from a “delicious” animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and brought great damages to people’s properties. In the second place, since animals are an indispensable part of our environment, the extinction of some animals may disturb the natural balance. Last but not least, eating wild animals is cruel. After all, wild animals are our close friends.

Since eating animals causes so many harms, we should work together to put an end to the problem. On the one hand, the government should make stricter laws to prohibit people from eating wild animals, just as our government has been doing. On the other hand, all the people should realize the harms of eating wild animals and refrain from doing so. Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.

XX貍，花面貍：masked civet, gem-faced civet

筷子：chopsticks

刀叉：knife and fork

非典型肺炎：atypical pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

奪去幾千人的生命：claimed thousands of lives

健康的生活（飲食）方式：healthy lifestyle (diet)

禁止做，不做：ban sth., ban doing sth., prevent sb. from doing sth., stop sb. from doing sth., refrain from sth./doing sth., prohibit sth./sb. from doing sth.

Example 2

Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.

Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

Dear Mr. Wang,

I’m writing this letter to inform you of my decision to resign from my current position. There are several reasons why I have to do this.

First of all, I find that what I learned at university cannot meet the requirements of my job. Therefore, I plan to study further and decide to prepare for the entrance exams for graduate schools. In addition, I am more interested in communicating with people instead of the words. In the end, the work pressure is too much for me, which has affected my health.

I’m sorry for any inconvenience my resignation may cause. I hope you will approve of it and I’m looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Chances favor the minds that are prepared.

3．單詞在翻譯中的作用

Example

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words “anthropos”: “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a sub field or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.

(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

4．單詞在完形中的作用

Example

Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.

In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.

21. A. thought B. idea C. opinion D. advice

22. A. strengthen B. accommodate C. stimulate D. enhance

23. A. care B. nutrition C. exercise D. leisure

24. A. If B. Although C. Whereas D. Because

25. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance

26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed

27. A. improper B. risky C. fair D. wise

28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense

29. A. displaying B. describing C. creating D. exchanging

30. A. durable B. excessive C. surplus D. multiple

31. A. group B. individual C. personnel D. corporation

32. A. consent B. insurance C. admission D. security

33. A. particularly B. barely C. definitely D. rarely

34. A. similar B. long C. different D. short

35. A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if

36. A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something

37. A. off B. down C. out D. alone

38. A. On the contrary B. On the average C. On the whole D. On the other hand

39. A. making B. standing C. planning D. taking

40. A. capability B. responsibility C. proficiency D. efficiency

5．單詞在閱讀理解B節(jié)中的作用

Example

Inca society was strictly organized, from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants. The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god, Inti, and he therefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands. Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power. (41) __________. The emperor chose his most important administrators from among his sons.

Just below the emperor came the aristocracy, which included descendants and relations of all the emperors. (42) __________. The nobles of conquered peoples also became part of the governing aristocracy and were considered Inca by adoption.

For administrative purposes the empire was divided into regions known as the “four suyus (quarters) of the world,” with Cuzco at its center. The Incas called their empire “Land of the Four Quarters.” One suyu, the Antisuyu, stretched to the east of Cuzco and contained deep, forest-covered valleys that gradually descended into the jungles of the Amazon basin. Indian groups in this region, many of whom were only partially pacified, continued to launch attacks against the Incas. Cuntisuyu included all the land west of Cuzco, including the coastal regions of Peru from Chan Chan to Arequipa. Collasuyu was the largest of the quarters. Located south of Cuzco, it took in Lake Titicaca and regions of Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Chincasuyu contained the remaining land to the north of Cuzco.

A blood relative of the emperor served as governor of each quarter. The Incas further divided each quarter into progressively smaller units, with officials of descending rank overseeing the activities of these units. (43) __________. Another official, ideally a leader of a large village, ruled over a smaller area containing about 1,000 peasants. At the level below, ten foremen each supervised a total of 100 peasants. At the lowest organizational level, an official oversaw a group of ten peasants. For every 10,000 people, there were 1,331 officials.

Inca state affairs were complex and tightly controlled. Whole native populations were at times uprooted and resettled in other communities. Often groups were relocated to areas where they were needed for agricultural or mining activities. Sometimes relocations were politically motivated. (44) __________. Furthermore, these relocations facilitated the spread of Inca ideas and culture and promoted unity in the empire.

In order to deal efficiently with such matters, government officers kept strict accounts of all the people, gold, land, crops and projects of the empire. Since the Incas had no system of writing, they kept records by means of a quipu—a series of short, knotted strings hung at intervals from a long top string. By varying the colors and kinds of string used and the spacing of the strings and knots, the Incas could record populations, troops, and tribute, as well as information about their legends and achievements. The quipu was a complex memory aid rather than a literal record, and only a trained quipucamayo, or memory expert, could create or interpret it. An oral comment accompanied each quipu and allowed the quipucamayo to make sense of its meaning. (45) __________. Modern scholars still have not deciphered the codes used in the creation of quipus.

[A] Serving under each governor were ten district governors, each of whom ruled over a district containing about 10,000 peasants.

[B] Following the Spanish conquest and the introduction of records written in Spanish, the Incas lost the ability to read quipus.

[C] Noticeable economic thriving was frequently found, in the records of the local governments, after relocations.

[D] The emperor had one official wife, but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbered in the hundreds.

[E] Placing Quechua-speaking populations in newly conquered areas impaired the ability of local groups to unite against the Incas.

[F] Relations between relatives of the emperor, governors and officials often posed headaches for the supreme ruler himself, who was interwoven tightly and deeply among them.

[G] These pure-blooded Incas held the most important government, religious, and military posts.