語法是英語學習的基礎,英語沖刺復習,有哪些重點語法需要大家關注呢?It的用法就是其中之一,下面我們具體來談談。
It分為兩種情況,一種是指代性it,另一種則為非指代性it。在此為大家介紹it的幾種用法。
指代性it一般是指人稱代詞it, it作人稱代詞時可指代事物、動物、嬰兒、未知的人或一件事。
例句1:It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 這句話中第二個it就是指代前面的theory。這是一個許多經濟學家贊同的理論,但是在實際中,它往往會使得鐵路處于一個決定哪些公司會興旺,哪些公司會衰敗的地位中。
例句2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在這句話中,it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 這一情況。除非這些問題得到解決,研究行為的技術手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的唯一方法也可能隨之受到排斥。
第二種情況是非指代性it。非指代性it是相對于作人稱代詞的it而言的。他們往往沒有具體意義上的主語,它用于表示氣候、溫度、時間、地點、距離等。非指代性it常作seem, appear, look, happen, occur, follow等動詞的主語,構成特定的句型。
例句:From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.這句中it沒有實際意義,為非指代性用法,that引導表語從句。從熱點人口分析中可以看出,非洲板塊是靜止不動的,而且在過去的三百萬年中也從未移動過。
當然,在考研考試中,it的重難點更加具體和明確。
it 做先行詞。it做形式主語或者形式賓語。It作形式主語時,往往放在句首,將真正的主語(動詞不定式、動名詞、從句)放在之后。其中it可作形式主語指代不定式,這時常見的謂語有:take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need等。另外,it形式主語指代It形式主語指代從句,而且主要形式為It is+a.+than; It is+n.+that; It is+done+that; It+vi+that;
例如:It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspaper.
It做形式賓語是放在謂語動詞與賓語補足語之間,指代不定式、動名詞、從句等。后接it作形式賓語的謂語動詞有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count等。
引導強調句的it。同學們所熟悉的強調句型中,它的基本形式就是“it+be的某種形式+that/who從句”。當被強調部分是人時須用who, 其他情況用that。例句:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 在because從句中就運用了it was ….that的強調句型,強調部分為the Federal Circuit itself. 對商業(yè)方法專利申請的限制將會是一個巨大的改變,因為這些專利正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院自己在1998年審理一個被稱作“美國道富銀行”的案件時提出的,判決中巡回法院批準了一項共同基金資產集資方法的專利。
it作句子的真正主語
1.it 指前面已經提到過的人或事物,有時指心目中的或成為問題的人或事物,作真正主語。
例如:
What’s this? -It is a sheep? 這是什么??這是一只綿羊。
Who is it? -It’s me (I). 誰??是我。
It’s the wind shaking the window. 是風刮得窗戶響。
2.it指時間、季節(jié)。一般用在無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
What time is it? -It’s nine. 幾點了??九點了。
It’s time for the meeting. Let’s go. 開會的時間到了,我們走吧。
What day is today? -It’s Saturday. 今天星期幾??今天星期六。
What’s the date today? -It is October 1st.
今天是幾號? ?今天是十月一日。
What season is it? -It is summer. 現(xiàn)在是什么季節(jié)??是夏季。
3.it 指氣候。一般作無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
Is it cold in this room? -No, it isn’t. 屋里冷嗎??不冷。
What’s the weather like today? -It is fine.
今天天氣怎么樣??是晴天。
It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.
這個城市夏天經常下雨,冬天經常下雪。
4.it指距離、情況等。一般用作無人稱動詞的主語。
例如:
It is five kilometers from my home to the school.
從我家到學校有五公里。
It is very near from this factory to that one.
從這個工廠到那個工廠非常近。
It is a long way to the sea. 離海很遠。
Is it well with you? 你身體好嗎?
it作形式主語
動詞不定式、動名詞短語起、從句在句子中起主語作用,而這一部分用詞較多時,可以用it作為形式主語,放在句首代表其后所說的事實上的、真正的主語,而把真正的主語放在后面。
1.It +謂語+動詞不定式。It 作形式主語,動詞不定式作真正的主語。
例如:
It is difficult to climb a mountain. 爬山是很艱難的。
It’s a good habit to do morning exercises. 作早操是個好習慣。
It’s important to do proper memory work in the study of a foreign language. 在學習外語時適當?shù)刈鲆恍┯兄谟洃浀木毩暿呛苤匾摹?/p>
It is right to do so. 這樣做是對的。
2.It+謂語+動名詞短語。It 作形式主語,動名詞短語作真正的主語。
例如:
It is dangerous playing with fire. 玩火是危險的。
It is no use learning without thinking. 學而不思則罔。
It’s useless arguing with a silly boy. 和笨孩子爭論是沒有用的。
3.It +謂語+名詞性從句。It 作形式主語,以that 引導的名詞性從句是真正的主語。
例如:
It is a pity that you didn’t see such a good film.
你沒看這么好的電影,真可惜。
It is certain that we shall succeed. 我們一定會成功。
It is strange that nobody knows where he lives.
真奇怪,誰也不知道他住在哪里。
(It is strange that…后面可用虛擬語氣。
如:It is strange that he should have made such a mistake.
他居然犯了這樣一個錯誤,真奇怪。
It is strange that nobody should know where he lives.
居然沒有人知道他住在哪里,真奇怪。)
It is said that the plane will take off at ten tomorrow morning.
據(jù)說飛機明天上午十點起飛。
it 用于強調結構
在表示強調的結構中,it 可用作先行代詞,這種結構的句型如下:It +is/was +被強調的部分+that +其他部分。如果強調的部分是人,可用who, whom 代替that.
例如:
Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon.
王教授每星期一下午教我們英語。
強調主語:It is Professor Wang who teaches us English every Monday afternoon.
強調間接賓語:It is us whom Prof. Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.
強調直接賓語:It is English that Prof. Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.
強調狀語:It is every Monday afternoon that Prof. Wang teaches us English.
It was here that I first met him. 這就是我初次與他見面的地方。
(強調狀語)
It is the people who are realy powerful.
翻譯練習
1)該上課了,快。
It is time for class. Hurry up.
2)從這兒到你們學校遠嗎??不遠,大約一公里。
Is it far from here to your school? ?No, it isn’t. It’s about a kilometer.
3)從我家到頤和園去很近。
It is very near from my home to the Summer Palace.
4)(天)正在下雨。
It’s raining now.
5)電燈是愛迪生發(fā)明的。
It was Edison who invented the electric light.
6)我認為學習一門外語是很重要的。
I think it important to learn a foreign language.
7)他通常一天讀兩次英語。
He made it a rule to read English twice a day.
8)從我家去天安門廣場坐公共汽車大約要一個小時。
It takes about an hour to go from my home to the Tian’anmen Square by bus.
反意疑問句
反意疑問句相當于“對不對?”“好不好?”“行不行?”,用yes或 no 回答。由兩部分組成,前一部分是陳述句,后一部分是附加疑問短語,中間用逗號隔開,所以反意疑問句又叫附加疑問句。通常的形式是:肯定的陳述句+否定的附加疑問,或否定的陳述句+肯定的附加疑問。
如:
He studies English, doesn’t he?
He doesn’t study English, does he?
They are from America, aren’t they?
They are not from America, are they?
反意疑問句的主要形式:
1.如果主句是be或其他助動詞(如can, shall, will 等),其反意疑問句用同一助動詞。
如:
We are late, aren’t we?
You haven’t met my wife, have you?
He can drive a car, can’t he?
They used to have difficulty in just making ends meet, didn’t (usedn’t) they?
You’d better eat with knives and forks, hadn’t you?
2.如果主語帶有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little等否定詞或半否定詞時,因為主句本身具有否定意義,附加疑問部分的動詞用肯定式,
如:
We seldom go to the cinema, do we?
Sue almost never worked, did she?
3.如果主句部分是 “I am…”結構,由于”am not” 沒有相應的縮略形式,附加疑問部分一般用aren’t I 代替。
如:
I am your friend, aren’t I?
I’m late, aren’t I?
I am a student, aren’t I?
在祈使句中的附加疑問部分一般用will you, won’t you.
4. 在祈使句中的附加疑問部分一般用will you, won’t you.
如:
Sit down, will you?
Have some tea, won’t you?
Open the window, won’t you?
這種句子可以理解為: Will you do something?
如:Will you open the window?
注意:否定的祈使句之后,只能用will.
如:
Don’t forget, will you?
Don’t make so much noise, will you?
5.以Let’s… 開頭的祈使句,肯定的用shall we? 否定的用all right? 或OK?, 如:
Let’s go back to our seats, shall we?
Let’s not have hot food this time, OK? (all right?)
這種句子可以理解為:Shall we (do something?),
如:Shall we go back to our seats.這樣有助于理解和記憶。
注意:Let’s 與Let us 的區(qū)別:Let’s包括聽話人在內,應用shall we, 而Let us 不包括聽話人在內,表示“請你讓我們…”,要用will you.
如:
Let’s watch the news on TV, shall we? (表示建議)
Let us watch the news on TV, will you? (表示請求)
6.主句是I suppose, I think, I believe等時,附加疑問部分則往往與that 從句中的主語和謂語動詞保持對應關系,但要注意否定的轉移。
如:
I suppose that you know the meaning of the word, don’t you?
(這句話明顯是要問“你是不是知道?”而不是問“我是不是這樣認為?”)
I don’t think that you have read the book, have you?
7.當主句的動詞have 表示“擁有”時,附加疑問既可用have, 也可用do,
如:
You have a color TV set, haven’t you/don’t you?
當主句的have不表示“擁有”而表示其他意思時,附加疑問要用do,
如:
You had a cold yesterday, didn’t you?
They don’t have coffee with breakfast, do they?
8.There be句型的反意疑問句,用there 作主語。
如:
There is something wrong, isn’t there?
There won’t be any trouble, will there? 不會有任何麻煩,是嗎?
9.陳述部分的主語是everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody等不定代詞時,其疑問部分的主語可用he, 也可用they.
如:
Everyone knows it, doesn’t he/don’t they?
英語反意疑問句的回答有點和漢語的相反。但一定要記�。褐灰卮鹗强隙ǖ模加脃es,只要回答是否定的,都用no。這在主句是否定句的時候要特別注意。例如:
Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ?No, he can’t.
瓊斯先生不會講法語,對嗎??對,他不會講法語。
Mr. Jones can’t speak French, can he? ?Yes, he can.
瓊斯先生不會講法語,對嗎??不,他會講法語。
This is not a door, is it? -Yes, it is. It is an iron door.
這不是門,對嗎??不,這是門。是扇鐵門。
it作形式賓語
t 作形式賓語,代表其后所說的真正的賓語。真正的賓語是以that 引導的名詞性從句或不定式短語。例如:
I consider it wrong that you Chinese students learn English without comparing it with your own language.
我認為你們中國學生學習英語,不和你們自己的語言比較是不對的。
I find it not so difficult to learn a foreign language.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)學習一門外語不那么困難。
I remember I made it clear to you that I was not coming.
我記得向你明確表示過我不來。
They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job.
他們要向公眾表明,他們在做一件重要而又必要的工作。
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