考研英語語法重難點(diǎn)精解:動(dòng)詞(二)
(四)一般將來時(shí)(Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+動(dòng)詞,表示單純的將來含義。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。written and spoken作定語修飾language;that后是一結(jié)果狀語從句。
譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對任何通用的第二語言的需求都會(huì)下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語,從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會(huì)包間等,而且價(jià)格非常昂貴。
2. be going to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或打算在比較近的將來做某事,也可表示對未來的預(yù)測。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。
譯文: 一般來說,只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個(gè)世界上的種族沖突就不會(huì)停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotlycontested market. (選自2005年P(guān)art C)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 顯然,只有規(guī)模比較大、應(yīng)變能力比較強(qiáng)的電視傳媒集團(tuán)才能夠在這個(gè)精彩紛呈而又競爭 激烈的市場中生存。
3. be to+動(dòng)詞,表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或要求別人去做的事,常用來表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。其中,在主句中,定語從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。
譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國比較古老的交響樂團(tuán)和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關(guān)系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。
譯文: 但是,他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動(dòng)的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。
4.be about to+動(dòng)詞,表示比較近即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,不接時(shí)間狀語。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。定語從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。
譯文: 馬林是個(gè)有獨(dú)立思考能力的年輕人,他不會(huì)恭維他的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 該句是并列復(fù)合句,其中定語從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個(gè)孩子要接受一次大手術(shù),他的愛人將要生一對雙胞胎。
5. 位置移動(dòng)動(dòng)詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現(xiàn)在分詞,表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,常跟較近將來時(shí)間狀語連用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
譯文: 春節(jié)就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準(zhǔn)備。
6. 動(dòng)詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,表示已經(jīng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃安排好的或肯定發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,主語常為事物名詞。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。arrive用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
譯文: 你到達(dá)倫敦時(shí),我們將已經(jīng)在歐洲待了兩周了。
(五)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(Present Continuous Tense)
1. 表示此刻正在進(jìn)行或在目前限定時(shí)間內(nèi)不斷進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed datasecurity legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前面所提內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說明。
譯文: 這一切很快就會(huì)改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規(guī)正在華盛頓逐一討論。
例句:Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, lifeenriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句中,破折號前是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號中的內(nèi)容與其前cover story為同位語關(guān)系;破折號后的內(nèi)容是對前面陳述內(nèi)容的解釋,suggestion后是一個(gè)同位語從句。
譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見解深刻、頗具煽動(dòng)性的雜志封面文章《我愛我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發(fā)了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒有什么比“育兒絕非完全是實(shí)現(xiàn)自我、豐富生活的體驗(yàn)”這樣的暗示更能引發(fā)人們的討論了。
2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而此刻并不一定在進(jìn)行。
例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable netbased businesses. (2001年第30題)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋。
譯文: 這家公司的未來生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢更多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)行業(yè)中去。
例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford Universitys business school.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。
譯文: 斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院的海姆·門德爾森說: “信息已成為一種資產(chǎn),需要像其他資產(chǎn)一樣加以保護(hù)。”
3. 表示比較近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一用法見一般將來時(shí)用法5)。
4. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.
Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
注意: 表示狀態(tài)、感覺或情感的動(dòng)詞不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
(六)將來完成時(shí)(Future Perfect Tense)和將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
1. 表示將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
例句: Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
譯文:據(jù)報(bào)道,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產(chǎn)量將要提升10。
例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
譯文: 會(huì)議在結(jié)束前將持續(xù)整個(gè)星期。
2. 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)一直持續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,可能還要持續(xù)下去。
例句: He pointed to the deserted house and said,“I will have been living there by the end of this year.”
譯文:他指著那座被遺棄的房子說:“今年年底以前,我會(huì)一直住在那里。”
(七)一般過去時(shí)(Simple Past Tense)
1. 表示在確定的過去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 2005等。
例句: It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中It was...that是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型;which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the context;within是定語從句中l(wèi)ive后的介詞,即live within the context。
譯文: 正是在這個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代,“信息社會(huì)”一詞被廣泛用來形容我們所生活的環(huán)境。
例句: The Greeks assumed that the language structure had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse the language could be. (2004年第61題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。that后是一賓語從句,作assumed的賓語;which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面賓語從句中提到的內(nèi)容,其中又套了一個(gè)由before引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,賓語從句how diverse the language could be作realized的賓語。
譯文: 希臘人認(rèn)為,語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
2. 表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)用used to/would+動(dòng)詞,前者表示今昔對比,即現(xiàn)在已不存在的過去的情況;而后者表示重復(fù)的行為,也可用來表示不規(guī)則的習(xí)慣。
例句: The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. (選自2007年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句:as often as后是比較狀語從句。
譯文: 雖然智商測試不再像以前那樣頻繁應(yīng)用了,但是,界定人類智力的術(shù)語似乎仍然只是智商的得分。
例句: When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中what was at fault在句中作find的賓語。
譯文: 當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)不了時(shí),機(jī)械師檢查了所有的部件以便找出毛病。
注意: “be used to+名詞或動(dòng)名詞”,表示“習(xí)慣于……,對……已感到習(xí)慣”,可以指現(xiàn)在, 也可指過去,不能與“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示“過去常常做……(而現(xiàn)在不)”混淆。
例句: During his year in the hospital, Dr.Joan was not used to treating patient this way.
譯文: 在醫(yī)院那陣子,約翰醫(yī)生還不習(xí)慣那樣對待病人。
例句:The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. (選自2011年Text 3)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。介詞短語to marketing success 在句中作后置定語,修飾guide;that you got what you paid for是一個(gè)表語從句,what you paid for作got的賓語。
譯文:營銷成功的大致策略過去常常就是你花錢買到自己想要的東西。
3. 用于日常對話中,可用來表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),口氣上較為委婉。
例句: I wondered whether youd attend to my sick daughter while Im away.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文: 我想知道在我外出時(shí),你能否替我照顧生病的女兒。
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