2017考研英語：【閱讀理解】解題秘籍——推理題

　　考研英語閱讀理解推理題主要考查的是考生的判斷、推理和引申能力。這種題型考查考生在現(xiàn)實生活中的閱讀技能即快速、準(zhǔn)確推導(dǎo)出所需信息的能力，要求考生能夠 看懂題目提供的四個選項并在文中檢索相關(guān)信息。這種題目比較耗費時間，在緊張的考試中，容易給考生帶來心理壓力，因此面對此類題型考生首先要調(diào)整心理狀態(tài)，細(xì)致冷靜地返回到文章中，結(jié)合語境，運(yùn)用邏輯思維去推導(dǎo)答案。這里請考生一定要記�。何鞣饺肆�(xí)慣用從個別到一般的演繹思維模式;不同于中國人的從一般 到個別的歸納思維方式。

　　面對判斷原則的題目，考生必須先讀懂題目所給的四個選項，記住它們的意思，返回原文去掃描，搜尋信息點，與題目不相關(guān)的句子、語段很快掠過，相關(guān)信息語言區(qū)域則要求考生必須細(xì)致地對照原文中的信息，來推倒出相關(guān)結(jié)論。

　　引申即為詞匯的內(nèi)涵，與外延(字面意義)相對，是需要我們結(jié)合上下文即語境來理解說話人或作者的真實想法。例如，當(dāng)你對你的朋友說：“咱們周末一起去吃飯吧!”而你的朋友回答道：“我比較近有考試。”那么在正常情況下，你就知道對方?jīng)]時間和你度周末�？梢娬Z境是我們理解話語(discourse)的試金石。并且引申也常常用隱喻的方式表達(dá)。

　　一、推理題學(xué)習(xí)方法指導(dǎo)

　　從廣義上講，幾乎所有的考研題都是推理題，不會從字面意思告訴你問題的答案，考研的試題追求的是對文章的深層理解及推理，所以從這個意義上說全部的題目都屬于該范疇。

　　從狹義上看，該類題型指題干上有三個典型詞，即infer，imply和conclusion。如：What can you infer from the story? 或What is the implied meaning of this sentence? We can draw the conclusion from the passage that…, 推理性問題原文中沒有現(xiàn)成的答案。答案是你自己推想出來的，但不能憑空瞎想，必須以原文中某句話或某個詞語為依據(jù)去合理推測才能找到合適的答案。

　　邏輯推理關(guān)系解題方法及步驟如下：

　　1. 解題方法

　　(1)要做好推理判斷題，要求考生能夠充分理解閱讀文章、分析語篇特征、尋找解題依據(jù)。考生應(yīng)該在領(lǐng)會全文的基礎(chǔ)上做出正確的推理和判斷;

　　(2) 要理解文章的字面意思，弄清上下文的整體邏輯;其次，在閱讀過程中要一定要留意那些似乎話中有話的間接表達(dá)句，它們往往采用說半句、打比喻、反過來講的方 式，留有讓考生自己作結(jié)論或推理的余地，同時要留意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。同學(xué)們對作者表達(dá)的意思不能一下看透，它們往往是命題點所在;

　　(3)要精讀題干，充分了解題目要求我們進(jìn)行推理和判斷的內(nèi)容，以免白費力氣;

　　(4)仔細(xì)挖掘作者隱藏在文章中的一些重要涵義，切勿用自己的主觀判斷來代替文章內(nèi)容。

　　2. 解題步驟

　　第一步：通讀全文，尤其是首末段，迅速得知文章的主旨大意;

　　第二步：通讀選項，在每個選項下邊用筆標(biāo)記本選項的大致中文意思，以做到心中有數(shù)，至少應(yīng)該能知道可以供考生選擇的選項的意思范圍，并且在很短的時間里找到考生想找到的選項;

　　第三步：迅速找到定位段落，重點關(guān)注定位段落的段落中心句和轉(zhuǎn)折等邏輯關(guān)系后的內(nèi)容，因為推理引申題的答案一般的對文章或是段落中心句的同義替換;

　　第四步：在時間允許的情況下，明確該題你所排除的選項的錯誤之處，進(jìn)而進(jìn)一步確定你所選答案是否正確。因為考研閱讀選的是比較佳答案，考生比較好是在全面衡量四個選項之后確定這個答案。

　　二、判斷、推理和引申題的兩種題型

　　1. 一正三誤

　　一正三誤題型要求考生找出四個選項中惟一正確的一個。檢驗答案時要注意這種題型比較常采用的三種命題方式：正話反說、反話正說和關(guān)鍵詞替換。

　　1997年第64題：

　　No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.

　　The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

　　Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

　　The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”

　　The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.

　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner [B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise [C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate [D] Steve Ross is no longer alive

　　第一段的比較后一句暗示了什么?

　　這是一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三誤一正的推理引申題。正確答案：D

　　2. 三正一誤

　　三正一誤題型要求考生判斷哪一個選項與文章不符。檢驗答案時有兩種方式，一是正確選項所給的信息在文中根本沒有提到過，二是正確選項所給信息與文中其他內(nèi)容相互沖突。

　　1996年第56題：

　　With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listening to it.

　　And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.

　　It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years—yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.

　　The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.

　　Defenders of the Corporation—of whom there are many—are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broken, don't fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

　　Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels—TV and Channel 4—were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

　　In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?

　　[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.

　　[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

　　[C] Potentials for further international co- operations.

　　[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.

　　下列哪一項BBC沒有作為一個關(guān)鍵問題提及?

　　這是一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三正一誤推理引申題。正確答案：C。