2017考研英語(yǔ)：語(yǔ)法指導(dǎo)之that的用法

　　that是英語(yǔ)中十分常見(jiàn)的單詞，用法靈活多樣，是英語(yǔ)中比較常用的詞匯之一。正因?yàn)樗�是我們認(rèn)為自己比較熟悉的單詞，反而容易忽視它。在考研英語(yǔ)中，對(duì)that的考查包括三個(gè)方面：(1)that作指示代詞的用法;(2)that作連詞引導(dǎo)各類從句時(shí)，需要準(zhǔn)確辨別從句類型。

　　一、that 作限定詞或代詞

　　that可以作限定詞或代詞連接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)，也可單獨(dú)使用，用以指代人或者物。此外，that不僅可以指代單獨(dú)的人或物，還可以指代一句話。

　　例：Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. [2006, text3]

　　分析：

　　A.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks //after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, //because there are fewer sharks around now.

　　第一個(gè)句子的主句為a lot of fish were lost to sharks，介詞短語(yǔ)in the early days of long line fishing作狀語(yǔ)，after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)句子主句是That is no longer a problem, that為代詞，because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　B.分析that指代。that指代第一句話，“a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked”，其中after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　C.譯文：而且，在使用多鉤長(zhǎng)線捕魚(yú)的初期，許多魚(yú)被鉤住后又被鯊魚(yú)奪走。這不再是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)楦浇�的鯊魚(yú)更少了。

　　二、that作副詞表示程度，相當(dāng)于so

　　例：It isn’t all that cold. 天沒(méi)有那么冷。

　　三、that作連詞引導(dǎo)各類從句

　　(1)that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

　　that后面連接一個(gè)完整的陳述句，可以位于主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)的位置，分別引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。此時(shí)，that沒(méi)有實(shí)意，而且不在從句中做任何成分。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以省略。

　　例1：That the plates are movingis now beyond dispute. (主語(yǔ)從句)

　　地球板塊是在漂移的，這一事實(shí)毋庸置疑。

　　例2：The truth is that everyone should take care of orphan, not just the authorities.(表語(yǔ)從句)

　　事實(shí)是，所有人都應(yīng)該照顧孤兒，而不僅僅是完全由政府承擔(dān)。

　　例3：All people believed that it was right to rescue the temple. (賓語(yǔ)從句)(注：that可以省略)

　　所有人都認(rèn)為拯救古廟是正確的。

　　例4：The students expressed their hope that they could be admitted by that university.(同位語(yǔ)從句)

　　學(xué)生們表達(dá)了他們向被這所大學(xué)錄取的愿望。

　　(2)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

　　that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，既可以指代人，也可以指代物。that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。

　　例1：The professor that you admire most will visit our university next month.

　　你敬仰的那個(gè)教授下月會(huì)到我們學(xué)校參觀。

　　例2：This is one of the subways that will be put into use in two years.

　　這是未來(lái)兩年內(nèi)將開(kāi)通的地鐵之一。

　　例3：I have nothing that is worth reading.

　　我沒(méi)有什么值得一讀的東西。

　　(注：當(dāng)先行詞中有不定代詞、形容詞比較高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或者先行詞被the only，the very等限定詞修飾等情況下，定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞也只能用that。)

　　(3)that與其他單詞結(jié)合引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句

　　that可以和其他單詞結(jié)構(gòu)共同引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，例如such...that，so...that等引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，in order that，so that等引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，in that，now that，on the grounds that等引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，suppose/supposing/assume/assuming/provided/providing that，on condition that等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句等。

　　例1：She has made suchrapid progress thatbefore long she could pass the exam.

　　她進(jìn)步很快，不久就能通過(guò)考試的。

　　例2：You should make full use of this opportunityso thatyou can get rich experience.

　　你應(yīng)該充分利用這次機(jī)會(huì)，以便獲得豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　例3：Supposing thatyou were in my position, what would you do?

　　如果你在我的位置，你會(huì)怎么做?

　　例4：On condition thatyou were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.

　　如果你在沙漠中迷路，你應(yīng)該盡早尋求幫助。

　　(4)that引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句

　　“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that從句”是高頻使用的一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，其中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。強(qiáng)調(diào)句中去掉“it is/was”和“that”后，句子成分和語(yǔ)義仍然完整。

　　例：It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.

　　戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后愛(ài)因斯坦才能重新進(jìn)行他的研究工作。